TDR Results 2016 Report

Measuring for improvement

For research on diseases of poverty UNICEF • UNDP • World Bank • WHO TDR/STRA/17.1

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TDR Results

2016 Report

1. Summary ...... 2

2. Introduction ...... 3

3. Achieving TDR’s scientific and technical objectives ...... 7

3.1 Outcome: Infectious disease knowledge, solutions and implementation strategies translated into policy and practice in disease endemic countries ...... 7 3.2 Main output: New and improved solutions and implementation strategies that respond to health needs of disease endemic countries developed ...... 9 3.3 Feeder output: High quality intervention and implementation research evidence produced ...... 11 3.4 Feeder output: Enhanced research and knowledge transfer capacity within disease endemic countries...... 16 3.5 Feeder output: Key stakeholders in disease endemic countries engaged in setting the research agenda and ensuring research reflects their needs ...... 18

4. Applying TDR core values to our work ...... 18

4.1 Socio-economic and gender equity ...... 18 4.2 Effective partnerships ...... 25 4.3 Sustainability of outcomes ...... 25 4.4 Quality of work ...... 25

5. Management performance ...... 26

5.1 Effective resource mobilization ...... 26 5.2 Effective management ...... 26

6. Continuous performance improvement: learning from success and failure ...... 28

7. Annexes ...... 29

Annex 1. List of TDR-supported peer-reviewed publications 2016 ...... 29 Annex 2. Progress on the TDR’s current portfolio of expected results – Status as at 31 December 2016 ...... 36 Annex 3. TDR 2016 contributors ...... 37

2 TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT

1. Summary

The year 2016 marked a special milestone for TDR, with the highest number of technical outputs achieved over the past decade. The Programme delivered this high number of results with a small, efficient workforce, and further improved its performance on gender and socio-economic equity.

The 15 new or improved tools, solutions, strategies for case management, control or implementation, generated in 2016 cover various areas in TDR’s research, capacity strengthening and knowledge management portfolios. They cover the themes of implementation research, multisectoral approaches, open access to data and publications, social innovation, global vector control, and a shift from disease control to disease elimination needs. They include plans and guides for dengue outbreak response in countries; fully operational regional and global networks on diagnosis of vector-borne diseases and insecticide resistance; open-access shared clinical databases that support patient safety; and case studies of social innovation in healthcare delivery.

The target for new trainees during the six-year period of the current strategy (2012-2017) was achieved thanks in large part to the shift in the working model towards regionalization of activities. This not only built capacity in selected institutions but also allowed the management of a high number of grants that would not have been possible if we were to rely exclusively on our own workforce.

Measurements show that progress was made not only on what we deliver, but also how we work. The key performance indicators that measure equity, for example, showed significant advances. For the first time, the proportion of TDR funds granted to women increased to 40% of the total, and the average amount of a grant awarded was equal across genders. A majority of TDR expert advisers and committee members are women.

2016 was also a time to review our bottom line, the value for money and the value for beneficiaries the Programme has delivered in the course of the current strategy. The Joint Coordinating Board commissioned TDR’s Sixth External Review, which independently evaluated progress on the implementation of the TDR Strategic Plan 2012-2017 and assessed the Programme’s performance and results, its effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability and relevance. Among the evaluation findings, it was noted that TDR’s shift from product R&D to implementation research was widely applauded and found to be moving in the right direction, integrating health, environmental and social issues in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Regional approaches to strengthening research capacity were particularly enhanced, increasing the learning opportunities for researchers in low- and middle-income disease endemic countries. The review noted high confidence among stakeholders, strong governance, and a well-managed secretariat. It also confirmed TDR’s capacity to deliver with a reduced workforce.

Last but not least, in 2016 TDR launched TDR Global, an online platform hosting a community of more than 2500 current and former TDR grantees, trainees and expert advisers. The platform’s features allow showcasing the careers of members so that institutions and researchers can find needed expertise in their region and thus enhance collaboration. It also allows TDR to track the effectiveness of research capacity strengthening and fine-tune grant support.

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2. Introduction

The 2016 Results Report measures the set of performance indicators against targets and in line with the 2012-2017 strategic plan and the current Performance Assessment Framework for planning, monitoring and evaluation.

The report shows progress made on various performance indicators related to three overarching categories: technical expected results, application of organizational core values and managerial performance.

Given the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the global community in 2016, TDR is developing its 2018-2023 strategy to showcase the Programme’s unique contribution, through research, capacity strengthening and global engagement, to improved health, quality education, enhanced partnerships and other relevant SDG targets guiding international development work over the next 15 years.

As shown in the diagram below, TDR aims for a global impact to reduce the burden of infectious diseases of poverty. TDR’s contribution is made possible by the overall outcome of the Programme, which is the translation of new knowledge, solutions and tools into policy and practice in disease endemic countries. These in turn are the result of three feeder outputs that support and complement each other, with the sustainability of research outputs being enhanced by the engagement of stakeholders and by the capacity built in countries.

Figure 1 - TDR results chain

An overview of the progress made on each of TDR’s key performance indicators is presented in the monitoring and evaluation matrix (see Table 1), with further details being provided in the body of this report. 4 TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT

Table 1- TDR's monitoring and evaluation matrix 2012-2017

Expected results Key performance indicators Baseline Target Progress Frequency of (2011) (2017) (contribution 2016) measurement

Technical expected results Outcome: 1. Number and proportion of innovative knowledge, new/improved 0 30 24 Measured annually, solutions or implementation strategies successfully applied in ≥75% (+4) cumulative over Infectious disease knowledge, 6 years solutions and implementation developing countries strategies translated into 2. Number of tools and reports that have been used to inform policy 0 7 8 Measured annually, policy and practice in disease and/or practice of global/regional stakeholders or major funding (+4) cumulative over endemic countries agencies 6 years Main output: 3. Number and proportion of innovative knowledge, new/improved 0 35 36 Measured annually, solutions or implementation strategies developed in response to ≥87% (+15) cumulative over New and improved solutions 6 years and implementation requests from WHO control programmes and/or diseases endemic 100% strategies that respond to countries health needs of disease 4. Number of peer-reviewed publications supported by TDR and 233 ≥150/year 905 (2012-2016) Measured annually endemic countries developed percentage published in open access journals Not 100% (+161 in 2016) measured 80% open access (2016) Feeder outputs: 5. Number and evidence of new/improved tools, case-management, 0 40 36 Measured annually, control or implementation strategies generated through TDR (+15) cumulative over High quality intervention and 6 years implementation research facilitation with systematic quality review by external committees evidence produced 6. Proportion of peer-reviewed publications supported by TDR with 61% ≥70% 73% Measured annually first author from Disease Endemic Country (DEC) institutions

