Comparison of Embedded Coplanar Waveguide and Stipline for Multi-Layer Boards
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Quality Factor of a Transmission Line Coupled Coplanar Waveguide Resonator Ilya Besedin1,2* and Alexey P Menushenkov2
Besedin and Menushenkov EPJ Quantum Technology (2018)5:2 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-018-0066-3 R E S E A R C H Open Access Quality factor of a transmission line coupled coplanar waveguide resonator Ilya Besedin1,2* and Alexey P Menushenkov2 *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract 1National University for Science and Technology (MISiS), Moscow, Russia We investigate analytically the coupling of a coplanar waveguide resonator to a 2National Research Nuclear coplanar waveguide feedline. Using a conformal mapping technique we obtain an University MEPhI (Moscow expression for the characteristic mode impedances and coupling coefficients of an Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow, Russia asymmetric multi-conductor transmission line. Leading order terms for the external quality factor and frequency shift are calculated. The obtained analytical results are relevant for designing circuit-QED quantum systems and frequency division multiplexing of superconducting bolometers, detectors and similar microwave-range multi-pixel devices. Keywords: coplanar waveguide; microwave resonator; conformal mapping; coupled transmission lines; superconducting resonator 1 Introduction Low loss rates provided by superconducting coplanar waveguides (CPW) and CPW res- onators are relevant for microwave applications which require quantum-scale noise levels and high sensitivity, such as mutual kinetic inductance detectors [1], parametric amplifiers [2], and qubit devices based on Josephson junctions [3], electron spins in quantum dots [4], and NV-centers [5]. Transmission line (TL) coupling allows for implementing rela- tively weak resonator-feedline coupling strengths without significant off-resonant pertur- bations to the propagating modes in the feedline CPW. Owing to this property and ben- efiting from their simplicity, notch-port couplers are extensively used in frequency mul- tiplexing schemes [6], where a large number of CPW resonators of different frequencies are coupled to a single feedline. -
Superconducting Coplanar Waveguide Resonators for Quantum Computing
Master’s degree: Advanced nanoscience and nanotechnology Autonomous University of Microelectronics Institute of High Energy physics institute Barcelona (UAB) Barcelona (IMB-CNM) (IFAE) SUPERCONDUCTING COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE RESONATORS FOR QUANTUM COMPUTING FINAL MASTER PROJECT Author: Alberto Lajara Corral Supervisor: Gemma Rius Co-Supervisor: Pol Forn-Diaz Contents Acronyms i 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Presentation of topic . 1 1.2 Methodologies . 3 1.3 Project structure . 3 2 Transmission line theory for microwave resonators 4 2.1 Microwave theory for transmission lines . 4 2.2 Resonator model . 5 2.2.1 Parallel resonant circuit . 5 2.2.2 Transmission line resonators: Open-Circuited ¸/2 line . 6 2.2.3 Quality factors of the resonator . 7 3 Design of coplanar waveguide resonators 8 3.1 Materials and geometry choice . 8 3.1.1 Substrate . 8 3.1.2 Metal layer . 8 3.1.3 Coplanar waveguide geometry . 9 3.1.4 Capacitor geometry . 10 3.2 Equivalent circuit . 11 3.3 Simulation results . 13 3.3.1 First design . 14 3.3.2 Optimized design . 15 4 Fabrication of the CPW resonator 19 4.1 Introduction to fabrication . 19 4.2 Basicprocedure................................... 20 4.3 GLADE design . 21 4.4 Exposure strategy . 22 4.5 Fabrication results . 24 4.5.1 Before pattern transfer . 24 4.5.2 After pattern transfer . 26 5 Conclusion 29 A Extension of Transmission line theory i A.1 Lumped-element circuit model for a TL . i A.2 Propagation on a Transmission Line . ii A.3 Lossless transmission line . ii A.4 The terminated transmission line . -
Aperture-Coupled Stripline-To-Waveguide Transitions for Spatial Power Combining
ACES JOURNAL, VOL. 18, NO. 4, NOVEMBER 2003 33 Aperture-Coupled Stripline-to-Waveguide Transitions for Spatial Power Combining Chris W. Hicks∗, Alexander B. Yakovlev#,andMichaelB.Steer+ ∗Naval Air Systems Command, RF Sensors Division 4.5.5, Patuxent River, MD 20670 #Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848 +Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7914 Abstract power. However, tubes are bulky, costly, require high operating voltages, and have a short lifetime. As an A full-wave electromagnetic model is developed and alternative, solid-state devices offer several advantages verified for a waveguide transition consisting of slotted such as, lightweight, smaller size, wider bandwidths, rectangular waveguides coupled to a strip line. This and lower operating voltages. These advantages lead waveguide-based structure represents a portion of the to lower cost because systems can be constructed us- planar spatial power combining amplifier array. The ing planar fabrication techniques. However, as the fre- electromagnetic simulator is developed to analyze the quency increases, the output power of solid-state de- stripline-to-slot transitions operating in a waveguide- vices decreases due to their small physical size. There- based environment in the X-band. The simulator is fore, to achieve sizable power levels that compete with based on the method of moments (MoM) discretiza- those generated by vacuum tubes, several solid-state tion of the coupled system of integral equations with devices can be combined in an array. Conventional the piecewise sinusodial testing and basis functions in power combiners are effectively limited in the num- the electric and magnetic surface current density ex- ber of devices that can be combined. -
