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Mating systems and sexual selection in ungulatesNew insights from a territorial species with low sexual size dimorphism:the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) Cécile Vanpé To cite this version: Cécile Vanpé. Mating systems and sexual selection in ungulatesNew insights from a territorial species with low sexual size dimorphism:the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Ecology, environment. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 2007. English. tel-00259495 HAL Id: tel-00259495 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00259495 Submitted on 28 Feb 2008 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE PAUL SABATIER - TOULOUSE III SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES THESIS to obtain the degree of Docteur de l’Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III Doctor of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Discipline: Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Presented and defended in public by: Cécile VANPE On the 21th of June 2007 MATING SYSTEMS AND SEXUAL SELECTION IN UNGULATES New insights from a territorial species with low sexual size dimorphism: the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) Ph.D. supervisors: Mark Hewison (CEFS – INRA Toulouse, France) Henrik Andrén (Grimsö Wildlife Research Station - SLU, Sweden) JURY Stéphane Aulagnier Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III Chairman Marco Festa-Bianchet Université de Sherbrooke Opponent/Referee Anna Qvarnström Uppsala University Examiner/Referee Dominique Allainé Université Claude Bernard – Lyon I Examiner Etienne Danchin CNRS Toulouse Examiner Mark Hewison INRA Toulouse Co-director Henrik Andrén Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Co-director Petter Kjellander Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Invited Jean-Michel Gaillard CNRS Lyon Invited Laboratoire Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage – INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden 2 "Of the branches of biological science to which Charles Darwin's life-work has given us the key, few, if any, are as attractive as the subject of sexual selection" (Fisher 1915) 3 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • First and foremost, I would like to express all my gratitude towards Mark Hewison, my true-false “French” supervisor. Merci pour ta confiance, ton soutien et tes encouragements quotidiens, tes précieux conseils, ta disponibilité sans limites et ta patience (toc toc, c’est encore moi !!), ton enthousiasme et ta bonne humeur à toutes épreuves. Merci aussi de m’avoir permis d’améliorer mon anglais (je pense que tes efforts ont porté leurs fruits !) et de t’être soucié de mon avenir professionnel. Merci enfin d’avoir accepté d’être mon chauffeur de nombreuses fois entre chez Jean-Michel et le CEFS (Mea culpa, je n’ai jamais demandé mon autorisation de conduire les véhicules de service !). Bien au-delà de mon sujet de thèse, j’ai appris beaucoup à tes côtés (notamment durant les longues heures de voiture en tête à tête, les pauses café ou les soirées arrosées) sur les ongulés, l’écologie comportementale et la biologie des populations en général, mais aussi sur les rouages complexes du monde de la recherche, ta vision du métier de chercheur, le rock anglais, le sport, et bien d’autres choses… I could not wish for a better supervisor ! • Second, I would like to warmly thank Petter Kjellander, my Swedish true-false co- supervisor. Tack so mycket ! Without you, my field work at Bogesund would be impossible ! Thank you for your warm welcome in Sweden, your precious help for all aspects of my life in Sweden (from field-work at Bogesund to holidays in Lapland, from Swedish food to rented car, from administrative documents to credit card and mobile phone), for your great ideas for naturalist trips (grouse, crane, bear, wolf)... Despite the distance between us and your busy life (between field-work, research, children, pets, moose hunting, ...), you managed to be a good supervisor ! I have excellent memories of my stay in Sweden thanks to you ! The wolf howling during one of my last days in Sweden has remained engraved in my memory... • Henrik Andrén should be thanked to have accepted to be my official Swedish co- supervisor, to have been the precious link with the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and to help me in administrative problems of my joint-agreement. • A special thanks to Jean-Michel Gaillard for his extensive and helpful suggestions, comments, corrections and advice on my work, for his help in statistics, for his support and his encouragements. Merci d’avoir pris le temps de m’expliquer les rouages de la recherche, de m’avoir également fait partagé ta vision du métier de chercheur (une vision