Mekele-Dallol and Semera-Afdera Power Supply for Industrial Development and Access Scale-Up Project (Mdsapiap)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Mekele-Dallol and Semera-Afdera Power Supply for Industrial Development and Access Scale-Up Project (Mdsapiap) AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure ETHIOPIA MEKELE-DALLOL AND SEMERA-AFDERA POWER SUPPLY FOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ACCESS SCALE-UP PROJECT (MDSAPIAP) APPRAISAL REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure ONEC DEPARTMENT July 2016 Table of Contents 1. STRATEGIC THRUST & RATIONALE 1 1.1. Project linkages with country strategy and objectives ............................................... 1 1.2. Rationale for Bank’s involvement ............................................................................. 2 1.3. Donor Coordination ................................................................................................... 3 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3 2.1 Project components .................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Technical solution retained and other alternatives explored ...................................... 4 2.3 Project type ................................................................................................................ 4 2.4 Project cost and financing arrangements ................................................................... 4 2.5 Project’s target area and population ........................................................................... 6 2.6 Participatory process for project identification, design & implementation ............... 6 2.7 Bank Group experience, lessons reflected in project design ..................................... 6 2.8 Key performance indicators ....................................................................................... 7 3. PROJECT FEASIBILITY 8 3.1 Economic and Financial Performance ....................................................................... 8 3.2 Environmental and Social Impacts ............................................................................ 8 3.2.1 Environment ............................................................................................................... 8 3.2.2 Climate Change .......................................................................................................... 9 3.2.3 Gender ...................................................................................................................... 10 3.2.4 Social........................................................................................................................ 10 3.2.5 Involuntary resettlement .......................................................................................... 11 3.2.6 Stakeholders ............................................................................................................. 11 4. IMPLEMENTATION 11 4.1 Implementation arrangements .................................................................................. 11 4.2 Procurement Arrangement ....................................................................................... 12 4.3 Financial Management ............................................................................................. 12 4.4 Monitoring and Evaluation ...................................................................................... 13 4.5 Governance .............................................................................................................. 15 4.6 Sustainability............................................................................................................ 15 4.7 Risk management ..................................................................................................... 16 4.8 Knowledge building ................................................................................................. 17 5. LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTHORITY 17 5.1 Conditions associated with Bank’s intervention ...................................................... 17 A. Condition Precedent to Entry into Force of the Loan Agreement ........................... 17 B. Conditions Precedent to First Disbursement of the Loan in Respect of Consultancy Services for an amount not exceeding 3.35 million USD : ...................................... 18 C. Conditions Precedent to Subsequent Disbursement of the Loan ............................... 18 6. RECOMMENDATION 18 Appendix I: Comparative socioeconomic Indicator I Appendix II: Table of ADF Portfolio in the Country II Appendix III: Table of Key Projects Financed By the Bank and other Development Partners in the Country IV Appendix-IV: Project Location Map V Appendix V: Justifiction For Financing More Than 50% Of Cost By AFDB VI Currency Equivalents As of May2016 1 UA = 1.4173 USD 1 UA = 30.5843 ETB 1 USD = 21.5788 ETB 1 ETB = 100 (Ethiopian cents) Financial Year for EEP July 8th – July 7th Weights and Measures 1 metric ton = 2204 pounds (lbs) 1 metre (m) = 3.28 feet (ft) 1 kilometre (km) = 0.62 mile 1 hectare (ha) = 2.471 acres 1 kilovolt (kV) = 1000 volts 1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 watts 1 megawatt (MW) = 1000 kW 1 gigawatt (GW) = 1000 MW 1 kilowatt hour (kWh) = 1000 watt hour 1 gigawatt hour (GWh) = 1000 kWh