Lowpass Lumped-Element Coplanar Waveguide-To- Coplanar Stripline Transitions
LOWPASS LUMPED-ELEMENT COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE-TO- COPLANAR STRIPLINE TRANSITIONS Yo-Shen Lin1 and Chun Hsiung Chen2 1Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan, R.O.C. (email: [email protected]) 2Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C. (email: [email protected]) ABSTRACT The lowpass coplanar waveguide-to-coplanar stripline transitions are proposed, using planar lumped-elements to realize the filter prototypes in the transition structures. The proposed transitions are very compact and can provide the combined functions of transition and filter. Simple equivalent-circuit models based on closed-form expressions are also established, from which the characteristics of various lowpass lumped-element transitions are investigated. INTRODUCTION Coplanar waveguide (CPW) and coplanar stripline (CPS) are widely used as building blocks in the design of uniplanar MMIC's [1]. To fully utilize the exclusive features of CPW and CPS, an effective interconnection between them is of crucial importance. This may allow the choice of different uniplanar line-based circuit elements in different parts of a system such that maximum circuit integration and optimal system performance may be accomplished. Various CPW-to-CPS transitions have been developed [2]-[7]. Most of these conventional transitions have bandpass behaviors [2]-[4]. The broadband transition [5] utilizing a slotline open structure has a lowpass frequency response but its insertion loss increases only gradually as the operating frequency increases. The ideally all-pass double-Y junction balun [2], in practice, also features a gradually increasing insertion loss with frequency. -
Designs of Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Its Transition to Rectangular Waveguide
Designs of Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Its Transition to Rectangular Waveguide by Ya Guo A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Auburn, Alabama May 10, 2015 Keywords: Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW), Rectangular Waveguide (RWG), Waveguide transition, high frequency simulation software (HFSS), genetic algorithm (GA) Copyright 2015 by Ya Guo Approved by Michael C. Hamilton, Chair, Assistant Professor of Electrical & Computer Engineering Bogdan M. Wilamowski, Professor of Electrical & Computer Engineering Michael E. Baginski, Associate Professor of Electrical & Computer Engineering Abstract There has been an ever increasing interest in the study of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) since 1998. Due to its low loss, planar nature, high integration capability and high compactness, SIW has been widely used to develop the components and circuits operating in the microwave and millimeter-wave region. For the integrated design of SIW and other transmission lines, the design of feasible and effective transitions between them is the key. In this work, substrate integrated waveguides for E-band, V-band and Q-band are designed and accurately modeled, their high frequency performances are simulated and analyzed with the Ansys’ High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). Additionally, two kinds of transitions between RWG and SIW are explored for narrow band 76-77 GHz and broad bands 77-81 GHz, 56-68 GHz and 40-50 GHz, and they are simulated in HFSS. The loss of the transition portion is extracted by linear fitting method. Genetic algorithm is also used to find the optimal dimensions and placements of the transitions for broad operative bands. -
Design of CPW Antenna for Future Wireless Application
ISSN (Online) 2278-1021 IJARCCE ISSN (Print) 2319-5940 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 8, Issue 5, May 2019 Design of CPW Antenna for Future Wireless Application S.Monisha1, U.Surendar2 PG Scholar, Department of ECE, K.Ramakrishnan College of Engineering, Trichy, India1 Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, K.Ramakrishnan College of Engineering, Trichy, India2 Abstract: A hexagonal shaped Co-Planar Waveguide (CPW) fed antenna is proposed with Electric Field Coupled Resonator (ELC) structure for LTE application. The antenna consists of hexagonal slot in the patch with meta-material structure at the centre. Using ELC structure, the impedance matching is occurred efficiently. The frequency band covered by this proposed antenna is 2.6GHz with the return loss of -23dB. The total size of the antenna is . The dielectric constant used for this antenna is FR4 substrate. The optimal VSWR and Radiation pattern characteristics are obtained for this frequency band. The proposed antenna is designed and simulated using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). Keywords: Coplanar Waveguide, Electric Field Coupled Resonator, Impedance Matching, Meta-Material, VSWR I. INTRODUCTION In recent days, Wireless communication plays a major role in communication systems. The total populations were connected with global audience through wireless communication. The lack of physical infrastructure makes the wireless communication desirable for wide applications. In wireless communication the great role has been made by antenna [15]. Nowadays the antenna with broad bandwidth and smaller size were the difficult challenges in the wireless area. And also wearable antenna is also used for biosignal monitoring [11] (bio-signal communication). -