Enhanced research and 7. Number of DEC institutions and/or networks demonstrating 0 5 5 Measured annually, knowledge transfer capacity expanded scope of activities and/or increased funding from (+2) cumulative over within disease endemic alternative sources thanks to TDR support 6 years countries 8. Number of TDR grantees/trainees and proportion demonstrating 0 150 58/68 (2014) Measured on career progression and/or increased scientific productivity ≥80% 85% (2014) cohorts 3-5 years 410 new trainees after training ended (+92 in 2016) TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT 5

Expected results Key performance indicators Baseline Target Progress Frequency of (2011) (2017) (contribution 2016) measurement Key stakeholders in disease 9. Number and evidence of research-related agendas, 0 9 9 Measured annually, endemic countries engaged in recommendations and practices agreed by stakeholders at global, (0) cumulative over 6 years setting the research agenda regional or country level and ensuring research reflects 10. Proportion of TDR outputs produced with key DEC stakeholder Not 100% 100% Measured annually their needs active involvement measured

Application of core values Equity 11. Proportion of TDR grants/contracts awarded to institutions or 59% DEC 75% DEC 82% DEC (amount) Measured annually Social and economic: individuals in DECs (total count and total dollar amount) 75% DEC (count) 12. Proportion of experts from DECs on TDR advisory committees 58% 60% 72% Measured annually

35% (n) 50% 41% (% count) Measured annually Gender: 13. Proportion of women among grantees/contract recipients (total count and total amount) 17% ($) 40% (% amount)

14. Proportion of women on TDR advisory committees 32% 50% 54% Measured annually

15. Proportion of women as first author of peer-reviewed publications Not 50% 39% Measured annually supported by TDR (within a calendar year) measured

Effective partnerships 16. Resources leveraged as direct contributions (co-funding, services or Not tbd $ 1:1 (2015) Measured in the in-kind) to TDR projects (examples) measured ($ TDR : $ partners) second year of each People 1:17 (2015) biennium (TDR : in the field) To be measured end of 2017 Sustainability of outcomes 17. Number of effective public health tools and strategies developed 51 67 75 (2015) Measured in the which have been in use for at least two years To be measured second year of each end of 2017 biennium Quality of work 18. Proportion of project final reports found satisfactory by peer- Not >80% To be measured Measured in the review committees measured end of 2017 second year of each biennium 6 TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT

Expected results Key performance indicators Baseline Target Progress Frequency of (2011) (2017) (contribution 2016) measurement

Management performance Effective resource mobilization 19. Percentage of approved biennial budget successfully funded 78% ≥100% To be measured Measured in the end of 2017 second year of each biennium 20. Percentage of income received from multi-year agreements Not tbd To be measured Measured in the measured end of 2017 second year of each biennium Effective management 21. Percentage of staff workplans and performance reviews (including Not ≥90% 100% Measured annually personal development plan) completed on time measured

22. Proportion of expected results on track 60% ≥80% 89% Measured annually

23. Proportion of significant risk management action plans that are on Not ≥80% 100% Measured annually track measured

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3. Achieving TDR’s scientific and technical objectives

The indicators covering TDR’s achievement of expected results measure the outcome level as well as the outputs generated which, once translated into policy and practice, will have an impact on the burden of disease in countries. Achievements are reported in the technical teams’ annual reports and measured against biennial targets approved by the Joint Coordinating Board in the year preceding each WHO biennium (e.g. approved in 2015 for the biennium 2016-2017).

3.1 Outcome: Infectious disease knowledge, solutions and implementation strategies translated into policy and practice in disease endemic countries

TDR works with partners in disease endemic countries (DECs) to generate essential knowledge and evidence for the prevention and control of infectious diseases of poverty, and to facilitate translation of the solutions into policy and improved health care. TDR’s approach leads to strengthening health systems operations in these countries, ultimately reducing the burden of infectious diseases of poverty. This is done through three key mechanisms – the generation of new evidence and knowledge products, capacity building in disease endemic countries to conduct good quality research, and the formation of close working relationships with key policy-makers and programme staff to ensure the translation of new knowledge into effective disease control efforts on the ground.

Key performance indicators Baseline Target Progress (2011) (2017) (contribution 2016)

1. Number and proportion of innovative knowledge, 0 30 24 new/improved solutions or implementation strategies ≥75% (+4) successfully applied in developing countries 2. Number of tools and reports that have been used to inform 0 7 8 policy and/or practice of global/regional stakeholders or (+4) major funding agencies

Indicator 1 - Number and proportion of innovative knowledge, new/improved solutions or implementation strategies successfully applied in developing countries Several new tools, solutions and strategies generated between 2012 and 2016 started being used by countries in 2016. Other tools have not yet reached the utilization stage; their use will be accounted for in future reports. Below is a list of tools utilized in countries.  Data-sharing to optimise research investments and improve the evidence-base: TB-PACTS data- sharing platform established and used. The TB-Platform for Aggregation of Clinical TB Studies (TB-PACTS) is a partnership among the institutions providing the data – TDR, the TB Alliance, and St. George’s, University of London, with the platform developed by the Critical Path Institute. The platform went live in April 2016. By December 2016, 28 total requests were received, 21 of which were approved by the steering committee. The database contains fully anonymised, patient-level data from the REMoxTB, RIFAQUIN, and OFLOTUB clinical trials and can be accessed and analysed in aggregate, or filtered and viewed as individual records. Types of data available include demographic information, concomitant medications information, dose/concentration information, outcomes data, and relevant covariates of interest. The platform is equipped to host data from additional studies in the future. Researchers applying for access must agree to the Terms and Conditions for Use of the TB-PACTS data platform and submit an online application form to request access to the data platform( http://c-path.org/programs/tb-pacts/ ) 8 TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT

 Achieving and sustaining visceral leishmaniasis elimination in the Indian Subcontinent: TDR- supported research has been instrumental in reaching the elimination target in Nepal and Bangladesh.  TDR's six Regional Training Centres (RTCs) located in each WHO region contributed to better research by training 970 researchers in 2016. The topics ranged from effective project planning and evaluation, to good research practices, research ethics, data management and biostatistics, and implementation research (IR). In addition, some RTCs leveraged funds to organize additional training courses in Good Health Research Practice and other training courses to respond to regional needs.  SORT IT impact: Two-thirds (66%) of trainees completing SORT IT courses during 2014 and 2015 reported that their research had an impact on policy and/or practice. SORT IT programmes are now addressing a wide range of public health issues, given the deep interest ministries of health are taking into adopting this approach. The expansion of SORT IT globally meant that in 2016 several SORT IT operational research supplements were published – all open access. One hundred and twenty-two trainees completed training in 2016. A new training workshop on the development of Issue Briefs for Policy was developed and piloted in the WHO EURO Region. WARN-TB, with funding from SORT IT, has adopted SORT IT methods and aspects of the TDR IR Toolkit for training in implementation research. In Rwanda and Nigeria, the SORT IT model has been taken up and used as the basis for new approaches to operational research and capacity building. Two publications describing these experiences are in preparation. A number of new partners joined SORT IT during 2016 including the University of Nairobi, the Pakistan Ministry of Health, the Global Fund (Pakistan) and China CDC. Six national SORT IT programmes were conducted during 2016, all with the ministry of health playing a leading role. One SORT IT Programme in Kenya was entirely led by the ministry of health and implemented solely through South-South collaboration. The 2016 Pakistan national SORT IT programme was funded in country by the Global Fund; this may be a model for expansion to other countries. Two SORT IT programmes, one in Liberia and one in Sierra Leone, that were completed during 2016 focused on research needed to inform the health systems recovery plans following the 2014-16 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. SORT IT training in India is now including mixed methods research and qualitative research.

Indicator 2 - Number of tools and reports that have been used to inform policy and/or practice of global/regional stakeholders or major funding agencies  The report Health Product Research and Development Fund: a proposal for financing and operation, published by TDR in 2016, informed a number of areas, including the discussion at the World Health Assembly in May 2016. The report was used to inform discussions in creation of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), of the Research and development Blueprint for action to prevent epidemics, and of the WHO approach to anti-microbial resistance. TDR was asked to present its findings at the UN High-Level Panel on Access to Medicines in 2016. TDR was also invited to work on two working groups with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, on how to structure funding for product development partnerships, and how to incentivise private investment into R&D for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The report was also the first WHO document to have a digital object identifier (DOI), enabling tracking through media, including social media. The report was downloaded more than 1500 times.  The Six Practices to Strengthen Evaluation of Global Health Research for Development published by ESSENCE on Health Research initiative of funders is being used by donors and research councils. It is the result of 25 funding organizations coming together to agree on best practices and to advocate for them.

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 The importance of the contribution of research and research capacity strengthening to the Sustainable Development Goals highlighted through the coordination of the development of the WHO report “Accelerating progress on HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis and neglected tropical diseases. A new agenda for 2016 – 2030”, published at the beginning of 2016. This report informed the joint approach of the departments in the WHO HTM cluster (HIV and hepatitis, the Global TB Programme, the Global Malaria Programme, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases and TDR) towards achieving the targets of the SDG agenda 2016-2030.  A report was published on the WHO/TDR consultation on promoting implementation and operational research in countries receiving grants from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria1. The report was utilized by the Global Fund when they issued a new set of core information notes, including one on Resilient and Sustainable Systems for Health. This note indicates activities that can be included in applications to the Global Fund to strengthen country health information systems. The examples provided under “Evaluations, reviews, data analysis and use” now include “Operations research (e.g. specific to any of the components of HIV, TB, and malaria control programs)”.2

This indicator’s target for the six-year period ending in 2017 has now been reached.

3.2 Main output: New and improved solutions and implementation strategies that respond to health needs of disease endemic countries developed

Key performance indicators Baseline Target Progress (2011) (2017) (contribution 2016)

3. Number and proportion of: innovative knowledge, 0 35 36 new/improved solutions or implementation strategies ≥87% (+15) developed in response to requests from WHO control 100% programmes and/or diseases endemic countries

4. Number of peer-reviewed publications supported by TDR 233 ≥150/year 901 (2012-2016) and percentage published in open access journals Not 100% (+161 in 2016) measured 80% open access (2016)

Indicator 3 - Number and proportion of: innovative knowledge, new/improved solutions or implementation strategies developed in response to requests from WHO control programmes and/or diseases endemic countries The totality of the outputs generated in 2016 (fifteen, see indicator 5) were done in response to needs identified by countries, disease-control programmes or international groups of experts with heavy representation from disease endemic country researchers.

This indicator’s target for the six-year period ending in 2017 has now been reached.

1 Download report here: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/206484/1/TDR_RCS_16.2_eng.pdf?ua=1 2 See Building Resilient and Sustainable Systems for Health through Global Fund Investments, p. 18, downloadable from this page: www.theglobalfund.org/en/applying/updates/2017-01-09_New_Core_Information_Notes_and_Technical_Briefs_Available/ 10 TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT

Indicator 4 ‐ Number of peer‐reviewed publications supported by TDR and percentage published in open access journals The number of peer‐reviewed publications supported by TDR in 2016 was 161. The proportion published in open or free access was 80%, an increase compared to 2015 (75%).