ABBREVIATIONS ADB = African Development Bank Group ADF = African Development Fund AFD = Agence Française de Développement BADEA = Arab Bank for Economic Development for Africa? CAGR = Compounded Annual Growth Rate CIDA = Canadian International Development Agency CSP = Country Strategy Paper CSO = Civil Society Organization DC = Direct Current DFID = Department for International Development DSCR = Debt Service Coverage Ratio EEPCO = Ethiopian Electric Power (Corporation) EIB = European Investment Bank EC = European Commission EEA = Ethiopia Electric Agency EEP = Ethiopia Electric Power EEU = Ethiopia Electric Utility ENPV = Economic Net Present Value EMU = Environmental Monitoring Unit EIRR = Economic Internal Rate of Return ENPV = Economic Net Present Value ESI = Electricity Supply Industry ESIA = Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ETB = Ethiopian ETB ETFO = Ethiopia Field Office FE = Foreign Exchange FIRR = Financial Internal Rate of Return FNPV = Financial Net Present Value FY = Financial Year GoE = Government of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia GEP = Generation Expansion Plan GDP = Gross Domestic Product GTP = Growth & Transformation Plan GWh = Gigawatt hour HV = High Voltage HVTL = High Voltage Transmission Line ICB = International Competitive Bidding ICS = Interconnected System IPP = Independent Power Producer ISS = Integrated Safeguards System IDA = International Development Association JICA = Japanese International Co-operation Agency KFW = Kreditanstalt fur Wiederanfbaw km = Kilo meters kV = Kilo volt LC = Local Cost i LRMCS = Long Run Marginal Cost of Supply LV = Low Voltage MCM = Million Cubic Meters MoFEC = Ministry of Finance & Economic Cooperation MIS = Management Information System MW = Megawatt MV = Medium Voltage NDF = Nordic Development Fund NEPTP = Northern Ethiopia Power Transmission Project NGO = Non-Governmental Organization O&M = Operation and Maintenance p.a. = Per Annum PA = Project Area PAPs = Project Affected Persons PASDEP = Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End Poverty PCBs = Polychlorinated Biphenyls PCR = Project Completion Report PIT = Project Implementation Team PPA = Power Purchase Agreement PPER = Project Performance Evaluation Report PSNP = Productive Safety Net Program PSP = Private Sector Participation QPR = Quarterly Progress Report RAP = Resettlement Action Plan SCS = Self Contained System SIDA = Swedish International Development Agency SMEs = Small and Medium Enterprises SNNPR = Southern, Nations and Nationalities People’s Region TPP = Thermal Power Plant TVET = Technical, Vocational Education and Training UA = Unit of Account UEAP = Universal Electricity Access Program UNDB = United Nations Development Business UNECA = United Nations Economic Commission for Africa USAID = United States Agency for International Development USD = United States Dollars VCT = Voluntary Counselling and Testing TPP = Thermal Power Plant ii Loan Information Client’s information BORROWER: The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (GoE) EXECUTING AGENCY: The Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP) Indicative Financing Plan Sources of financing Amount Instrument (USD million) ADB 104.61 Loan ADF - EEPCO/ GoE 17.91 Counterpart contribution Total project cost 122.52 ADB’s key financing information Loan currency United States Dollar (USD) Interest type Fully Flexible Loan Interest rate spread Funding margin+60 bps lending spread Commitment fee None Other fees None Repayment Semi-Annual Tenor 20 Years Grace period 5 Years FIRR 14.38% FNPV (@10%) US$ 64.52 million EIRR 29.13% ENPV (@12%) US$ 293.42 million Timeframe - Main Milestones (expected) Concept Note approval September 2015 Project approval July 2016 Effectiveness October 2016 Completion July 2019 Closing date December 2020 Last repayment July 2046 iii PROJECT SUMMARY 1.1 The Mekele-Dallol & Semera-Afdera Power Transmission Supply for Industrial Development and Access Scale-up Project (MSPIAP) (with the associated Transmission lines, Substations and Rural Electrification components) aims to improve the socio-economic development and livelihood of the population of beneficiary regions through increased access to affordable & sustainable electricity supply and improvement in service delivery. The two beneficiary regions are Tigray & Afar Regional States of Ethiopia. 1.2 The Program’s main outcomes include (i) provision of adequate & reliable electricity supply to industries and small businesses by adding 250 MVA capacity and making available
Recommended publications
  • An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti
    Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DER GRADES DES DOKTORS DER PHILOSOPHIE DER UNIVERSTÄT HAMBURG VORGELEGT VON YASIN MOHAMMED YASIN from Assab, Ethiopia HAMBURG 2010 ii Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti by Yasin Mohammed Yasin Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR (POLITICAL SCIENCE) in the FACULITY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES at the UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG Supervisors Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff HAMBURG 15 December 2010 iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my doctoral fathers Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit and Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff for their critical comments and kindly encouragement that made it possible for me to complete this PhD project. Particularly, Prof. Jakobeit’s invaluable assistance whenever I needed and his academic follow-up enabled me to carry out the work successfully. I therefore ask Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit to accept my sincere thanks. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Klaus Mummenhoff and the association, Verein zur Förderung äthiopischer Schüler und Studenten e. V., Osnabruck , for the enthusiastic morale and financial support offered to me in my stay in Hamburg as well as during routine travels between Addis and Hamburg. I also owe much to Dr. Wolbert Smidt for his friendly and academic guidance throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. Special thanks are reserved to the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Hamburg and the German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) that provided me comfortable environment during my research work in Hamburg.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Volcanism and the State of Stress in the East African Rift System
    Wadge, G. , Biggs, J., Lloyd, R., & Kendall, J. M. (2016). Historical volcanism and the state of stress in the East African Rift System. Frontiers in Earth Science, 4, [86]. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00086 Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record License (if available): CC BY Link to published version (if available): 10.3389/feart.2016.00086 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared online via Frontiers Media at http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2016.00086/full. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 30 September 2016 doi: 10.3389/feart.2016.00086 Historical Volcanism and the State of Stress in the East African Rift System G. Wadge 1*, J. Biggs 2, R. Lloyd 2 and J.-M. Kendall 2 1 Centre for Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET), Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK, 2 Centre for Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET), School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Crustal extension at the East African Rift System (EARS) should, as a tectonic ideal, involve a stress field in which the direction of minimum horizontal stress is perpendicular to the rift.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Volcanism and the State of Stress in the East African Rift System
    Historical volcanism and the state of stress in the East African Rift System Article Accepted Version Open Access Wadge, G., Biggs, J., Lloyd, R. and Kendall, J.-M. (2016) Historical volcanism and the state of stress in the East African Rift System. Frontiers in Earth Science, 4. 86. ISSN 2296- 6463 doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00086 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/66786/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . To link to this article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00086 Publisher: Frontiers media All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online 1 Historical volcanism and the state of stress in the East African 2 Rift System 3 4 5 G. Wadge1*, J. Biggs2, R. Lloyd2, J-M. Kendall2 6 7 8 1.COMET, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK 9 2.COMET, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK 10 11 * [email protected] 12 13 14 Keywords: crustal stress, historical eruptions, East African Rift, oblique motion, 15 eruption dynamics 16 17 18 19 20 21 Abstract 22 23 Crustal extension at the East African Rift System (EARS) should, as a tectonic ideal, 24 involve a stress field in which the direction of minimum horizontal stress is 25 perpendicular to the rift.
    [Show full text]
  • ETHIOPIA - National Hot Spot Map 31 May 2010
    ETHIOPIA - National Hot Spot Map 31 May 2010 R Legend Eritrea E Tigray R egion !ª D 450 ho uses burned do wn d ue to th e re ce nt International Boundary !ª !ª Ahferom Sudan Tahtay Erob fire incid ent in Keft a hum era woreda. I nhabitan ts Laelay Ahferom !ª Regional Boundary > Mereb Leke " !ª S are repo rted to be lef t out o f sh elter; UNI CEF !ª Adiyabo Adiyabo Gulomekeda W W W 7 Dalul E !Ò Laelay togethe r w ith the regiona l g ove rnm ent is Zonal Boundary North Western A Kafta Humera Maychew Eastern !ª sup portin g the victim s with provision o f wate r Measle Cas es Woreda Boundary Central and oth er imm ediate n eeds Measles co ntinues to b e re ported > Western Berahle with new four cases in Arada Zone 2 Lakes WBN BN Tsel emt !A !ª A! Sub-city,Ad dis Ababa ; and one Addi Arekay> W b Afa r Region N b Afdera Military Operation BeyedaB Ab Ala ! case in Ahfe rom woreda, Tig ray > > bb The re a re d isplaced pe ople from fo ur A Debark > > b o N W b B N Abergele Erebtoi B N W Southern keb eles of Mille and also five kebeles B N Janam ora Moegale Bidu Dabat Wag HiomraW B of Da llol woreda s (400 0 persons) a ff ected Hot Spot Areas AWD C ases N N N > N > B B W Sahl a B W > B N W Raya A zebo due to flo oding from Awash rive r an d ru n Since t he beg in nin g of th e year, Wegera B N No Data/No Humanitarian Concern > Ziquala Sekota B a total of 967 cases of AWD w ith East bb BN > Teru > off fro m Tigray highlands, respective ly.