Arxiv:1702.01149V2 [Cond-Mat.Supr-Con] 21 Sep 2017
Gyrator Operation Using Josephson Mixers Baleegh Abdo, Markus Brink, and Jerry M. Chow IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA. (Dated: October 15, 2018) Nonreciprocal microwave devices, such as circulators, are useful in routing quantum signals in quantum networks and protecting quantum systems against noise coming from the detection chain. However, commercial, cryogenic circulators, now in use, are unsuitable for scalable superconducting quantum architectures due to their appreciable size, loss, and inherent magnetic field. We report on the measurement of a key nonreciprocal element, i.e., the gyrator, which can be used to realize a circulator. Unlike state-of-the-art gyrators, which use a magneto-optic effect to induce a phase shift of π between transmitted signals in opposite directions, our device uses the phase nonreciprocity of a Josephson-based three-wave-mixing device. By coupling two of these mixers and operating them in noiseless frequency-conversion mode, we show that the device acts as a nonreciprocal phase shifter whose phase shift is controlled by the phase difference of the microwave tones driving the mixers. Such a device could be used to realize a lossless, on-chip, superconducting circulator suitable for quantum-information-processing applications. I. INTRODUCTION (a) Port 1 휋 Port 2 Performing high-fidelity, quantum nondemolition mea- surements in the microwave domain is an important 1 2 requirement for operating a superconducting quantum (b) 90° 90° 90° 90° computer. Such a requirement is enabled, in various 휋 3 4 schemes, by using nonreciprocal microwave devices hav- 90° hybrid 90° hybrid ing asymmetrical transmission through their ports, such as circulators [1{9] and low-noise, directional amplifiers 2 [4, 10{14]. -
The Stripline Circulator Theory and Practice
The Stripline Circulator Theory and Practice By J. HELSZAJN The Stripline Circulator The Stripline Circulator Theory and Practice By J. HELSZAJN Copyright # 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http:// www.wiley.com/go/permission. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. -
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Lumped-element Sections for Modeling Coupling Between High-Speed Digital and I/O Lines W. Cui, H. Shi, X. Luo, F. Sha*, J.L. Drewniak, T.P. Van Doren and T. Anderson** ElectromagneticCompatibility Laboratory University of Missouri-Rolla Rolla, MCI 65401 * Northern Jiao Tong University EMC ResearchSection Beijing 100044,P.R.China * * HP-EEsof Division Hewlett-PackardCo. SantaRosa, CA 95403 Abstract: Lumped-elementsections are used for modeling designstage to estimateEM1 and minimize the noise coupling coupling betweenhigh-speed digital and I/O lines on printed to I/O lines on the PCB. As digital designs become more circuit boards (PCBs) in this paper. Radiatedelectromagnetic dense, flexibility in trace routing is reduced. Adherence to interference(EMI) is investigatedwhen the I/O line going off simple design maxims for avoiding adjacent segmentsof an the board is driven as an unintentional, but effective antenna. I/O line and a high-speeddigital line becomesmore difficult. Simulated results are compared with measurementsfor A meansfor estimatingEM1 at the design stageis desirableto coupled lines. A suitable number of lumped-elementsections maintainrouting flexibility while minimizing EM1 risk. for modeling is chosen based on the line length and the highestfrequency of interest. The three essentialcomponents for estimating EM1 resulting from coupling to I/O lines are suitable sourceand load models, a coupled transmission-line model, and an EM1 antenna I. INTR~DUC~~N model. Of particular interest at this stage are models for the coupled transmission lines, and the EM1 antenna. Two As the speed of digital designs continues to increase, approaches have been previously pursued for modeling unintentionalradiation from cablesattached to PCBs becomes coupled transmission-lines.One technique is to decouple the problematic.For clock speedsless than 50 MHz, a typical 1 m lines in the frequency domain by modal decomposition [l]. -
Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Transitions to Planar Transmission-Line Technologies
Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Transitions To Planar Transmission-Line Technologies Farzaneh Taringou1, David Dousset2, Jens Bornemann1 and Ke Wu2 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3P6 2Poly–Grames Research Center, Département de Génie Electrique, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H3T 1J4 [email protected] Abstract — For the purpose of integrating active, nonlinear substrate and that wideband interfaces with more than 40 and surface-mount components in substrate-integrated percent bandwidth can be realized. waveguide (SIW) technology, this paper presents a variety of new and modified transitions from SIW to other planar transmission lines. Typical performances are shown involving connections to II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION microstrip, coplanar waveguide (both conductor-backed and regular), coplanar strip line and slot line technologies. Both Typical to all transitions involving SIWs is the requirement modified and new transition examples in the 18 – 27 GHz range that the TE10-mode-like field in the SIW be adapted to the demonstrate the feasibility of such interfaces for bandwidths in fundamental mode of the transmission line it is interfaced the order of 40 percent. Measurements and full-wave simulations validate the proposed designs. with. Due to the similarity between the fundamental Index Terms — Substrate-integrated waveguide, microstrip, waveguide and microstrip modes, the SIW-to-microstrip coplanar waveguide, coplanar strip line, slot line, interfaces, transition was the first one proposed [5], and design guidelines transitions. are well understood [6]. Fig. 1 shows a photograph and performance of a back-to- back microstrip-to-SIW transition on RT/Duroid 5880 I. INTRODUCTION ε δ substrate with r=2.2, tan =0.0009, substrate height Substrate-Integrated Waveguide (SIW) components have h=0.508mm, metallization thickness t=17.5μm, and emerged as a viable alternative to all-metal waveguide and conductivity σ=5.8x107S/m. -
RF / Microwave PC Board Design and Layout
RF / Microwave PC Board Design and Layout Rick Hartley L-3 Avionics Systems [email protected] 1 RF / Microwave Design - Contents 1) Recommended Reading List 2) Basics 3) Line Types and Impedance 4) Integral Components 5) Layout Techniques / Strategies 6) Power Bus 7) Board Stack-Up 8) Skin Effect and Loss Tangent 9) Shields and Shielding 10) PCB Materials, Fabrication and Assembly 2 RF / Microwave - Reading List PCB Designers – • Transmission Line Design Handbook – Brian C. Wadell (Artech House Publishers) – ISBN 0-89006-436-9 • HF Filter Design and Computer Simulation – Randall W. Rhea (Noble Publishing Corp.) – ISBN 1-884932-25-8 • Partitioning for RF Design – Andy Kowalewski - Printed Circuit Design Magazine, April, 2000. • RF & Microwave Design Techniques for PCBs – Lawrence M. Burns - Proceedings, PCB Design Conference West, 2000. 3 RF / Microwave - Reading List RF Design Engineers – • Microstrip Lines and Slotlines – Gupta, Garg, Bahl and Bhartia. Artech House Publishers (1996) – ISBN 0-89006-766-X • RF Circuit Design – Chris Bowick. Newnes Publishing (1982) – ISBN 0-7506-9946-9 • Introduction to Radio Frequency Design – Wes Hayward. The American Radio Relay League Inc. (1994) – ISBN 0-87259-492-0 • Practical Microwaves – Thomas S. Laverghetta. Prentice Hall, Inc. (1996) – ISBN 0-13-186875-6 4 RF / Microwave Design - Basics ) RF and Microwave Layout encompasses the Design of Analog Based Circuits in the range of Hundreds of Megahertz (MHz) to Many Gigahertz (GHz). ) RF actually in the 500 MHz - 2 GHz Band. (Design Above 100 MHz considered RF.) ) Microwave above 2 GHZ. 5 RF / Microwave Design - Basics ) Unlike Digital, Analog Signals can be at any Voltage and Current Level (Between their Min & Max), at any point in Time. -
Analytical Determination of Participation in Superconducting Coplanar Architectures Conal E
1 Analytical determination of participation in superconducting coplanar architectures Conal E. Murray, Jay M. Gambetta, Douglas T. McClure and Matthias Steffen Abstract—Superconducting qubits are sensitive to a variety values obtained with this approach can be highly dependent of loss mechanisms which include dielectric loss from interfaces. on the discretization scheme used to tessellate the various The calculation of participation near the key interfaces of planar structures due to the singular behavior of the electric fields designs can be accomplished through an analytical description of the electric field density based on conformal mapping. In this near the corners and edges of conductors. Hybrid schemes way, a two-dimensional approximation to coplanar waveguide that can involve power law approximations have also been and capacitor designs produces values of the participation as proposed [1], [3] to account for divergences in the electric a function of depth from the top metallization layer as well field distributions. as the volume participation within a given thickness from this A more robust method to calculate surface participation surface by reducing the problem to a surface integration over the region of interest. These quantities are compared to finite element can be implemented based on a two-dimensional, analytical method numerical solutions, which validate the values at large formulation of the electric field distributions generated by distances from the coplanar metallization but diverge near the metallization features on dielectric substrates [6], [7]. This edges of the metallization features due to the singular nature of approach, which assumes that the metallization is composed the electric fields. A simple approximation to the electric field of two sheets and is perfectly conducting, incorporates the energy at shallow depths (relative to the waveguide width) is also −0:5 presented that closely replicates the numerical results based on singular nature of the electric fields [8] which scale as r conformal mapping and those reported in prior literature.