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24 Labor As Seen by Social Anthropology José Sergio Leite
24 Labor As Seen By Social Anthropology José Sergio Leite Lopes 1 1. Introduction: the economic sphere and labor in social anthropology Anthropologists have traditionally studied labor in their monographs about indigenous groups, ethnic minorities, the peasantry, fishers and artisans. In these studies of labor, as in the economic sphere in general, it appears as enmeshed in the totality of the social life of these “traditional”, “pre-capitalist” groups. Generally such anthropological studies focus on the centrality of gift giving and reciprocity, which negate or obscure economic interests for the benefit of the logic of honor or of symbolic capital. They regard the gift as a total social fact where the market principal is subordinated to that of reciprocity and redistribution. Labor in these studies is not the central theme of interest, but appears in a form subordinated to other aspects with which it is interrelated. Between the 1950s and 1970s, anthropologists engaged with the question of the critical application or appropriation of concepts from diverse currents of so-called economic theory. Such concepts were constructed to explain the capitalist economy, but anthropologists embraced these economic principles in general to understand all societies. A debate arose between “substantivists”, who praised the historicity of concepts and the necessity of new instruments for the economic analysis of non-capitalist societies and the “formalists” who gave a wider reach to existing economic theories to apply to their ethnographies. The substantivists were located in some American universities and drew heavily on the work of and disciples of the Hungarian economic historian Karl Polanyi; later they would have an important repercussion in the whole anthropological field. -
Open Dissertation-Final-Bryan.Pdf
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts NATURE AND THE NEW SOUTH: COMPETING VISIONS OF RESOURCE USE IN A DEVELOPING REGION, 1865-1929 A Dissertation in History by William D. Bryan 2013 William D. Bryan Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2013 The dissertation of William D. Bryan was reviewed and approved* by the following: William A. Blair Liberal Arts Professor of American History Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Mark E. Neely McCabe Greer Professor in the American Civil War Era Solsiree Del Moral Assistant Professor of History Robert Burkholder Associate Professor of English Adam Rome Associate Professor of History and English The University of Delaware Special Member David G. Atwill Director of Graduate Studies in History *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines conflicting visions for natural resource use and economic development in the American South in the years between the end of the Civil War and the beginning of the Great Depression. Emancipation toppled the region’s economy and led many Southerners to try to establish a “New South” to replace their antebellum plantation society. Their task was unprecedented, and necessitated completely reimagining the economic structure of the entire region. Although most Southerners believed that the region was blessed with abundant natural resources, there were many competing ideas about how these resources should be used in order to achieve prosperity. By examining how these different visions shaped New South economic development, this dissertation reconsiders a longstanding interpretation of the postbellum American South, and provides a fresh historical perspective on the challenges of sustainable development in underdeveloped places worldwide. -
Nomadic Pastoralism and Agricultural Modernization
NOTES AND COMMENTS NOMADIC PASTORALISM AND AGRICULTURAL MODERNIZATION Robert Rice State University ofNew York INTRODUCTION This paper presents a model for the integration of pastoral nomads into nation-states. To this. end, two areas of the world in which pastoral nomadism had been predominent within historic times-Central Asia and West Africa-were examined. Security considerations tended to overshadow economic considerations in the formation of state policy toward nomadic peoples in the two areas. However, a broader trend, involving the expansion of the world economic system can also be discerned. This pattern held constant under both capitalistic and socialistic governments. In recent times, the settlement of pastoral nomads and their integration into national economies has become a hotly debated issue in a number of developing nations. Disasters such as the Sahel drought and famine in the early 1970s have brought world attention on the economic and ecological consequences of nomad ism and settlement. Similarly, armed uprisings by nomadic peoples against the governments of Morocco, Ethiopia, the Chad, Iran and Afghanistan have brought the politicalgrievances..0J nomads _ to world attention. This' paper will compare two attempts by modern nation states to transform the traditional economies of nomadic pastoralist Soviet Central Asia and West Africa. In both cases the development policies pursued by the central government sought to change the traditional power relationship within nomad ic society, as well as its economic activities. These policies were a natural outgrowth of attempts by the central governments in volved to integrate nomadic peoples into the larger world econ omy. Two schools of thought have emerged from the debate over the future of nomadic pastoralism. -