    [Show full text]
  • Modelling the Current Fractional Cover of an Invasive Alien Plant and Drivers of Its Invasion in a Dryland Ecosystem
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Modelling the current fractional cover of an invasive alien plant and drivers of its invasion in a dryland Received: 23 July 2018 Accepted: 23 November 2018 ecosystem Published: xx xx xxxx Hailu Shiferaw1,3, Urs Schafner 2, Woldeamlak Bewket3, Tena Alamirew1, Gete Zeleke1, Demel Teketay4 & Sandra Eckert5 The development of spatially diferentiated management strategies against invasive alien plant species requires a detailed understanding of their current distribution and of the level of invasion across the invaded range. The objectives of this study were to estimate the current fractional cover gradient of invasive trees of the genus Prosopis in the Afar Region, Ethiopia, and to identify drivers of its invasion. We used seventeen explanatory variables describing Landsat 8 image refectance, topography, climate and landscape structures to model the current cover of Prosopis across the invaded range using the random forest (RF) algorithm. Validation of the RF algorithm confrmed high model performance with an accuracy of 92% and a Kappa-coefcient of 0.8. We found that, within 35 years after its introduction, Prosopis has invaded approximately 1.17 million ha at diferent cover levels in the Afar Region (12.3% of the surface). Normalized diference vegetation index (NDVI) and elevation showed the highest explanatory power among the 17 variables, in terms of both the invader’s overall distribution as well as areas with high cover. Villages and linear landscape structures (rivers and roads) were found to be more important drivers of future Prosopis invasion than environmental variables, such as climate and topography, suggesting that Prosopis is likely to continue spreading and increasing in abundance in the case study area if left uncontrolled.
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Alternative Livelihoods for Improved Resilience and Transformation in Afar
    EXAMINING ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOODS FOR IMPROVED RESILIENCE AND TRANSFORMATION IN AFAR May 2019 Report photos: Dr. Daniel Temesgen EXAMINING ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOODS FOR IMPROVED RESILIENCE AND TRANSFORMATION IN AFAR May 2019 This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Report authors: Daniel Temesga, Amdissa Teshome, Berhanu Admassu Suggested citation: FAO and Tufts University. (2019). Examining Alternative Livelihoods for Improved Resilience and Transformation in Afar. FAO: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Implemented by: Feinstein International Center Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy Tufts University Africa Regional Office www.fic.tufts.edu © FAO TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... 6 I. BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................................ 8 The Afar Region: context and livelihoods ................................................................................................... 8 The purpose of the study ............................................................................................................................ 8 The study’s approaches and methods .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Evaporites Reveal Pleistocene Basin Dynamics in the Danakil Depression (Northern Afar, Ethiopia)
    Evaporites reveal Pleistocene basin dynamics in the Danakil depression (northern Afar, Ethiopia) Valentin Rime1,*, A. Foubert1, R. Fentimen1, H. Negga1, A. El Korh1, T. Adatte2, I. Hajdas3, B. Atnafu4 & T. Kidane5 1 Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Ch. Du Musée 6, Fribourg, Switzerland. 2 Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, University of Lausanne, Switzerland 2 Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland 4 School of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. 5 School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, South Africa. * [email protected] Welcome! Welcome to my COVID-type presentation! • If you like to know the summary of this study, jump to the next slide. • If you are only interested in the results, jump to page 8. • If you are only interested in the discussion, jump to page 12. • If you are only interested in the conclusion, jump to page 22. Don’t hesitate to comment, ask questions, or make any suggestions to this study! Highlights • Multiproxy study of a drillcore in the Danakil depression, Afar, Ethiopia. • More than 600m of sediments dominated by evaporites most probably formed during the last 130ka. • Formation by evaporation of seawater after flooding of the depression and by remobilization through meteoric water inflow. • High sedimentation rates, important subsidence and rapid extensional tectonics. • Probably the most Recent analogue of Past Salt Giants. Fig. 1: Lithostratigraphic log of the core record Introduction: Geological setting (1) The Danakil depression (Afar, Ethiopia) is a rift valley forming the southernmost part of the Red Sea rift. It is situated between the Ethiopian plateau and the Danakil block and Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • 11 HS 000 ETH 013013 A4.Pdf (English)
