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Globalization and Human Trafficking: the Collision of Worlds

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Globalization and Human Trafficking: the Collision of Worlds TOPICAL RESEARCH DIGEST: HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING Globalization and Human Trafficking By Devin Brewer “International cruise line seeks attractive and adventuresome hostess to greet passengers. See the world, meet new people and earn a stable income!” –sounds innocuous enough until a destitute and unwitting applicant with seemingly nothing to lose is recruited from her home country and arrives at her destination only to be forced into prostitution. The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that there are 2.4 billion people in the world at any given time involved in forced labor and subjected to exploitation as a result of trafficking (ILO 2008). As per the definition derived by the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime, “trafficking in persons means the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons either by threat or use of abduction, force, fraud, deception or coercion, or by the giving or receiving of unlawful payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having the control over another person for the purpose of exploitation” (Martin & Miller 2000). As the world “shrinks” and evolves toward a sort of global community, the transfer of people both voluntary and coerced is becoming more prevalent. The condensing of the world can be attributed to the process of globalization. It is in large part due to globalization that human trafficking has become such a lucrative and thus, fast-growing criminal activity Globalization is the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets that transcend nation-state boundaries (Webster.com). In part, globalization disseminates practices, values, technology, and other human products throughout the globe (Bales 2005). It must be acknowledged that forms of slavery and human trafficking are not just outcomes of globalization; they are part of the globalization process itself that involves a functional integration of dispersed economic activities. To illustrate this phenomenon, author Kevin Bales offers the example of the woman recruited in Thailand, and subsequently trafficked to other states as a sex-slave who generates money that is in turn recycled back into the Thailand brothel economy. It is with the nexus of globalization and human trafficking that this essay is concerned and will endeavor to elucidate throughout. Economic Globalization as a Facilitator of Human Trafficking The process of globalization is especially pronounced and entrenched in the world economy. An increasingly integrated world economy enables human trafficking to thrive. Just like the slavery of old, modern day trafficking of humans is a lucrative business that has only become more rewarding for traffickers with the advent of globalization. In fact, the trans-Atlantic slave trade of centuries ago epitomized economic globalization. Just as it was back then, human trafficking, as abhorrent as it is, remains a matter of supply and demand. To corroborate this stark and unfortunate economic reality, the ILO estimates that annual global profits generated from trafficking amount to around U.S. $32 billion (ILO 2008). 46 HUMAN RIGHTS & HUMAN WELFARE Polakoff submits that economic globalization has led to a form of “global apartheid” and a corresponding emergence of a new “fourth world” populated by millions of homeless, incarcerated, impoverished, and otherwise socially excluded people (Polakoff 2007). It is from this pool of “fourth world” denizens where victims of human trafficking are increasingly drawn. From this perspective, economic globalization is the prime culprit of the facilitation of an exorbitant number of vulnerable trafficking victims worldwide. More precisely, according to the U.S. Department of State’s 2008 report, about 600,000 to 800,000 people—mostly women and children—are trafficked across national borders. In this age of globalization, one can only expect these numbers to escalate as the inequalities and the economic disparities between the developing and developed worlds continue at the present pace. Globalization fosters interdependence between states for commerce and facilitates the transfer of commodities. Comparative advantage in goods and cheap labor in developing states has played a significant role in objectifying and exploiting humans for economic ends. In developing states where agrarian lifestyles once predominated, citizens are left without an education or the appropriate skills to compete in an evolving work-force. To a large extent, the lesser developed countries of the world have become the factories and workshops for the developed countries. A high demand for cheap labor by multinational corporations in developed countries has resulted in the trafficking and exploitation of desperate workers who, in turn, are subjected to a lifetime of slave-like conditions. Victims and Perpetrators: The Usual Suspects As socio-economically disadvantaged people improvise to salvage a livelihood in a transforming world, opportunistic predators seize upon the vulnerability of the desperate. Women and children are the most vulnerable and thus, principle victims of traffickers who coerce their services predominantly in the sex industries. Otherwise, forced labor and slavery in any capacity is a common fate for trafficked humans; victims may just as easily include men in addition to women and children. Chief among traffickers are organized criminal syndicates that capitalize on a lucrative sex- trafficking industry that has met with an insatiable demand. In particular, crime syndicates are notorious for their aplomb in identifying vulnerable females who entertain visions of a better life and may thus be more susceptible to deceptive job opportunities in a foreign country. Once they arrive in the “destination” country, it is often too late for these vulnerable women to escape the web of deceit as they are relegated to a life of slavery. The ultimate icon of globalization, the internet, has also proven to facilitate the trafficking of individuals. Traffickers can now, from the comfort of their own lairs, lure women into trafficking under the guise of mundane job advertisements in foreign countries. Globalization Against Human Trafficking: Prevention, Protection, Prosecution As a result of the underground nature of their trade, traffickers often manage to stay one step ahead of law enforcement. Heretofore, globalization has largely facilitated human trafficking while accordingly serving to impede counter-trafficking efforts. State-centered approaches to combat trafficking are proving obsolete and futile since human trafficking knows no state boundaries. As such, many proponents of a globalized law-enforcement network, such as Christien van den Anker, 47 TOPICAL RESEARCH DIGEST: HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING advocate a concerted cosmopolitan attack against trafficking that encourages law enforcement collaboration across state boundaries. International Institutions such as Interpol, the U.N., and a host of NGOs are teaming up to combat human trafficking. Following the adoption of the Palermo Protocol initiated by the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, many states have enacted new anti- trafficking laws or sought to bring their laws in line with international standards to propagate awareness of the problem, to prevent trafficking, and to protect victims and prosecute traffickers. Furthermore, numerous activists against human trafficking have proposed a multi-tiered approach to combat globalized human trafficking that assume a more pro-active stance compared to what has historically been a reactive struggle against trafficking. Many of these approaches advocate programs and methods that dissuade the trafficking of humans in the first place. Author Vanessa Baird advocates education programs designed to discourage men from soliciting sex. Baird also promotes the new global trend started by Sweden in 1998 of approaching the problem from the “demand” side by pursuing and prosecuting the traffickers and those seeking these illicit services as opposed to the sex-workers themselves. Kevin Bales also presents the novel suggestion of calling on researchers to follow the flow of raw materials from slave to marketplace to identify corporations linked to slavery and instances of forced labor facilitated by trafficking. The Battle Wages On In the enticing interest of potential colossal profits, criminal elements continue to elude law enforcement measures through an array of complex and evasive tactics. Traditionally well-organized criminal syndicates, such as the Chinese Triads or the Russian Mafia, have made trafficking in humans a cornerstone of their lucrative yet largely illicit activities. Because they are so well- networked across borders, elaborate money-laundering schemes have sprung up where proceeds from trafficking are remitted to “underground” banks in countries where the rule of law is weak thus, exacerbating law enforcement abilities to connect the monies to the crimes (Lan, 2004). Although it is often speculated that the market in humans as trafficked commodities supersedes states’ capabilities to control trafficking, it remains the obligation of international NGOs and nation- state law enforcement agencies to collaborate to adopt a multi-tiered approach to counter the scourge of human trafficking. Only with the continued advent and implementation of novel approaches geared toward the elimination
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