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Statistika Penelitian Bisnis & Manajemen Statistik Parametrik, Non-Parametrik, Regresi Linier, Analisis Jalur dan SEM Oleh : Prof. Dr. H. Siswoyo Haryono, MM, MPd. Penyusun : Dwi Puryanto, SE, MM ISBN : Cetakan pertama: 2020 Penerbit LP3M UMY Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-undang. Dilarang mengutip atau memperbanyak sebagian atau seluruh buku dalam bentuk apapun, tanpa ijin tertulis dari penerbit. Statistika Penelitian Manajemen i Prakata Pertama-tama penulis panjatkan puji dan syukur kehadirat Tuhan YME, Allah SWT, bahwa pada akhirnya buku ini dapat diterbitkan. Tujuan diterbitkannya buku ini adalah untuk membantu para mahasiswa dalam mempelajari Statistika (Ilmu Statistik) khususnya dalam aplikasi penelitian bidang manajemen. Mengingat statistik pada saat ini telah banyak memanfaatkan program-program computer, diantaranya SPSS, dan SEM maka buku ini diberi judul Statistika Penelitian Bisnis dan Manajemen (Statistik Parametrik, Non-Parametrik, Regresi Linier, Analisis Jalur dan SEM). Sasaran pembaca buku ini adalah mahasiswa Program Sarjana Strata Satu (S-1) Magister (S-2) dan Doktor (S-3) yang sedang menyiapkan diri menulis Skripsi, Tesis atau Disertasi. Sasaran lain adalah para manajer atau praktisi bisnis yang berminat memperdalam ilmu Penelitian di bidang Bisnis dan Manajemen. Pada kesempatan ini penulis menyampaikan ucapan terimakasih dan penghargaan yang tulus kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu tersusunnya buku ini. Penulis menyadari bahwa masih terdapat kekurangsempurnaan dalam penulisan buku ini. Oleh karena itu segala bentuk kritik dan saran yang membangun akan diterima dengan senang hati demi penyempurnaan buku ini di masa mendatang. Yogyakarta, 2020 Penulis, Prof. Dr. H. Siswoyo Haryono, MM, M.Pd. ii Statistika Penelitian Manajemen DAFTAR ISI Prakata................................................................................................................... Daftar Isi ...................................................................................................................... Daftar Tabel................................................................................................................ Daftar Gambar.......................................................................................................... BAB I PENDAHULUAN............................................................................. 1 A. Sejarah dan Perkembangan Statistik............................................. 1 B. Statistik Modern.............................................................................. 3 C. Statistik dan Ilmu Pengetahuan.................................................... 3 D. Statistik dan Komputer.................................................................... 6 BAB II STATISTIKA DAN PENELITIAN................................................. 9 A. Pengertian Penelitian.................................................................... 9 B. Proses Penelitian......................................................................... 9 C. Peranan Statistik dalam Penelitian................................................ 10 D. Pembagian Statistik dan Rancangan Penelitian............................. 11 BAB III DATA PENELITIAN........................................................................ 12 A. Sumber Data............................................................................... 12 B. Jenis-jenis Data.......................................................................... 12 C. Variabel Penelitian..................................................................... 15 D. Populasi, Sampel dan Metode Sampling...................................... 15 BAB IV INSTRUMEN PENELITIAN.......................................................... 37 A. Pengembangan Instrumen Penelitian........................................... 37 B. Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas........................................................ 37 1. Uji Korelasi Pearson dan Alpha Cronbach............................ 38 2. Uji Corrected Item-Total Correlation.................................... 42 BAB V PROBABILITAS DAN DISTRIBUSI NORMAL………………... 44 A. Kejadian ………………………………………………………… 44 B. Peluang …………………………………………………………. 44 C. Distribusi Peluang ……………………………………………… 45 D. Distribusi Binomial ……………………………………………. 48 E. Distribusi Poisson dan Distribusi Normal ………………………. 50 BAB VI PENGUJIAN HIPOTESIS ………………………………………… 55 A. Pengertian Hipotesis ……………………………………………. 55 B. Prosedur Pengujian Hipotesis ………………………………….. 56 C. Langkah-langkah Pengujian Hipotesis …………………………. 58 D. Kesalahan Tipe I dan II ………………………………………… 61 E. Two Tailed and One Tailed Hypothesis Testing ……………….. 63 F. Pengujian dengan Probabilitas (P-Value) ………………………. 