UCSB’s Materials Miracle: A Blueprint for Success
Glenn H. Fredrickson Mitsubishi Chemical Professor, Director MC-CAM Departments of Chemical Engineering and Materials 2010 NRC Rankings: Materials Science & Engineering
On September 28, 2010, The National Research Council (NRC) published its long- awaited report evaluating over 5,000 doctoral programs in 62 fields at 212 universities
The 2010 rankings specified 5 percentile and 95 percentile confidence intervals using a number of criteria. The most important of these are the so-called S (survey) and R (regression) rankings
Only three other programs in the country share UCSB Materials "1111" ranking: Economics at Harvard, Statistics at Stanford, and Performing Arts at NYU Young but Distinguished
UCSB College of Engineering: • Founded 1961 – 50 yrs old
UCSB Materials Department • Founded 1986 – 25 yrs old
How did UCSB get to #1 in less than 25 years? Engineering, top 10 by S
In fact, all five College of Engineering (COE) graduate programs in UCSB are "top 10" (when the S ranking is used)
We will see that UCSB’s broader success is intimately linked to the success in Materials! Outline
. Beginnings (1980-1990) . Prerequisites . Visionaries . Multi-discipline . Maturation (1990-2000) . Shared facilities . Centers . Education and outreach . Recognition (2000-2010) . Closing Remarks Beginnings (1980-1990)
Robert Mehrabian Dean, COE 1983-1990
Prerequisites: build from strength
By 1980, select areas of UCSB physical science and engineering had established a national reputation for excellence:
. Physics Dept – led by an ambitious and talented faculty hired in the 1960s . Institute for Theoretical Physics (est. 1979, now KITP) – used to attract Nobel Laureate R. Schrieffer, F. Wilczek and others . Institute for Polymers and Organic Solids (est. 1982, IPOS, now CPOS) – used to attract A. Heeger, F. Wudl in semiconducting polymers
. Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) – strategic focus on non-silicon solid state science starting in 1976
The Visionary
Around 1980, informal discussions surrounding a materials program were already taking place among R. Odette, G. Lucas, J. Merz, H. Kroemer, A. Heeger, J. Langer and others
The effort was catalyzed by the arrival in 1983 of Robert Mehrabian as Dean of the College of Engineering . He was promised 15 FTE . By the time Mehrabian left UCSB in 1990, he had made 69 hires!
Robert Mehrabian
. 1968-75 – Asst./Assoc. Prof., Materials Science Dept., MIT . 1975-79 – Prof., Materials Science Dept., U. Illinois . 1979-83 – Director, Center for Mat. Sci., NBS . 1983-90 – Dean, COE, UCSB . 1990-97 – President, Carnegie Mellon University . 1999-11 – President, CEO, Chairman, Teledyne Technologies Inc.