In order to promote and enhance the translation of research into practice, free access to research publications is key. To measure the extent to which TDR‐supported publications responded to the open‐ access concept, the percentage of publications electronically accessible (full text) via Web of Science were counted. In general, users can access articles free of charge either because they are published in an open access journal (such as PLoS or BioMed Central journals) or they are stored in a free access repository (such as PubMed Central) at the request of one of the research funders. Other scenarios that guarantee free access are TDR‐funded journal supplements or special agreements between authors and publishers to make the access to a specific article free of charge for the reader.

Of the 161 peer‐reviewed publications in 2016, 80% (n=130) complied with the concept of open / free access. Most publications from 2016 reflect research done in previous years, before TDR mandated publishing in open/free access for all grantees.

Of the 161 publications, approximately 30 came from the SORT IT programme, reflecting outputs from operational research done by disease control programmes in DECs to address bottlenecks and issues in the implementation of their work. The SORT IT programme leverages significant resources from the countries involved, as well as from other organizations that are part of the initiative and their publications are entirely open access.

Figure 2. ‐ TDR‐SUPPORTED PUBLICATIONS: Proportion in open/free access, 2016

Open/free 80%

Not open 20%

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Figure 3 - TDR-SUPPORTED PUBLICATIONS: Proportion in open/free access, 2012-2016

100%

80% 88% 80% 75% 60% 66%

% open/free access 40% 50%

20%

0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

The complete list of publications supported by TDR in 2016 is attached in Annex 1. It provides the names of the authors, the publication title and the name of the peer-reviewed journal where it appeared.

3.3 Feeder output: High quality intervention and implementation research evidence produced

The generation of new research evidence comes as a result of research and capacity strengthening projects and grants, as well as convening and priority setting activities that TDR funds.

Key performance indicators Baseline Target Progress (2011) (2017) (contribution 2016)

5. Number and evidence of new/improved tools, case- 0 40 36 management, control or implementation strategies (+15) generated through TDR facilitation with systematic quality review by external committees

6. Proportion of peer-reviewed publications supported by TDR 61% ≥70% 73% with first author from DEC institutions

12 TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT

Indicator 5 - Number and evidence of new/improved tools, case management, control or implementation strategies generated through TDR facilitation with systematic quality review by external committees  Preparedness for early identification and response to dengue outbreaks: A ‘Model Contingency Plan’ was developed and published, which will be further supported by a ‘How-to Guide’ for an Early Warning System for Dengue Outbreaks to help countries survey dengue and get ready for impending outbreaks. These achievements have allowed devising a plan towards a wider approach that encompasses response to Aedes-borne arboviral diseases, including Zika and chikungunya.

 Key training approaches and tools were developed to equip researchers to undertake implementation research: the publication in 2016 of the Guidance on reporting implementation research in collaboration with two WHO departments (Knowledge, Ethics and Research and HIV) and the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research will be followed in 2017 by the launch of the Massive Open Online Course on implementation research, and the finalization of the basic course on implementation research in conjunction with the TDR Regional Training Centre in Ghana.

 The Worldwide Insecticide Network (WIN) and its website (https://win-network.ird.fr/ ) were launched in May 2016, initially with more than 25 participating countries and more asking to join. WIN was initiated by TDR and is rapidly growing, given the global interest in recent epidemics such as the Zika virus. A workshop of the Worldwide Insecticide Network was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in December 2016. The network facilitates collaboration between institutions on vector research for tracking insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors of arboviruses around the world. The stated objective is to identify the particular countries and regions where resistance could pose a problem to vector control interventions and to provide WHO and countries with key recommendations for improving insecticide resistance surveillance and deployment of alternative vector control tools.

 TDR Global, an online platform for the community of 2500+ current and former TDR grantees, trainees and expert advisors, was launched in 2016 at two major public health research events. The platform’s features allow showcasing their members’ careers so that institutions and researchers can find the needed expertise in their region and thus enhance collaboration. The advisory group that has steered this initiative is composed of former TDR trainees and grantees, members of advisory groups and representatives of stakeholders that have disseminated TDR’s programmes in the regions (regional training centres, WHO regional offices and universities in the postgraduate training scheme). The TDR Global platform includes a publicly searchable database3, aimed at institutions and researchers seeking to find collaborators with a defined profile, as well as a user-only database4, where TDR Global members can upload their profiles, their volunteering opportunities, can automatically find and analyse their publications and identify their co-author and thematic networks.

 Data-sharing to optimise research investments and improve the evidence-base: Helminths data- sharing platform established. Researchers have contributed approximately 12 000 individual patient records of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections treated with standard medications. These data are currently hosted at the Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH) and have been shared with the specific purpose of agreed analyses that are taking place at LIH and Imperial College, London. An additional database of praziquantel treatments in preschool-aged children is currently under construction at the LIH upon request by WHO/NTD in order to gather

3 http://profiles.tdr-global.net/profiles/search/ 4 https://elements.tdr-global.net/login.html TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT 13

evidence about the efficacy and safety in younger children of the standard praziquantel 40 mg/kg dose.

 Two parallel studies have been conducted in Bangladesh and Nepal comparing different strategies for active case detection and vector control in visceral leishmaniasis. In Bangladesh, when a case is notified (index case), a team is dispatched to their household and surrounding houses looking for cases and applying insecticide residual spraying (IRS). The study shows that impregnated durable wall lining and insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) are very effective in reducing sandfly densities. In Nepal the effects of insecticidal wall painting (IWP) on sandfly density lasted longer than IRS and ITN. Both studies found that sand flies are still susceptible to available insecticides. Importantly, both studies point to promising alternatives to traditional IRS, which is not sustainable in the long term. However, both studies also show persistent, significant delays of 2-3 months before a case is correctly identified and treated, during which the person continues to be a source of transmission.

 A systematic review of the literature was conducted that summarises all current knowledge and knowledge gaps in terms of transmission dynamics, and the role of clinically manifested visceral leishmaniasis, asymptomatic infections and post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis cases in transmitting the infection. This information is extremely valuable in helping direct research and interventions, as well as feeding modelling studies.