un peu différente de celle de Mark ?) et de t’être soucié de mon avenir professionnel. Plus qu’un collaborateur de la thèse, tu as joué largement le rôle d’un co-directeur. • I am also particularly grateful to Nicolas Morellet for his extensive help in statistics and R programmation, his support and his advice. Merci pour ta disponibilité sans limites, ton aide précieuse et ton soutien ! • Thank you to all the members of my Ph.D. committee for their precious advices and helpful suggestions on my thesis project: Mark Hewison, Henrik Andrén, Petter Kjellander, that I have already thanked, but also Jacob Höglund, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Jean-François Cosson, and Stéphane Aulagnier. Fate decreed that we could not get all together ! • I would like to thank all the members of my Ph.D jury Marco Festa-Bianchet, Anna Qvarnström, Etienne Danchin, Dominique Allainé, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Mark Hewison, 5 Henrik Andrén, Petter Kjellander, Jacob Höglund, Stéphane Aulagnier. Thank you to Marco Festa-Bianchet and Anna Qvarnström to have accepted to review my thesis as “referees”. • Another very important factor contributing to my work has been the numerous field assistants who have helped me to collect the field data at Bogesund during the spring- summer 2004 and 2005: Pauline Delos, Markus Olsson, Anna Sandhammar, Maria Tybergsson, Marci Johnson, Kathryn Schwadere, Mathieu Sarrasa, Jonas Bergson, Anders Janermo. A special thanks to Pauline and Mathieu to have put up with me during 5 months, to have been willing to get up very early at dawn and to go to bed very late after dusk to radio-track roe deer, to have shared my life on a day-to-day basis, my stress, my joice and my sadness, my meals, my holidays in Lapland, Vesterälen and Norway (it was quite a saga !), my hiking on the tracks of Bogesund, my drive to the library of Waxhölm (the precious umbilical cord with the boyfriend, the family, the lab, and Mark) or to the supermarket... Without you, my stay in Sweden would have been really lonely. I be deeply indebted to you ! I am also grateful to Markus and Jonas (and their numerous dogs) for their great and hard work on the field, their friendship, their support and endless good mood. You have been great guides to discover Swedish culture. Best wishes guys !!!! Jonas, I didn’t forget the rotten fish experience ! You are welcome to France to have a test of snakes and frogs !!! Thank you Anders for your precious help and advice to catch fawns. Thank you Maria for your great work on vegetation sampling and Per Grängstedt for vegetation weighting. Thank you Anna and the US team Katy and Marci (Do not forget my French lessons) for your help with radio-tracking. I would like finally to thank Mark Hewison, Nicolas Morellet, Bruno Cargnelutti, Petter Kjellander and Fredrik Knape to have done fawn captures in 2006. Mark, Nico and Bruno, I was happy that you discover my field-work study site and “my” roe deer. • Maxime Galan deserve special thanks for his great work on molecular analyses (DNA samples in thousands !). Merci de m’avoir expliquer et montrer patiemment comment réaliser les extractions d’ADN, les PCR, les génotypages, les relectures. Merci pour ton accueil pendant mes séjours au CBGP. Thanks a lot to Jean-François Cosson for his advice on molecular analyses and welcome at the CBGP. The following people also contributed to lab work: Pia and Petter Kjellander for extractions and genotypages, Bruno Lourtet and Jean- Marc Angibault for the preparation of DNA samples. • I am grateful to Michel Goulard for his helps in statistics and Clément Calenge for his advice on niche and K-select analyses. • Thank you to the ONCFS to have allowed me to analyse data from Chizé and Trois Fontaines, and especially to Guy Van Laere, Daniel Delorme and François Klein. I am also grateful to a large number of people for help of different sorts and their support: • People of CEFS – INRA Toulouse: Stéphane Aulagnier (the director of the lab) pour son accueil au laboratoire et pour m’avoir permis de m’initier à l’enseignement. Aurélie Coulon, Marion Delon, Nina Giotto, Cathy Boleat, Emmanuelle Richard and Sarah Benhaiem who have shared my office and my days of work. Merci Aurélie pour ton soutien, ton aide, tes conseils, tes encouragements, ton accueil chez toi quand j’étais SDF, nos 6 discussions, et surtout ton amitié. Ma thèse n’aurait pas été si agréable sans ta joyeuse présence à mes côtés ! Bon vent à toi pour la suite ! Pascale Dufour and Lucette Gabet (the secretaries) to have patiently solved my administrative problems. Merci Pascale pour ton accueil au labo, l’animation du labo, les sorties culturelles, les discussions sur tout et rien aux pauses café et au restau de l’INRA, ton soutien quotidien.
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