Food Security Status and Its Determinants Among Rural Households in Oda
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FOOD SECURITY STATUS AND ITS DETERMINANTS AMONG RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN ODA BULTUM DISTRICT, WEST HARARGHE ZONE, OROMIA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA MSc THESIS AHMED MOHAMMED JUNE 2021 HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY, HARAMAYA Food Security Status and Its Determinants among Rural Households in Oda Bultum District, West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia A Thesis Submitted to the School of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Postgraduate Program Directorate HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Ahmed Mohammed June 2021 Haramaya University, Haramaya HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM DIRECTORATE I hereby certify that I have read and evaluated this Thesis entitled “Food Security Status and Its Determinants among Rural Households in Oda Bultum District, West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia” prepared under my guidance by Ahmed Mohammed Abdurehim. I recommend that it be submitted as fulfilling the thesis requirement. Ketema Bekele (PhD) _____________ ____________ Major -Advisor Signature Date Mohammed Aman (Assist. Prof) _____________ ____________ Co-Advisor Signature Date As member of the board of examiners of the MSc thesis open defense examination, I certify that I have read and evaluated the thesis prepared by Ahmed Mohammed and examined the candidate. I recommend that the thesis be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirements of degree of masters in Agricultural Economics. Million Sileshi (PhD) _____________ __________ Chairperson Signature Date Kedir Jemal (PhD) _____________ ___________ Internal Examiner Signature Date Abebaw Shimeles (PhD) _____________ ___________ External Examiner Signature Date Final approval and acceptance of the thesis is contingent upon the submission of its final copy to the council of postgraduate program directorate (CPPD) through the candidates department or postgraduate program committee (CD or PPC). ii DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis manuscript to my mother Hindi Usman and father Mohammed Abdurehim, for nursing me with love and for their sacrifice in the success of my life. iii STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR By signature below, I declare and affirm that this thesis is my original work. I have followed all ethical and technical principles of scholarship in the preparation, data collection, data analysis and compilation of this thesis. Any scholarly matter that is included in the thesis has been given recognition through citation. This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master degree at the Haramaya University. The thesis is deposited in the Haramaya University Library and is made available to borrowers under the rules of the library. I solemnly declare that this thesis has not been submitted to any other institution anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma or certificate. Brief quotations from this thesis may be made without special permission provided that accurate and complete acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extend quotations from or reproduction of this thesis in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the school or department when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interest of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author of the thesis. Name: Ahmed Mohammed Signature: __________ Date: _____________ School: Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB Africa Development Bank AE Adult Equivalent CSA Central Statistics Agency CSI Coping Strategy Index DF The Development Fund DFID Department for International Development EC European Commission ETB Ethiopian Birr EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation FCS Food Consumption Score FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia FGD Focus Group Discussion FGT Foster Greer Thorbeke FNS Food and Nutrition Security FSS Food Security Strategy IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development Kcal Kilo calorie NEPAD New Partnership for Africa‟s Development OBDAO Oda Bultum District Administrative Office OLS Ordinary Least Square TLU Tropical Livestock Unit UNDP United Nations Development Program USAID United States Agency for International Development WFS World Food Submit v BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was born in January 1993 in Miesso district of west hararghe zone, oromia national regional state, Ethiopia. He attended his elementary education at Miesso elementary school at Miesso district and his high school at Miesso high school and his preparatory education at Chercher secondary and preparatory school in Chiro district. After successfully passing the Ethiopian university entrance exam; he joined Addis Ababa University in October 2013 and graduated with B.Sc. Degree in Agricultural Economics in July 2015. Soon after his graduation; he was employed at Oda Bultum district as expert of Agriculture and Natural Resource Office. After serving for three years as expert, he joined Haramaya University in 2018 to pursue his M.Sc. study in Agricultural Economics. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is the result of the encouragement and support of many individuals and organizations. First of all, I express my deepest grateful thanks to my advisors Ketema Bekele (PhD) and Mohammed Aman (Assist. Prof) for their professional suggestions, invaluable and constructive comments, and intellectual encouragement they gave me from the early design of the research proposal to the final work of this thesis. My best appreciation goes to Oda Bultum District for granting me the sponsorship and the opportunity to join Haramaya University for my study. I extend my special appreciation for all Haramaya University Agricultural Economics staff members for sharing their knowledge during my stay. I never forget to give best regard to enumerators who made differential attitude and technicality during the data gathering. Many thanks also go to sampled households and the district Agricultural Office staff members for their provision of valuable information requested. Finally, I express my special thanks to my beloved family and friends for their moral supports that help me successfully finalize my thesis work. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION III STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS V BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VII LIST OF TABLES XI LIST OF FIGURES XII LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDICES XIII ABSTRACT XIV 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background of the Study 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem 2 1.3. Research Questions 4 1.4. Objectives of the Study 4 1.5. Significance of the Study 5 1.6. Scope and Limitation of the Study 5 1.7. Organization of the Thesis 6 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1. Basic Concepts and Definitions 7 2.2. Dimensions of Food Security 8 2.2.1. Food availability 8 2.2.2. Food accessibility 9 viii 2.2.3. Food utilization 9 2.2.4. Stability 10 2. 3. Food Security Indicators and Measurements 11 2.4. Empirical Evidences 15 2.5. Conceptual Framework 17 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 20 3.1. Description of the Study Area 20 3.1.1. Location 20 3.1.2. Population 20 3.1.3. Climate, land use and production activities 21 3.2. Data Type, Sources and Methods of Data Collection 22 3.2.1. Data type and sources 22 3.2.2. Methods of data collection 23 3.3. Sampling Techniques and Sample Size Determination 23 3.4. Methods of Data Analysis 24 3.4.1. Descriptive analysis 24 3.4.2. Econometric model 26 3.5. Definition of Variables and Working Hypotheses 29 3.5.1. Dependent variable 29 3.5.2. Independent variables 29 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 36 4.1. Household Food Security Status 36 4.2. Incidence, Gap and Severity of Food Insecurity 37 4.3. Descriptive Statistics 39 4.3.1. Descriptive statistics of continuous variables 39 ix 4.3.2. Descriptive statistics of categorical variables 42 4.4. Econometric Model Results and Discussions 44 4.4.1. Regression diagnostics 44 4.4.2. Determinants of household food security status 45 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 50 5.1. Summary 50 5.2. Conclusions and Recommendations 51 6. REFERENCES 54 7. APPENDICES 64 x LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Total number of sample household heads 24 2. Summary of definition of variables and hypothesis 34 3. Mean differences test of daily calorie intake by food security status 36 4. Incidence, gap and severity of food insecurity 38 5. Descriptive statistics of continuous variable 41 6. Descriptive statistics of categorical variable 44 7. Determinants of food security status 48 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Conceptual framework of the study 19 2. Geographic map of Oda Bultum district 21 3. Food security status 37 xii LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDICES Appendix Table Page 1: Conversion factors used to compute AE 64 2: Conversion factors used to compute TLU 64 3: Conversion factors used to estimate Kcal of food items 64 4: Multicollinearity test 65 5: Link test of model specification 66 6: Hosmer-Lemeshow test 66 xiii ABSTRACT Food security is one of the critical concerns and top priority of policy agenda for developing countries. Having clear picture on food security status and its determinants helps policy makers to devise appropriate policies that enhance food security. Hence, this study aims to determine the food security status of the households, status, gap and severity of food insecurity among rural households and its determinants in Oda Bultum district of West Hararghe zone, Oromia National Regional State. The data for this study