 The feasibility of managing malaria through timely diagnosis and treatment by community health-care workers in three very high burden countries is detailed in a supplement of ten research articles published in Clinical and Infectious Diseases, in open access (Vol 63, Supplement 5, 15 December 2016). The publication, “Malaria in Highly Endemic Areas: Improving Control through Diagnosis, Artemisinin Combination Therapy, and Rectal Artesunate Treatment”, is expected to provide valuable evidence for policy and practice in disease endemic countries.

 New knowledge about Plasmodium vivax biology: As part of the WHO plan for the control and elimination of Plasmodium vivax malaria5, TDR has coordinated, on behalf of WHO/GMP (Global Malaria Programme), the work of an international panel of experts to summarise the specificities of the biology of P. vivax with respect to P. falciparum (explaining why P. vivax- tailored interventions are required), as well as the knowledge gaps where investments in research are needed to help identify and develop such specific interventions (Olliaro et al., AJTMH, 2016).

 Evidence from the review addressing Chagas disease, dengue, visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis and lymphatic filariasis: the review was completed and the conclusions show that intra-domiciliary residual spraying, use of insecticide-treated materials (especially LLIN and ITCs) and larval habitat treatment with biological and chemical methods emerged as the most effective methods across several diseases. Waste management and/or clean-up campaigns did not produce consistent results. The review concluded that studies examining the effect of a combination of interventions on protecting household members against several diseases are needed to provide further evidence for effective vector control methods, especially in densely populated urban areas. The authors recommend that best practices for the design of randomized and cluster randomized studies (size, timing, outcome parameters, including human disease outcomes) are developed to guide the future studies needed.

5 http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/181162/1/9789241509244_eng.pdf 14 TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT

 The Social Innovation in Health Initiative (SIHI) is a network of partner institutions and a community of stakeholders spearheaded in 2014 by TDR. Twenty-three case studies on social innovation in health care delivery were completed and made available online, as part of TDR’s Social Innovation in Health Initiative to provide more evidence on what works and what doesn’t in this area. A web-based platform is maintained to disseminate knowledge and practice. (http://socialinnovationinhealth.org/resources/#casestudy )

 A harmonized and visible platform of courses for general and specialized topics in the field of vector-borne diseases (VBDs) has been identified: This project is designed to bring stakeholders together to map all important courses on vectors and VBDs that focus on the needs of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and provide this online. The results of the review on courses of medical entomology worldwide became available in 2016. The Instituto de Higiene Tropical de Lisboa was contracted to organize a stakeholder workshop, where the main finding of the commissioned review was discussed. A directory of the courses worldwide was developed and will be regularly updated. A web-based knowledge-sharing platform, www.VBD-environment.org, was launched.

 Full implementation of the newly decentralised postgraduate training scheme, bringing research capacity strengthening closer to the disease-endemic regions and maximizing opportunities for institutional and individual research capacity strengthening. In 2015, the TDR postgraduate training scheme evolved from a focus on individuals to a partnership with seven universities in LMICs, selected by an external committee of public health experts. The scheme now supports ten times more students than in 2014, with 103 students in the masters’ programme and seven in the PhD programme. The following universities are partners with TDR in this scheme: James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka Bangladesh; Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin Colombia; University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogjakarta, Indonesia; American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg South Africa; and University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.

 The ESSENCE on Health Research initiative of funders has published a new good practice document: Six Practices to Strengthen Evaluation of Global Health Research for Development. It is the result of 25 funding organizations coming together to agree on best practices and to advocate for them. TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT 15

Indicator 6 - Proportion of peer-reviewed publications supported by TDR with first author from DEC institutions The percentage of publications with first authors from a DEC was 73%, a stark increase compared to 2015 (63%). This is the highest proportion of first authors from a low- and middle-income country since 2009, with the target for the current six-year strategy period (≥70%) being reached in 2016.

Figure 4. - TDR-SUPPORTED PUBLICATIONS: proportion of first authors from DEC institutions, 2008-2016

250 100%

90 200 78% 80% 70% 73 74 68% 73% 67% 62% 61% 65% 63% 63 150 60% 37 Number of publications 45 69 first author from DECfirst author 66

100 40% Percentage of publications with 38

149 132 109 143 134 82 153 117 120 50 20%

0 0% 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 DEC non-DEC % DEC

The distribution by country of the first authors of 2016 publications is presented in Table 2. First authors came from institutions in 42 DECs (up from 39 in 2015) and 11 non-DECs from all six WHO regions, reflecting TDR’s global reach.

Table 2 - TDR-SUPPORTED PUBLICATIONS: country of first author institution, 2016

DEC countries Non-DEC countries Argentina 3 Ghana 6 Nigeria 2 Australia 1 Bangladesh 4 Guatemala 1 Peru 1 Belgium 2 Bolivia 2 Guinea 1 Rwanda 1 France 2 Brazil 8 Honduras 1 South Africa 9 Germany 6 Burkina Faso 2 India 6 Swaziland 1 Italy 2 Burundi 1 Indonesia 1 Tajikistan 2 Japan 1 Cameroon 4 Iraq 1 Tanzania 2 Luxembourg 1 China 7 Kenya 14 Thailand 3 Sweden 1 Colombia 2 Kyrgyzstan 1 Uganda 3 Switzerland 6 Congo Dem. Rep. 2 Malawi 2 Uzbekistan 3 United Kingdom 16 Côte d’Ivoire 1 Mali 2 Venezuela 2 USA 7 Dominican Rep. 2 Mexico 3 Viet Nam 2 El Salvador 1 Myanmar 1 Yemen 1 Ethiopia 1 Nepal 2 Zimbabwe 6

16 TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT

3.4 Feeder output: Enhanced research and knowledge transfer capacity within disease endemic countries

Key performance indicators Baseline Target Progress (2011) (2017) (contribution 2016)

7. Number of DEC institutions and/or networks demonstrating 0 5 5 expanded scope of activities and/or increased funding from (+2) alternative sources thanks to TDR support

8. Number of TDR grantees/trainees and proportion 0 150 58/68 (2014) demonstrating career progression and/or increased ≥80% 85% (2014) scientific productivity 410 new trainees (+92 in 2016)

Indicator 7 - Number of DEC institutions and/or networks demonstrating expanded scope of activities and/or increased funding from alternative sources thanks to TDR support

TDR has a longstanding history in the creation and development of networks. Within the context of its new strategy, increasingly there is a need for TDR to work in partnerships and through networks to leverage efforts and resources. In 2015, a qualitative research study was conducted by TDR on health research networks good practices, which should help TDR nurture future networks.