    ETHIOPIA:Humanitarian Concern Areas Map (as of 04 February 2013) Eritrea > !ª !ª> Note: The following newly created woreda boundaries are not Tahtay !ª E available in the geo-database; hence not represented in this Nutrition Hotspot Priority Laelay Erob R R !ª Adiyabo Mereb Ahferom !ª Tahtay Gulomekeda !ª I E map regardless of their nutrition hot spot priority 1 & 2: Adiyabo Leke T D Adiyabo Adwa Saesie Dalul Priority one Asgede Tahtay R S Kafta Werei Tsaedaemba E E Priority 1: Dawa Sarar (Bale zone), Goro Dola (Guji zone), Abichu Tsimbila Maychew !ª A Humera Leke Hawzen Berahle A Niya( North Showa zone) and Burka Dintu (West Hararge Priority two > T I GR AY > Koneba Central Berahle zone) of Oromia region, Mekoy (Nuer zone) of Gambella Western Naeder Kola Ke>lete Awelallo Priority three Tselemti Adet Temben region, Kersadula and Raso (Afder zone), Ararso, Birkod, Tanqua > Enderta !ª Daror and Yo'ale (Degahabour zone), Kubi (Fik zone), Addi Tselemt Zone 2 No Priority given Arekay Abergele Southern Ab Ala Afdera Mersin (Korahe zone), Dhekasuftu and Mubarek (Liben Beyeda Saharti Erebti Debark Hintalo !ª zone), Hadigala (Shinille zone) and Daratole (Warder Abergele Samre > Megale Erebti Bidu Wejirat zone) of Somali region. Dabat Janamora > Bidu International Boundary Alaje Raya North Lay Sahla Azebo > Wegera Endamehoni > > Priority 2: Saba Boru (Guji zone) of Oromia region and Ber'ano Regional Boundary Gonder Armacho Ziquala > A FA R !ª East Sekota Raya Yalo Teru (Gode zone) and Tulu Guled (Jijiga zone) of Somali region. Ofla Kurri Belesa
    [Show full text]
  • 200120 Afar Region Agric Sector Dashboard
    ETHIOPIA: AGRICULTURE SECTOR HRP AFAR REGION MONTHLY DASHBOARD -January 2020 The devastating impact on agriculture following consecutive years of drought in Ethiopia is undisputed. While forecasts for 2019 indicate a probability of normal to above normal rain KEY FIGURES OVERVIEW HOUSEHOLDS REACHED in most parts of Ethiopia, in east, south and southeastern regions, the upcoming rainy season (March to June) is forecasted to be average or below average. In areas where normal to above normal rains are expected, recovery will not be spontaneous, as previous HOUSEHOLDS IN NEED drought-affected households are likely to require sustained humanitarian assistance as a 335,273 result of exhausted coping mechanisms. 62,675 35% The sector will continue to work with pastoralists and agro-pastoralists to restore body conditions of remaining livestock to improve milk production and reproduction success HOUSEHOLDS TARGETED rates through the provision of both feed and health interventions. The establishment of 177,207 feed banks (concentrate and/or fodder production and storage), especially irrigated fodder production along river areas in Afar regions, will enhance the resilience of these communities to future shocks and provide means for local production and storage ofemer- IDP HOUSEHOLDS TARGETED gency livestock feed. 0% 6,173 0m The sector recommends implementing other resilience-building activities such as seed banks, water harvesting and rehabilitation of water points (bore holes, shallow wells, ponds, water cistern, small irrigation schemes). Humanitarian assistance for IDPs and IDP returnees is largely dependent on IDPs’ access to land and the livelihood assets they have been able to maintain during displacement. Emergency feed and animal health interven- Dalul tions are needed to reduce the burden on the resources of the host communities and prevent the spread of diseases,especially for animals displaced across regional borders.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Earthquake Magnitude Scale and B-Value for the Danakil Region of Northern Afar by Finnigan Illsley-Kemp, Derek Keir,* Jonathan M
    Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 107, No. 2, pp. 521–531, April 2017, doi: 10.1785/0120150253 Ⓔ Local Earthquake Magnitude Scale and b-Value for the Danakil Region of Northern Afar by Finnigan Illsley-Kemp, Derek Keir,* Jonathan M. Bull, Atalay Ayele, James O. S. Hammond, J.-Michael Kendall, Ryan J. Gallacher, Thomas Gernon, and Berhe Goitom Abstract The Danakil region of northern Afar is an area of ongoing seismic and volcanic activity caused by the final stages of continental breakup. To improve the quantification of seismicity, we developed a calibrated local earthquake magnitude scale. The accurate calculation of earthquake magnitudes allows the estimation of b-values and maximum magnitudes, both of which are essential for seismic-hazard analysis. Earthquake data collected between February 2011 and February 2013 on 11 three-component broadband seismometers were analyzed. A total of 4275 earthquakes were recorded over hypocentral distances ranging from 0 to 400 km. A total of 32,904 zero-to-peak amplitude measurements (A) were measured on the seismometer’s horizontal components and were incorporated into a direct linear inversion that M solved for all individual local earthquake magnitudes ( L), 22 station correction fac- C n K M A− tors ( ), and 2 distance-dependent factors ( , ) in the equation L log log A0C. The resultant distance correction term is given by − log A0 1:274336 log r=17 − 0:000273 r − 172. This distance correction term suggests that attenuation in the upper and mid-crust of northern Afar is relatively high, con- sistent with the presence of magmatic intrusions and partial melt.