Coaching the Global Nomad Katrina Burrus, PH.D., M.C.C
Coaching the Global Nomad Katrina Burrus, PH.D., M.C.C. This article first appeared in the International Journal of Coaching in Organizations, 2006, 4(4),6-15. It can only be reprinted and distributed with prior written permission from Professional Coaching Publications, Inc. (PCPI). Email John Lazar at [email protected] for such permission. Journal information: www.ijco.info Purchases: www.pcpionline.com 2006 ISSN 1553-3735 © Copyright 2006 PCPI. All rights reserved worldwide. 6 | IJCO Issue 4 2006 6 | IJCO Issue 4 2006 Coaching the Global Nomad Coaching the Global Nomad KATRINA BURRUS, PH.D., M.C.C. KATRINA BURRUS, PH.D., M.C.C. Executives who work in various PROLOGUE – IN THE BEGINNING Executives who work in various PROLOGUE – IN THE BEGINNING cultures bring a multitude of cultural I was fiveyears old, playing on the living room couch, when my mother cultures bring a multitude of cultural I was fiveyears old, playing on the living room couch, when my mother backgrounds, identities, and called out to me from the kitchen that we were going to move again. backgrounds, identities, and called out to me from the kitchen that we were going to move again. orientations with them. They are Having already left the US, Italy, and then Germany, we were now orientations with them. They are Having already left the US, Italy, and then Germany, we were now called in to new situations because moving to Switzerland. My father started up a soft drink brand in Italy. called in to new situations because moving to Switzerland. My father started up a soft drink brand in Italy. -
An 'Economic Man' in Every Society
An ‘Economic Man’ in Every Society An Overview of Economic Anthropology and its cross-cultural development as a discipline as it relates to the notion of the ‘Economic Man’ Michelle D’Ippolito 109873628 [email protected] (303) 817-5462 12-16-10 Key Terms: Economic Anthropology, Anthropology, Economics, Institutional Paradigm, Formal Paradigm, Ecological Paradigm, Marxism, Feminism, Economic Man Abstract This paper will give an overview of economic anthropology both in terms of the history of ideas and the philosophy of science. It will look at how the field has developed from several distinct philosophies in economics to the multifaceted approaches within the field today. The first section will look at the roots of the field and the major philosophies and proponents of those philosophies. The second section will look at the more recent trends in terms of how they draw on the earlier philosophies and the new elements they incorporate. The final section will look at how the multifaceted approaches in the field has allowed for new avenues of study. In particular, this section will look how these multifaceted approaches have made the definition of the “economic man” more cross- cultural. ANTH360 Fall 2010 UMCP American Anthropologist Introduction Recent trends in economic anthropology have started to branch out from the traditional schools of thought and paradigms. Anthropologists are now finding that the formerly rigid distinctions between the various schools are more flexible than previously thought. The work of a given anthropologist’s may fit more within a specific approach, but his work will also reflect the influence of several other approaches as well. -
Excitantia and the Everyday: the Rise of Plebeian Luxuries
Sidney W. Mintz EXCITANTIA AND THE EVERYDAY: THE RISE OF PLEBEIAN LUXURIES his paper1 sets forth a discussion of the does this mean that the ethnographic portraits consumption of goods and services, that we have been given of these societies by our Tas anthropologists have focused upon it. predecessors are complete or correct in every Consumption is a subject beloved of economists, detail, or that the societies themselves are frozen and it has gained popularity as a research topic in time, unchanged and unchanging. Yet it can among historians and sociologists in the last two be argued that they were more like each other decades or so. The history of its study among than any was like, say, Finnish society, or British anthropologists, however, has been curious—a society, or Japanese society. coefficient, really, of the kinds of society at which In that first era of ethnography, it addressed the ethnographic, data-collecting aspect of our societies such as these for good reasons. But discipline was traditionally aimed, especially anthropology did not feel limited by its own during that era when the field of anthropology choices. Alfred Louis Kroeber writes: was achieving its greatest growth. The societies with which ethnography After all, the subject of anthropology is concerned itself—those of the so-called non- limited only by man [he means man and literate or ‘primitive’ peoples—were typically woman; this was written almost fifty years small, relatively unstratified, non-Western, ago]. It is not restricted by time—it goes highly localized, non-machine in their back into geology as far as man [and technology, and both integrated and divided woman] can be traced. -
What Is Wealth? What Is Wealth Creation and What Is Wealth Conversion?