Two networks that were initiated previously expanded the scope of their activities and succeeded in leveraging significant resources to become fully active:

 Implementation of the regional network on surveillance, diagnostic and control of vector-borne emerging diseases in the Caribbean region. A new network to track and respond early to epidemics such as Zika, dengue and chikungunya was set up in the Caribbean with the intent to facilitate the mapping, organization and information exchange between existing diagnostic facilities, surveillance systems and vector control with regard to future epidemics. The overall objective of this initiative is better prevention and control of VBDs through a regional network. Leverage created from this project: The Caribbean network has received financial support from several agencies including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States, the Caribbean Community and the European Union (€5 million). The network has attracted attention and contacts have been made both indirectly and directly with the Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA) by researchers, funding agencies and manufacturers of vector control products through the network. Inter-country exchanges, including the attachment of vector control personnel on short-term training programmes, have also been facilitated through the network.

 Enhanced country research capacity to support the EndTB strategy: A research network that brings together the national tuberculosis programmes of 16 countries in West Africa, called West Africa Research Network-TB (WARN-TB), was established by TDR in 2015. The main objectives were (i) to harmonise practices for TB care and prevention in the region, and (ii) to inform such practices through national and regional level operational and implementation research projects. The newly- established WARN TB has identified TB control gaps and research priorities at the country and sub- regional level, which are currently being addressed through implementation research projects. An innovative approach is piloted in West Africa to assess if a collaborative regional model with countries facing similar issues and constraints could create a regional dynamic and enhance the conduct of operational and implementation TB research addressing national and regional TB TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT 17

research priorities. Within a year, sixteen pilot projects on TB research priorities have been developed. A total of US$ 1.7 million was so far leveraged and the following partners were associated to this initiative: the WHO Global TB programme, the WHO inter country support department, the WHO health information system, the Global Fund, the Union, Damien foundation, the West African Health Organisation (WAHO) and Expertise France, as well as northern and southern universities such as: the Medical University of Cotonou (Benin), the Centre Muraz (Burkina Faso), the Institut de Recherche et Development (IRD, France) the Medical University of Reims (France), the University of Accra (Ghana), the Medical University of Conakry (Guinea), the University Cheick Anta Diop (UCAD, Senegal), the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (UK), and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (UK).

TDR has therefore reached the target on this indicator for the six-year period ending in 2017.

Indicator 8 - Number of TDR grantees/trainees and proportion demonstrating career progression and/or increased scientific productivity Progress – new grants in 2016 The number of new grants awarded in 2016 reached 92. This adds to the numerous grants awarded in 2015, many of which have continued in 2016 (for example, the total number of PhD and MSc students supported by TDR and with ongoing studies in 2016 was 110). Thus, the agreed minimum target for new trainees during the six-year period of the current strategy (150) has been surpassed greatly (current number is 410 new trainees over the last five years). In 2016 the following training grants were awarded:  The postgraduate training scheme awarded 34 new grants to nationals from LMICs to acquire postgraduate qualifications (MSc, PhD).  The WHO regional offices issued calls for proposals for small grants jointly with TDR. Following the selection process, 45 small grants were awarded in 2015 through this scheme.  Clinical Research and Development Fellowship. In the second round of the joint fellowships between the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) and TDR, 13 new fellowships were awarded.

18 TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT

3.5 Feeder output: Key stakeholders in disease endemic countries engaged in setting the research agenda and ensuring research reflects their needs

Key performance indicators Baseline Target Progress (2011) (2017) (contribution 2016)

9. Number and evidence of research-related agendas, 0 9 9 recommendations and practices agreed by stakeholders at (0) global, regional or country level 10. Proportion of TDR outputs produced with key DEC Not 100% 100% stakeholder active involvement measured

Indicator 9 - Number and evidence of research-related agendas, recommendations and practices agreed by stakeholders at global, regional or country level No changes to this indicator occurred in 2016. This indicator’s target for the six-year period ending in 2017 was reached in 2015.

Indicator 10 - Proportion of TDR outputs produced with key DEC stakeholder active involvement All outputs generated in 2016 involved disease endemic countries in multiple ways: working with the WHO regional offices and with the regional training centres to address regional and country priorities; broad stakeholder consultation to determine priorities; engagement of experts to design, review and oversee projects; awarding capacity-strengthening grants; collaborating with vector control programmes or disease control programmes; or conducting and monitoring research in the field. Numerous project sites from DECs contributed financial or in kind resources, which was measured as leverage. TDR’s strategy for 2018-2023 also received broad input from a range of stakeholders, through an iterative consultation process that lasted almost one year.

4. Applying TDR core values to our work 4.1 Socio-economic and gender equity

Key performance indicators Baseline Target Progress (2011) (2017) (contribution 2016) 11. Proportion of TDR grants/contracts awarded to 59% DEC 75% DEC 82% DEC (amount) institutions or individuals in DECs (total count and 75% DEC (count) total dollar amount) 12. Proportion of experts from DECs on TDR advisory 58% 60% 72% committees 13. Proportion of women among grantees/contract 35% (n) 50% 41% (% count) recipients (total count and total amount) 17% ($) 40% (% amount) 14. Proportion of women on TDR advisory committees 32% 50% 54% 15. Proportion of women as first author of peer- Not 50% 39% reviewed publications supported by TDR (within a measured calendar year) TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT 19

Indicator 11 - Proportion of TDR grants/contracts awarded to institutions or individuals in DECs and low income countries (total count and total dollar amount) In 2016, the amount of grants and contracts awarded to institutions and researchers in DECs (US$ 9.1 million) was 82% of the total, an increase compared to 2015 (78%), and the highest number measured yet. When measuring the number of grants and contracts awarded to institutions and researchers in DECs, the proportion was 75% of the total (significant increase compared to 62% in 2015). The year 2016 was the first time when both these indicators reached the target of 75%.