Mehrabian’s Strategy
1. Initially, build on the strength in ECE in III-V semiconductors and opto- electronics, and develop new initiatives in structural (metallic and ceramic) and macromolecular materials
2. Forge alliances with key administrators and Academic Senate leaders
3. Partner with industry, DOD, and DOE to satisfy startup equipment needs
4. Recruit a leader for the new materials program
5. Nucleate new areas with cluster hires of world-class mid-career faculty, many from industry. Reinforce with junior appointments
6. New faculty are appointed jointly in new Materials Dept and an existing Department
Electronic Materials: Building on Strength in ECE
. Mehrabian, H. Kroemer, J. Merz, and others forged a strategy around III-V semiconductors, heterojunctions, and optoelectronics
. Key hires included . Larry Coldren (1984, Bell Labs, optoelect.) . Evelyn Hu (1984, Bell Labs, micro/nanofabrication) . Pierre Petroff (1986, Bell Labs, quantum structures) . Art Gossard (1987, Bell Labs, MBE growth) Arthur Gossard • NAS, NAE • Co-discoverer, quantum confined Stark effect • Co-discoverer fractional Hall effect • 3-time Winner of the AAAS Newcomb Cleveland Prize • 1078 papers, 43 citations/paper • H-index: 106 Strategic Alliances
Robert A. Huttenback Ray Sawyer (Physics) Chancellor 1977-1986 Executive Vice Chancellor Robert Mehrabian ~1982-1986 Dean, COE 1983-1990
I was feeding at the same plate as everyone else, I was just hungrier! Robert Mehrabian, February 2011
AS Committee on Educational Academic Senate Chair Policy and Academic Planning (CEPAP) R. Sawyer (Physics) 1980-81 K. Millett (Math) 1982-83 R. Odette (ME) 1985-1986 B. Kirtman (Chem) 1984-85 G. Taborski (Bio) 1987 D. Mellichamp (ChemE) 1990-92 R. Watts (Chem) 1988-1989 The Leader
. In the early 1980s, Mehrabian served on a DARPA advisory committee with Tony Evans of Berkeley/LBL . After more than a year of courting, assisted by J. Langer, R. Schreiffer, A. Heeger and others, Tony decided to come to UCSB to head the new materials program . Tony led the creation of a Materials Department and wrote many successful proposals to the DOD (URI, DARPA, ONR), DOE and NSF
Anthony G. Evans
•NAS, NAE, FRS •ISI Highly cited author in Materials Science, Engineering & Physics •Prior to UCSB, work experience at NBS, Rockwell, UC Berkeley •Former Chair, Defense Sciences Research Council •Founding Chair, Materials Dept, UCSB 1985-1994 •799 papers, 47 citations/paper •H-index: 97 Foundations of a Program
. By the time of the 1986 Materials Dept proposal, the basic structure was in place . Evans and Mehrabian used mid-career cluster hires to seed the structural and polymers areas . Many of these hires had experience at premier corporate research labs: . Bell Labs . IBM . Exxon Corp. Research . DuPont Experimental Station . Rockwell Research Center
A. G. Evans, A Proposal for a Department of Materials at UCSB, Feb 1986, pg. 64
“Bell Labs West”
UCSB has probably the highest concentration of former Bell Labs employees as current or former faculty:
COE alone:
. Fred Wudl . John Bowers . Art Gossard . Pierre Petroff . Joe Zasadzinski . Dale Pearson . Glenn Fredrickson . Larry Coldren . Kwang-Ting Cheng . Evelyn Hu . Jim Allen . Mark Rodwell . John Shynk . Sanjit Mitra . Tom Soh . Haitao Zheng . Lawrence Rabiner . … Bell Labs, 600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hill, NJ, 07974
Breaking Down Departmental Barriers
New faculty were given joint appointments between the Materials Dept. and existing Depts. in COE and MLPS: . Inter-disciplinary research is the norm . Good for you is good for me . Ideal platform for training students
UCSB Materials today
Strengthening Other Departments
Existing Departments in COE and MLPS derived a significant benefit from the infusion of world-class faculty jointly appointed with Materials Case in point: Chemical Engineering
Materials Related Chemical (& Nuclear) Engineering Appointments (1970-2000)