An essay to set the tone What is Wealth? What is Wealth Creation and what is Wealth Conversion? What is the relationship between Wealth and Technology? Wealth creation occurs when Matter and Energy and Intelligence are combined to enable humans to live better. Intelligence Wealth is a human value and humanity’s values change, based on circumstances. For nomads, wealth was livestock. The more sheep and cattle the tribe owned the richer they were. For the Haida Indians of the Pacific Northwest, where the food supply of fish and game was naturally abundant year Wealth round, wealth was the opposite. The richest person was the one who could give away the most in the potlatch ceremony. Matter Predation Energy Wealth conversion occurs when no value is added, but Pollution Poverty one party takes wealth created by another. It also occurs when wealth is created but someone else gets saddled with negative side effects such as predation, pollution or impoverishment. Strip mining where no land restoration occurs afterwards Let us agree that on earth reality consists of three comes to mind. When a warrior says to a farmer he will protect spheres: matter, energy and intelligence. him from another warrior who wants to steal the farmer’s On earth, matter is a closed system – all the matter food, both warriors are converting wealth. When a lawyer which exists has always been here, all we can do is convert it writes a contract to assure two parties will mutually create from one form to another. Earth holds 6 sextillion tons of more wealth, that clarity is wealth creating. -
Essays on Archaeology and Anthropology in the Western Pacific in Honour of Jim Specht
www.amonline.net.au/publications/ ISBN 0-9750476-2-0 RECORDS OF THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM CONTENTS RECORDS OF THE Jim Specht's brilliant career—a tribute .................................................................................... ......................................PAUL S.C. TAÇON, JACK GOLSON, KIRK HUFFMAN & DES GRIFFIN 1 Jim Specht: a bibliography ................................................................................. KATE KHAN 9 AUSTRALIAN Holocene vegetation, savanna origins and human settlement of Guam ................................ ................................................................................J. STEPHEN ATHENS & JEROME V. W ARD 15 The effect of objects: the return of a north Vanuatu textile from the Australian Museum to the Vanuatu Cultural Centre ............................................................................ LISSANT BOLTON 31 MUSEUM Ownership and a peripatetic collection: Raymond Firth’s Collection from Tikopia, Solomon Islands ................................................................................................. ELIZABETH BONSHEK 37 Early agriculture in the highlands of New Guinea: an assessment of Phase 1 at Kuk Swamp .......................................................................................................................... TIM DENHAM 47 Settlement history and landscape use in Santo, Vanuatu ...... JEAN-CHRISTOPHE GALIPAUD 59 A century of collecting: colonial collectors in southwest New Britain ................................. ................................................................................. -
Women and the Gift Economy: Part 2
II. GIFTS EXPLOITED BY THE MARKET CLAUDIA VON WERLHOF Capitalist Patriarchy and the Negation of Matriarchy The Struggle for a “Deep” Alternative In her important book, For-Giving: A Feminist Criticism of Exchange, Genevieve Vaughan states: “In order to reject patriarchal thinking we must be able to distin- guish between it and something else: an alternative” (1997: 23). I fully identify with this statement as I, too, have tried “to think outside patriarchy” although being inside it most of the time. At the “First World Congress of Matriarchal Studies,” held in Luxemburg in 2003, where Vaughan and I first met, she stated, “If we don’t understand society in which we live we cannot change it; we do not know where the exit is!” Therefore, “we have to dismantle patriarchy.” In this article, I would like to add to Vaughan’s analysis of capitalist patriarchy and tackle the task of dismantling patriarchy. “A Different World is Possible!” This has been the main slogan of the worldwide civilian movement against glo- balization for years. I have to add: “A radically different world is possible!”—it is not only possible but also urgently needed. But without a vision of this radically different world we will not be able to move in this direction. Therefore we need to discuss, first of all, a radically different worldview. For this purpose we have to analyze what is happening today and why. Only then will we be able to define a really different world, worldview and vision. “Globalization:” An Explanation A radically different worldview is necessary because today we are observing global social, economic, ecological, and political developments that are completely different from what they should be. -
Man and Culture : an Evaluation of the Work of Bronislaw Malinowski