Figure 5 - GRANTS/CONTRACTS: proportion awarded to Figure 6 - GRANTS/CONTRACTS: proportion awarded to disease endemic countries (% count) in 2016 disease endemic countries (% amount) in 2016

non-DEC non-DEC 18% 25%

DEC DEC 75% 82%

Figure 7 - GRANTS/CONTRACTS: yearly progress in amounts awarded to DECs

$20,000,000 100%

75% 78% 82% 68% 70% 80% $15,000,000 64% 61% 60% $10,000,000 40%

$5,000,000 20%

$- 0% 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

DEC non-DEC %DEC

20 TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT

Indicator 12 - Proportion of experts from DECs on TDR advisory committees In 2016, the proportion of advisors originating from low- and middle-income disease endemic countries among TDR advisors was at 72%, compared to 71% in 2015. This is above the target of 60% established in 2012.

The advisors came from 35 different countries (26 DEC and 9 non-DEC countries), representing all the six WHO regions.

Figure 8 - EQUITY: Proportion of advisors from low- and middle-income disease endemic countries, 2016

non-DEC 28%

DEC 72%

Figure 9 - EQUITY: Proportion of advisors from low- and middle-income disease endemic countries, 2012-2016

100%

31% 29% 29% 28% 80% 41%

60% non-DEC 40% DEC 69% 71% 71% 72% 59% 20%

0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT 21

Figure 10 - Distribution of advisors by WHO region in 2016

WPR 15% SEAR AFR 6% 37%

EUR 15%

AMR EMR 26% 1%

Indicator 13 - Proportion of women among grantees/contract recipients (total count and total amount) The proportion of TDR grants and contracts awarded to women in 2016 was 41% (number of contracts) and 40% (amount), marking a dramatic increase in the proportion of funds received by women (from 28% to 40%) and also in the average amount received by women. This brings the average amounts received by women and men to par for the first time since measurements started.

Figure 11 - GENDER: Proportion of grants and contracts awarded to women (% count)

Women 41% Men 59%

22 TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT

Figure 12 - GENDER: Progress in proportion of grants and contracts awarded to women (% count)

60%

TARGET 50% 50% 43% 39% 41% 40% 35% 34% 33% 32%

30%

20%

10%

0% 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Figure 13 - GENDER: Proportion of grants and contracts awarded to women (% amount)

Women 40% Men 60%

TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT 23

Indicator 14 - Proportion of women on TDR advisory committees In 2016, 54% of the members of TDR’s Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee (STAC) members, scientific working group members and ad-hoc committees were women. It is the second consecutive year when this indicator shows the proportion of women in an advisory role is beyond the target of 50%.

Figure 14 - GENDER: Proportion of women in an advisory role, 2016

Men 46% Women 54%

Figure 15 - GENDER: Proportion of women in an advisory role, 2012-2016

100%

80% 47% 46% 58% 57% 72% 60% Men 40% Women

53% 54% 20% 42% 43% 28%

0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

24 TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT

Indicator 15 - Proportion of women as first author of peer-reviewed publications supported by TDR (within a calendar year) In 2016, 39% of first authors of TDR-supported publications were women. Compared to 2015, the results are unchanged.

Figure 16 – TDR-SUPPORTED PUBLICATIONS: gender distribution of first authors (n=165), 2016

Women 39% Men 61%

Figure 17 - TDR-SUPPORTED PUBLICATIONS: gender distribution of first authors year-to-year

100%

80%

60% 53% Men 59% 61% 61% 40% 47% Women 41% 39% 39% Gender proportion Gender 20%

0% 2013 2014 2015 2016

TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT 25

4.2 Effective partnerships

Key performance indicators Baseline Target Progress (2011) (2017) (contribution 2016) 16. Resources leveraged as direct contributions (co-funding, Not tbd $ 1:1 services or in-kind) to TDR projects (examples) measured ($ TDR : $ partners) People 1:17 (TDR : in the field) To be measured end of 2017

Indicator 16 - Resources leveraged as direct contributions (co-funding, services or in-kind) to TDR projects (examples) This indicator will be measured at the end of the biennium.

4.3 Sustainability of outcomes

Key performance indicators Baseline Target Progress (2011) (2017) (contribution 2016) 17. Number of effective public health tools and strategies 51 67 75 (2015) developed which have been in use for at least two years To be measured end of 2017

Indicator 17 - Number of effective public health tools and strategies developed which have been in use for at least two years This indicator will be measured at the end of the biennium.

4.4 Quality of work

Key performance indicators Baseline Target Progress (2011) (2017) (contribution 2016) 18. Proportion of project final reports found satisfactory by Not >80% To be measured peer-review committees measured end of 2017

Indicator 18 - Proportion of project final reports found satisfactory by peer-review committees This indicator will be measured at the end of the biennium.

26 TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT

5. Management performance 5.1 Effective resource mobilization

Key performance indicators Baseline Target Progress (2011) (2017) (contribution 2015) 19. Percentage of approved biennial budget successfully 78% ≥100% To be measured funded end of 2017

20. Percentage of income received from multi-year agreements Not tbd To be measured measured end of 2017

Indicator 19 - Percentage of approved biennial budget successfully funded This indicator will be measured at the end of the biennium.

Indicator 20 - Percentage of income received from multi-year agreements This indicator will be measured at the end of the biennium.

5.2 Effective management

Key performance indicators Baseline Target Progress (2011) (2017) (contribution 2016) 21. Percentage of staff workplans and performance reviews Not ≥90% 100% (including personal development plan) completed on time measured

22. Proportion of expected results on track or achieved 60% ≥80% 89%

23. Proportion of significant risk management action plans that Not ≥80% 100% are on track measured

Indicator 21 - Percentage of staff workplans and performance reviews (including personal development plan) completed on time In 2016, 100% of staff workplans and performance reviews (including personal development plans) were completed on time.