. Bob Odette (1970, structure materials/nuclear) . Gene Lucas (1978, structural materials/nuclear) . Phillip Pincus (1985, complex fluids theory, Exxon) . Fred Lange (1986, ceramic processing, Rockwell) . Joe Zasadzinski (1986, complex fluids microscopy, Bell Labs) . Jacob Israelachvili (1986, colloids & surfaces, ANU) . Paul Smith (1987, polymer processing, DSM & DuPont) . Dale Pearson (1987, polymer rheology, Exxon & Bell Labs) . Gary Leal (1989, fluids and polymers, Caltech) . Henry Weinberg (1989, surf. sci. & electronic matls., Caltech) . Glenn Fredrickson (1990, polymer theory, Bell Labs) . Brad Chmelka (1990, inorganic materials, UC Berkeley, 1982 NRC Study – UCSB ChE not rated Unocal) . Eray Aydil (1993, electronic materials processing, U. 1995 NRC Study – UCSB ChE #14 Minnesota) 2011 NRC Study – UCSB ChE #2 . Dmitri Maroudas (1994, computational materials, MIT) . David Pine (1995, soft condensed matter, Exxon) . Edward Kramer (1997, experimental polymer physics, Cornell) . Matthew Tirrell (1999, biopolymer interfaces, U. Minnesota)
Maturation (1990-2000)
Venky Narayanamurti Dean, COE 1992-1998
Shared Facilities
Starting with Mehrabian and Evans, and fully CNSI Building ~10,000 ft2 developed in the 1990s, UCSB pioneered the Microscopy and Microanalysis development of open-access user facilities for materials characterization X-Ray Spectroscopy Today, nearly all new pieces of major equipment are placed in such facilities EII MBE Benefits include: Materials Processing • Broad range of instrumentation MOCVD • Shared/leveraged costs Mechanical Testing • Professional staff to train users and maintain equipment • Facilitate collaborations across UCSB, with other universities and industry ESB ~10,000 ft2
Nanofab
MRL Polymer Characterization X-Ray Chemistry MRL Administered Facilities
Facility Faculty Supervisor Development Engineer
TEMPO: Ram Seshadri Joe Doyle (formerly Chemistry)
Computation: Frank Brown Paul Weakliem, Jeffrey J. Barteet (joint with CNSI) Glenn Fredrickson Linda Hall
Microscopy James Speck Dr. Jan Lofvander and Microanalysis: (Committee Chair) Dr. Tom Mates Dr. Stefan Kraemer Mark Cornish
Spectroscopy Song-I Han Dr. Jerry Hu Nicole Holstrom
Polymer Characterization: Craig Hawker Dr. K. Brzezinska
X-Ray Diffraction: Cyrus Safinya Dr. Youli Li Morito Divinagracia MRL Facilities Use 2009
User Departments (>12): ECE, Chem. Engr., Materials, Mech. Engr., Biology, Chemistry, Geology, Marine Sci., Physics, CNSI, Environmental Sci., …
Research Recharged Facility # of Users Groups Hours (2009) TEMPO 159 41 10,085 Computation 40 6 - Microscopy >289 53 12268 Polymer 187 34 3592 Spectroscopy 161 39 18542 X-Ray 348 54 9076
These facilities enable a spectacular range of materials science across UCSB External Users of MRL Facilities
MRL Facilities – External Users – 2008 Start-ups and Small Companies
Advantageous Systems Kaai Universities Aerius Photonics Lawrence Berkeley Labs Allergan L3-Infrared Auburn Amberwave Launchpoint Tech. Cal State - CI Amgen Lockheed-Martin CalTech Asylum (SB Focal Plane) Cornell Automate MC-RIC Florida International Beckman Coulter Nusil Harvard BioRad Labs Raytheon Kansas State Camet Labs Sirigen Oakland University, Rochester, MI C Brite SixPoint Materials Stanford University Catalytic Solutions Skyworks Inc UC Irvine CREE Smiths Detection UCLA Dupont Displays Soraa UC Riverside FLIR-Indigo Systems Teledyne UC San Diego Freedom Photonics Thin Silicon UC Santa Cruz General Motors Toyota (USA) University of Michigan GRT, Inc TransphormUSA University of Wisconsin Honeywell Veeco University of Southern California Inlustra ZPower Innovative Micro Tech (IMT) Integrated Optoelectronics (Norway) International Radiation Detectors Multidisciplinary Research Centers
The inter/multi-disciplinary structure of UCSB’s materials enterprise, coupled with outstanding leadership, spawned a broad range of centers in the decades following 1990
Materials Research Laboratory (MRL) NSF-funded Materials Research Science & Engineering Center (MRSEC)
Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials (MC-CAM)
Solid State Lighting and Energy Center (SSLEC)
California Nanosystems Institute (CNSI)
International Center for Materials Research (ICMR)