69 Statistika Penelitian Manajemen iii BAB VII STATISTIK DESKRIPTIF.............................................................. 72 A. Pengertian Statistik Deskriptif..................................................... 72 B. Pengaturan Data........................................................................... 73 C. Distrubusi Frekwensi.................................................................. 74 D. Nilai Tengah (Central Tendency)................................................. 75 E. Pengukuran Dispersi/Variasi....................................................... 81 F. Pengukuran Bentuk Sebaran Data............................................... 84 G. Statistik Deskriptif dan SPSS...................................................... 89 H. Deskriptif Data dengan Grafik..................................................... 92 BAB VIII STATISTIK INFERENSIAL.......................................................... 94 A. Pengertian Statistik Inferensial...................................................... 94 B. Jenis-jenis Sumber Data............................................................... 95 BAB IX UJI PERSYARATAN ANALISIS REGRESI................................. 97 A. Uji Normalitas Sebaran Data Manual.......................................... 97 B. Uji Normalitas Data dengan SPSS................................................ 104 C. Uji Homogenitas Sumber Data................................................... 106 D. Uji Linieritas Distribusi Data...................................................... 109 BAB X ANALISIS REGRESI DAN KORELASI SEDERHANA............... 114 A. Sejarah Analisis Regresi.............................................................. 114 B. Analisis Univariate, Bivariate, dan Multivariate.......................... 117 C. Estimasi dengan Metode Garis Regresi........................................ 118 D. Metode Kuadrat Terkecil Biasa atau OLS (Ordinary Least Square method).................................................. 120 E. Korelasi dan Koefisien Korelasi................................................... 125 BAB XI ANALISIS REGRESI, KORELASI DAN MULTIVARIATE.............. 132 A. Analisis Regresi dan Korelasi Ganda........................................... 132 B. Model Umum Regresi Ganda....................................................... 133 C. Analisis Ganda Manual................................................................ 136 D. Model Umum Analisis Multivariate............................................. 148 E. Uji Multikolinearitas..................................................................... 149 F. Uji Autokorelasi.......................................................................... 152 G. Uji Heterokedastisitas................................................................... 154 BAB XII STATISTIK NON-PARAMETRIK................................................. 160 A. Statistik Non Parametrik Dalam Penelitian................................... 160 B. Panduan Menggunakan Statistik Non Parametrik......................... 160 C. Keunggulan dan Kelemahan Statistik Non Parametrik................. 163 D. Contoh Analisis Statistik Non Parametrik dengan SPSS.............. 164 Daftar Pustaka................................................................................................................... 199 DAFTAR TABEL iv Statistika Penelitian Manajemen Tabel 1.1. Nama Aplikasi Statistik………………………………………………………………….. 6 Tabel 3.1. Lambang Parameter dan Statistik……………………………………………………… 21 Tabel 4.1. Interprestasi Nilai Alpha Terhadap Reliabilitas……………………………………… 38 Tabel 6.1. Kesalahan Hipotesis………………………………………………………………………….. 62 Tabel 6.2. Pedoman Probabilitas Distribusi dalam Pengujian Hipotesis……………………. 63 Tabel 6.3. Formulasi Statistik Pengujian Hipotesis………………………………………………… 64 Tabel 6.4. Nilai Alpha dan Z Istimewa…………………………………………………………………… 65 Tabel 7.1. Data Mentah Penjualan Mobil……………………………………………………………… 73 Tabel 7.2. Tabel Bantu Statistik Deskriptif……………………………………………………………. 75 Tabel 7.3. Jumlah Order Penyemprotan Anti Rayap…………………………………………….. 78 Tabel 7.4. Distribusi Pendapatan menurut Distribusi Normal………………………………. 84 Tabel 7.5. Data Sales…………………………………………………………………………………………… 89 Tabel 9.1. Luas Wilayah Kurva Normal Baku………………………………………………………… 101 Tabel 9.2. Tabel Bantu Uji Normalitas X2-test dengan Standar Kurnal Normal …………. 102 Tabel 9.3. Biaya Promosi, Training dan Jumlah Penjualan……………………………………….. 110 Tabel 10.1. Hubungan yang Mungkin Terjadi dalam Regresi…………………………………. 115 Tabel 10.2. Nilai Penyimpangan Absolut dari Dua Grafik…………………………………….. 122 Tabel 10.3. Jumlah Nilai Absolut Error dari Dua Grafik……………………………………….. 123 Tabel 10.4. Hasil Least Square dari Estimator……………………………………………………….. 123 Tabel 10.5. Menghitung Nilai Pembilang…………………………………………………………….. 125 Tabel 10.6. Ilustrasi Korelasi
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