    [Show full text]
  • Afar: Insecurity and Delayed Rains Threaten Livestock and People
    EMERGENCIES UNIT FOR UNITED NATIONS ETHIOPIA (UN-EUE) Afar: insecurity and delayed rains threaten livestock and people Assessment Mission: 29 May – 8 June 2002 François Piguet, Field Officer, UN-Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia 1 Introduction and background 1.1 Animals are now dying The Objectives of the mission were to assess the situation in the Afar Region following recent clashes between Afar and Issa and Oromo pastoralists, and focus on security and livestock movement restrictions, wate r and environmental issues, the marketing of livestock as well as “chronic” humanitarian issues. Special attention has been given to all southern parts of Afar region affected by recent ethnic conflicts and erratic small rains, which initiated early pastoralists movements in zone 3 & 5. The assessment also took into account various food security issues, including milk availability while also looking at limited water resources in Eli Daar woreda (Zone 1), where particularly remote kebeles1 suffer from water shortage. High concentrations of animals have been noticed in several locations of Afar region during the current dry season. The most important reason for the present humanitarian emergency crisis in parts of Afar Region and surroundings are the various ethnic conflicts among the Issa, the Kereyu, the Afar and the Ittu. These Dead camel in Doho, Awash-Fantale (photo Francois Piguet conflicts forced pastoralists to change UN-EUE, July 2002 their usual migration patterns and most importantly were denied access to either traditional water points and wells or grazing areas or both together. On top of this rather complex and confuse conflict situation, rains have now been delayed by more than two weeks most likely all over Afar Region and is now causing livestock deaths.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Cattle Management and Marketing Practices in Afar Region
    Vol. 7(8), pp. 55-65, August 2016 DOI: 10.5897/IJLP2015.0262 Article Number: D0EA79B59620 International Journal of Livestock ISSN 2141-2448 Copyright ©2016 Production Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/IJLP Full Length Research Paper Study on cattle management and marketing practices in Afar region Philimon Teshome*, Kidanie Dessalegn, Endeshaw Terefe, Ashebir Kifle, Abebe Tafa, Weldegebrial G. Aregawi, Workinesh Seid and Woldegebriel T. Mariam Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Werer Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Received 29 April 2015; Accepted 5 January 2016 This study attempted to assess cattle management and marketing practices in Afar region. 178 household heads were selected and interviewed from three major cattle producing districts, Aysaita, Chifra and Amibara. With an overall average cattle holding of 17.4 heads per household, cattle were kept by 95.5% of the herd owners mainly for milk production. Livestock sale, land rent and crop sale were the first, second and third major income sources for cattle owners of the study area, with index values of 0.455, 0.287 and 0.209, respectively. The major feed resource for livestock in the study area was natural pasture grazing (97.8%). 72.1% of the respondents used rivers as the main water sources for their cattle. 68.7% of the cattle owners sold male cattle at younger age; and 61.5% of them sold female cattle at older age. Most (70.4%) of the producers responded that middlemen were the major buyers of their cattle in the study districts.
    [Show full text]