Center for Multifunctional Materials and Structures
Center for Energy Efficient Materials (CEEM) … and many more
Materials Research Laboratory Director – Craig J. Hawker Associate Director – Ram Seshadri
MRL Building Opening, March 1997
A National Science Foundation Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC) MRL: A Hub of Materials Excellence
Characterization
SeedsIRG-5 IRG-1 HighestSynthesis Quality Infrastructure Research and Community MRL IRG-4 IRG-2
IRG-3 Facilities Education History of the MRL
• Created in 1992 from a proposal led by Tony Evans. Tony Cheetham assumed the Directorship – 3 IRGs, $2.1M/yr from NSF • Renewed in 1996 – 4 IRGs, $3.0M/yr from NSF • Moved into dedicated 14,000ft2 MRL building 1996 • Renewed in 2000 – 4 IRGs, $3.3M/yr from NSF • Renewed in 2005, Craig Hawker becomes Director – 4 IRGs, $3.4M/yr from NSF • Building expansion of 7,000ft2 completed by leveraging MC-CAM IC recovery Functional materials via reversible interactions
GRAND CHALLENGE
"To Understand the Structure – Property Relationship between Synthetic, Biomimetic or Biological Building Blocks and Complex Functional Materials formed via Dynamic and Reversible Interactions”
H+ MRL Achievements from 10/2005-02/2009
Science Output – High Impact, Visibility and Influence
Publications
* 426 publications * 102 Full + 133 Partial Support * 191 Facilities Usage * over 150 have 2 or more MRSEC PI’s * 58 articles in Science, Nature, Phys. Rev. Lett., and J. Am. Chem. Soc. * 2nd Most-Cited U.S. Institution (after MIT) in Materials Science, 1996-2006 Education Outreach Programs at the MRL
Dr. Dotty Pak, Education Director
MRL Workshop Series MRL Summer Symposium MRL Travel Fellowships (20-25 per year) Joint MRL/Materials Colloquium Series WIRED Magazine: RISE program as one of "10 stellar research internships" for undergrads http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/02/researchexperie.html
Fiona Goodchild received the 2002 Presidential Award for excellence in Science, Mathematics & Engineering Mentoring
* 174 undergraduate students * 103 Ph.D. students * 83 post-doctoral scholars * 23 RET teachers (160 other teachers) * Over 100 visitors Technology Outreach Program Annual Materials Research Outreach Program (MROP) We have just held the 11th meeting in this series
Fellowships sponsored by Industry/Foundations CSP Technologies, Air Products, Dow Chemical, others
Complex Fluids Design Consortium An academic-industrial-national lab partnership
DOW-UCSB Competition for Young Entrepreneurs Business planning and venture program MRL Enables Other Programs
MRL Building - 100% financed by indirect cost recovery - Incubator for new programs - Staff leveraged across multiple programs
Partnerships Leverage The Mitsubishi Chemical – UCSB Alliance: A Model Research Partnership in Advanced Materials
Glenn Fredrickson, Director MC-CAM O O n m MCHC Group Organization Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings （MCHC） Net Sales ¥3.2 trillion
100% Mitsubishi Chemical (MCC)
56.3% Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma （MTPC）
100% Mitsubishi Plastics（MPI）
100% Mitsubishi Rayon（MRC）
4th Largest Chemical Company in the World MCHC Business Areas
Electronics Recording Information Related Products Medium Medicine
Inorganic Chemicals Diagnostics Food Ingredients Products
Battery Materials Performance Products Health Care Health Care Clinical Fine Chemicals Electronics Applications Designed Materials Testing Plastic Molding Pharmaceutical Products Ingredients Composite and intermediate Products Chemicals Plastics Fundamental Chemicals、Polymers Chemicals Carbon Products Chemicals Synthetic Fiber Raw Materials A Unique Research Partnership
Mitsubishi Chemical – Center for Advanced Materials (MC- CAM), an international center of excellence in functional materials MCC taps into the broad interdisciplinary materials expertise at UCSB UCSB researchers participate in creating new materials for applications in energy, displays, lighting, … MC-CAM commenced in 2001 nd 2 generation 2006-2010 rd 3 generation 2010-2014
Why Did MCC Choose UCSB?