<r\ MAN AND CULTURE Contributors J. R. FIRTH RAYMOND FIRTH MEYER FORTES H. IAN HOGBIN PHYLLIS KABERRY E. R. LEACH LUCY MAIR S. F. NADEL TALCOTT PARSONS RALPH PIDDINGTON AUDREY I. RICHARDS I. SCHAPERA At the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association in 1939 at Chicago Photograph by Leslie A. White Man and Culture AN EVALUATION OF THE WORK OF BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI EDITED BY RAYMOND FIRTH Routledge & Kegan Paul LONDON First published ig^y by Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited Broadway House, 68-y4 Carter Lane London, E.C.4 (g) Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited ig^y Printed in Great Britain by Lowe & Brydone {Printers) Limited London, N.W.io Second impression ip3g Second impression with corrections ig6o GN msLFsi Contents EDITOR S NOTE VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii REFERENCES viii Introduction: Malinowski as Scientist and as Man i RAYMOND FIRTH The Concept of Culture in Malinowski's Work 15 AUDREY I. RICHARDS MalinowskVs Theory of Needs 33 RALPH PIDDINGTON Malinowski and the Theory of Social Systems 53 TALCOTT PARSONS Malinowski's Contribution to Field-work Methods and the Writing of Ethnography 71 PHYLLIS KABERRY Ethnographic Analysis and Language with Reference to Malinowski's Views 93 J. R. FIRTH The Epistemological Background to MalinowskVs Empiricism 119 E. R. LEACH MalinowskVs Theories of Law 139 I, SCHAPERA Malinowski and the Study of Kinship 157 MEYER FORTES Malinowski on Magic and Religion 189 S. F. NADEL The Place of Malinowski in the History of Economic Anthro- pology 209 RAYMOND FIRTH Malinowski and the Study of Social Change 229 LUCY MAIR Anthropology as Public Service and MalinowskVs Contribution to it 245 H. -
Asa Firth Lecture 2014
20 October 2014 / 5 December 2014 for ASA website The text more or less as spoken ASA FIRTH LECTURE 2014 Anthropology and Enlightenment , ASA decennial conference in Edinburgh 2014 Becoming enlightened about relations Marilyn Strathern (University of Cambridge) Some sixty years ago Raymond Firth thought it necessary to point out that social relations could not be seen by the ethnographer, they could only be inferred from people’s interactions: abstraction was required. -- Others have thought that making relations concrete was rather the issue. -- At the same time Firth unproblematically talked of relations in the abstract when he was comparing (for example) economic and moral standards. The issues would have not been unfamiliar to Hume, and other luminaries of the Scottish Enlightenment, who dwelt on the power of relations in (human) understanding and (scholarly) narrative, as well interpersonal empathy. At what was an early stage of the conference, it seemed appropriate to evoke an antecedent period in the European Enlightenment at large, among other things for its interest in narratives of the unknown. We also find in this epoch some peculiarities in the English language that many Scots were making their own. These usages thicken the plot as far as ‘relations’ in the eighteenth century go, with implications that still tease us. 1 At a threshold of sorts with the founding of the ASA in 1946, Raymond Firth called the first chapter of Elements of social organization (1961 [1951]), ‘The meaning of social anthropology’ -- its value, import, character. A decade later he introduced his third edition with comments that it was a moment when there was, across the disciplines, more ‘understanding’ of what the anthropologist did than ever before. -
Nomadism, Evolution and World-Systems: Pastoral Societies in Theories of Historical Development
Nomadism, Evolution and World-Systems: Pastoral Societies in Theories of Historical Development Nikolay N. Kradin INTRODUCTION n the modern social sciences and history, there are four groups of theories that Ivariously explain basic principles of origin, further change and, sometimes, collapse of complex human social systems. Th e fi rst of these groups is the vari- ous unilinear theories of development or evolution (Marxism, neoevolutionism, modernization theories etc.). Th ey show how humanity has evolved from local groups of primitive hunters to the modern post-industrial world society. Th e second ones are theories of civilizations. Th e proponents of these theories argue that there is no unifi ed world history. Rather there are separate clusters of cul- tural activity that constitute qualitatively diff erent civilizations. Th e civilizations, like living organisms, are born, live and die (Spengler 1918; Toynbee 1934 etc.). Th e world-systems perspective and multilinear theories of social evolution are intermediate between these poles. Th e world-system approach (Wallerstein 1974 etc.; Chase-Dunn and Hall 1997; Sanderson 1999 etc.), like unilinear theo- ries of development distinguish three models of society: mini-systems, world- empires and world-economies. But they are considered in space rather than in time. Th is makes the conceptualisation of history more complete. Th e modern multilinear theories (Bondarenko and Korotayev 2000; Korotaev, Kradin, de Munk, Lynsha 2000 etc.) suppose that there are several possible paths of socio-political transformation. Some of these can lead to complexity, e.g. from a chiefdom to a true state; while others suppose the existence of the supercomplex community without a bureaucracy (e.g.