A diverse set of faculty in materials research (~60 PIs) with a superb record in interdisciplinary research and many with industrial experience
An administration and technology/industry alliances office that was supportive in crafting an agreement that was win-win for MCC and UCSB:
Flexible IP terms
Indirect cost of grant returned to build space for MC-CAM
Shared equipment and staff with MRL
These motivations are even more evident today! MC-CAM Administrative Structure
Leverage staff, Larry Coldren, Acting space, equipment Dean of Engineering with MRL
MC-CAM MC-CAM Glenn Fredrickson Craig Hawker Governing Board Steering Committee Director Director of Materials 6 members 10 members Tomohisa Nakamura Research Lab Associate Director MRL
MC-CAM MRL Research programs Research Programs MC-CAM Character of Research Projects
Project co-leaders from UCSB and MCC MCC research partners are very involved! 2 employees of Mitsubishi Chemical America on campus Researchers from at least 2 disciplines Scientific novelty Clear connection with a potential product Involve the design of new functional materials, devices, or fabrication technologies MC-CAM Project Statistics: 2001-2005
Breakdown of Researchers & Faculty Project Areas in MC-CAM Area No. Dept Res. Faculty Polymers & hybrids 7 Chemistry 33 7 Nanocomposites 2 Chem. 13 6 Engr. Organic electronics & 13 Phosphors Materials 16 7 Fullerenes 3 Physics 9 2 Battery & fuel cells 7 MC-CAM Research: World-class science and engineering cathode ETL EML • Organic white PLED fabricated by wet coating HTL HIL – Worlds best luminescent intensity ITO • Fuel Cell proton exchange membrane glass – Meeting DOE target • III-V nano particle – Highest quantum efficiency • Organic two photon absorption dye – Highest TPA cross section • Functional polyolefins – First all polypropylene thermoplastic elastomer • Phosphors O – New important families of R,G,B,Y O – White LED independent of Nichia patents n m • Fullerene Derivatives – Enhanced solubility and functionality to add value • LED encapsulants – Thermal & uv stability, adhesion, and transparency MC-CAM Publications & Presentations
98 publications to date in prestigious journals including Advanced Materials Proc. NAS Advanced Functional Mater. J. Appl. Phys. Nanoletters J. Am. Chem. Soc. Chem. Mater. Synth. Metals Langmuir Macromolecules Angew. Chemie Phys. Rev. Lett. … 86 presentations & posters to date IRP-1: Bazan, Shimizu Patent Activity
67 patent disclosures to UCSB to date 19 joint UCSB/(MCC or MC-RIC) applications 21 US Patents issued/2 pending 64 options elected 12 licenses under discussion 5 patents dropped by MCC, licensed to others (~$45K returned in patent costs)
67 patents/98 papers is a very large ratio for a university research program! Research Efficiency in Innovation
Research Institution Average1 $3.2M expended per invention disclosure UCSB 2009: $1.8M Caltech 2009: $0.9M MIT 2009: $2.7M
Tech Company Rule of Thumb2 $500K expended per invention disclosure
MC-CAM 2008: $231K expended per invention disclosure 2009: $273K Since program inception: $260K/disclosure
MC-CAM is more productive than all comparison groups!
1. Average from 2009 AUTM licensing survey 2. The Economist, October 22, 2005 Ongoing Challenges
Maintaining clear channels of communication
Managing expectations of UCSB faculty and MCC scientists and management
Project timescales
Involvement of MCC in research
Basic versus applied
Keeping UCSB faculty and researchers focused on IP considerations and release procedures
Balancing UCSB’s research and educational missions Recognition (2000-2010)
Matt Tirrell Dean, COE 1999-2009
UCSB Materials Department: Honors and Recognition
. Notable faculty distinctions . 2 Nobel Laureates . 1 Millennium Prize Winner . 3 Members of the National Academy of Sciences . 8 Members of the National Academy of Engineering . 2 Fellows of the Royal Society . 2 Members American Academy of Arts and Sciences . 9 ISI Highly Cited Researchers
. Independent rankings . NRC US Departmental Rankings (2010): #1 . Times Higher Education Worldwide (1999-2009): #3 . Essential Indicators: #2 citations/paper (1996-2006) . Chronicle of Higher Education #1 (2006); #4 (2007) . US News & World Report: #4 in US (2009)
Alan Heeger Herb Kroemer Shuji Nakamura Nobel Laureate Nobel Laureate Millennium Chemistry 2000 Physics 2000 Technology Prize 2006
UC Santa Barbara: World-Renowned Science in a Beautiful Setting 46 High Impact Publications – MRL
Triblock Copolymer Syntheses of Mesoporous Silica with Periodic 50 to 300 Å Pores Zhao DY, Feng JL, Huo QS, Melosh N, Fredrickson GH, Chmelka BF, Stucky GD Science 279, 548-552 (1998) Cited 4027 times
Open-framework inorganic materials Cheetham AK, Férey G, Loiseau T Angew. Chem., Intl Ed. 38, 3268/9-3292 (1999) Cited 1577 times
Polymer photovoltaic cells-enhanced efficiencies via a network of internal donor-acceptor heterojunctions Yu G, Gao J, Hummelen JC, Wudl F, Heeger AJ Science 270, 1789-1791 (1995) Cited 2718 times
Former MRL Researchers
Our greatest product is people
Prof. Barbara Albert, 1995-1996 (Univ. Hamburg) Prof. Angie Belcher, 1992-1999 (MIT) Prof. Branton Campbell, 1995-1999 (Brigham Young) Prof. Effie Kokkoli, 1999-2001 (Minnesota) Prof. Tonya Kuhl, 1992-2000 (UC Davis) Dr. Gerhard Theurich, NASA Center for Comp. Sciences Prof. Michael McGehee, 1994-1999 (Stanford) Prof. Russell Morris, 1992-1995 (St. Andrew’s Univ.) Prof. Ferdi Schüth, 1995-1998, Director, MPI für Kohlenforschung Angela Belcher Prof. Andrea Liu, 1993-1996 (U. Penn) MRL graduate student, Prof. Peidong Yang, 1997-1999 (UC Berkeley) now Professor at MIT and Prof. Venkat Ganesan, 1999-2001 (U. Texas) internationally prominent research leader. Funding Growth
The remarkable growth in the UCSB materials enterprise after 1980 is paralleled in COE research funding . 1980 – COE received 5% of campus funding . 1990 through 2010 – COE received ~35% of campus funding
$ 250000000 200000000 150000000 Campus 100000000 COE 50000000 0 1980 1990 2000 2010 Closing Remarks
To rise to the top, one must hire better than all competitors
Great faculty attract great students who do great things
UCSB’s remarkable success in materials also relied on:
. Nucleation of new areas by cluster hires of world-class senior faculty
. Building strength by hiring “once in an advisor’s career” junior faculty, irrespective of area
. Institutional endorsement of the highest hiring standards – allowing searches to be extended until the ideal candidate is found
Acknowledgements
. Robert Mehrabian, Herb Kroemer . Peter Allen, Chris Lavino, Meredith Murr, Sandy Morris, Lisa Oshins . Jim Speck, Gui Bazan, Craig Hawker, Mike Witherell, Carlos Levi, Matt Tirrell, Larry Coldren, Bob Odette, Ray Sawyer
Nancy Diamond, New Models of Excellence: Rising Research Universities in the Postwar Era, 1945-1990, PhD Thesis, Department of Philosophy, UCSB, 2000