Indicator 22 - Proportion of expected results on track At 31 December 2016, the status of the expected results 2016-2017 was as follows: • 25 on track • 1 not started yet • 1 delayed • 1 cancelled The 89% on track or completed at 31 December 2016 is comparable to 88% one year earlier. The detailed list is available in Annex 2. TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT 27

Figure 18 - Status of expected results as at 31 December 2016

Delayed, 1 Cancelled, 1 Not started, 1

On track, 25

Indicator 23 - Proportion of significant risk management action plans that are on track In 2016, action plans to mitigate risks were implemented as planned. Overall, for Programme-level risks, 48 actions were completed, 24 are ongoing, and one new action is still to be initiated.

Risk mitigation status: • Six out of seventeen significant risks identified have been fully addressed and closed out; and • Eleven significant risks are currently being addressed. Out of the eleven Programme-level risks currently addressed, as at 31 December 2016 nine were fully controlled while two showed major issues (the risk of TDR’s income level not being sustained, and the risk related to the impact of WHO’s staff mobility policy on TDR’s operations).

28 TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT

6. Continuous performance improvement: learning from success and failure

TDR’s governance - catalyst of continuous performance improvement and learning The Special Programme status of TDR and its governance provide a great stimulus for us to anticipate issues and opportunities, and to be innovative and proactive in addressing them, while striving to continually improve our performance. The Joint Coordinating Board, the Standing Committee and the Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee represent TDR’s main stakeholders. They regularly review the performance of the Programme and provide clear and constructive recommendations, challenging the Secretariat to think ahead and to be innovative in its management and ways of approaching research and capacity strengthening activities. For example, the Sixth External Review of the Programme, commissioned by the Joint Coordinating Board, provided practical recommendations for continuous performance improvement which have been addressed by the Secretariat and overseen by the governing bodies. The Review was instrumental in guiding the direction of the 2018-2023 strategy.

Going fast alone or far together In coherence with goal 17 of the Strategic Development Goals - Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development, TDR has been working with various partners to synergize efforts and impact. This provides a multidisciplinary perspective as well as a catalyst for intersectoral collaboration. However, working in partnership can also bring challenges that need to be anticipated in order to ensure that the benefits of the synergy gained outweigh the time spent in negotiations and in, some cases, slower project implementation. Experience has demonstrated the importance of including a consultation process in the project steps and timelines, while realizing the potential gain in: (i) having partners develop ownership of the collaboration; and (ii) enhancing culture change across global health stakeholders. When planning long-term with a goal-oriented approach and the issue of sustainability in mind, the need for partnerships becomes clear: going faster alone does not seem as important as going farther together.

Culture change through a step-by-step approach Introducing new concepts and innovative processes often requires a culture change. TDR experienced this first hand during the development and implementation of its Performance Assessment Framework in 2009, leading to results-based management and related processes for planning, monitoring and evaluation. Culture change was also required when we introduced risk management across the Programme and a new staff development policy. In each of these examples culture change was achieved through a step-by-step approach, with the first step being to raise awareness and familiarise staff with simple and easy steps. This made moving forward and implementing the new concepts in a more in- depth way easier as staff acquired a better understanding and grasp of the concept.

Enhancing efficiency through regionalization of activities In order to work more efficiently, TDR has decentralized some of its activities at the regional level. Examples of this include: (i) the regional training centres network which provides short-course training in implementation research and in good practices for health research, with a regional reach; (ii) seven universities participating in the TDR postgraduate study scheme providing training grants for Masters and PhD students in implementation research and related topics; and (iii) small grant scheme developed and implemented in collaboration with the six WHO regional offices in order to catalyse research that addresses regional priorities. Implementation of these programmes is being monitored and adjusted as relevant in order to ensure effectiveness and efficiency. TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT 29

7. Annexes

Annex 1. List of TDR-supported peer-reviewed publications 2016 (Retrieved from Web of Science, the list also includes SORT IT publications)

1. Abdurrahman, S. T., Lawson, L., Blakiston, M., Obasanya, J., Yassin, M. A., Anderson, R. M., Oladimeji, O., Ramsay, A. and Cuevas, L. E., Are patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who are identified through active case finding in the community different than those identified in health-care facilities?, New Microbes New Infect. 2016 Nov 2;15:35-39. PubMed. Free PMC Article 2. Abbey, M., Chinbuah, M. A., Gyapong, M., Bartholomew, L. K. & van den Borne, B. (2016) Community perceptions and practices of treatment seeking for childhood pneumonia: a mixed methods study in a rural district, Ghana. Bmc Public Health, 16, 10.BMC Public Health Open access 3. Abdul-Ghani, R., Mahdy, M. A. K., Saif-Ali, R., Alkubati, S. A., Alqubaty, A. R., Al-Mikhlafy, A. A., Al-Eryani, S. M., Al-Mekhlafi, A. M. &Alhaj, A. (2016) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among Yemeni children residing in malaria-endemic areas of Hodeidah governorate and evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test for its detection. Malaria Journal, 15, 10.Malar J.Open access 4. Al-Eryani, S. M. A., Kelly-Hope, L., Harbach, R. E., Briscoe, A. G., Barnish, G., Azazy, A. & McCall, P. J. (2016) Entomological aspects and the role of human behaviour in malaria transmission in a highland region of the Republic of Yemen. Malaria Journal, 15, 17.Malar J Open access 5. Alfonso-Sierra, E., Basso, C., Beltran-Ayala, E., Mitchell-Foster, K., Quintero, J., Cortes, S., Manrique-Saide, P., Guillermo-May, G., Caprara, A., de Lima, E. C. &Kroeger, A. (2016) Innovative dengue vector control interventions in Latin America: what do they cost? Pathog Glob HealthPathogens and Global Health, 110(1), 14-24. Open access 6. Ali, H. M., Koza, G., Hameed, R. T., Rowles, R., Davies, C., Al Dulayymi, J. R., Gwenin, C. D. & Baird, M. S. (2016) The synthesis of single enantiomers of trans-alkene containing mycolic acids and related sugar esters. Tetrahedron, 72(45), 7143- 7158.Tetrahedron Not open 7. Andrade, J. M., Baba, E. H., Machado-de-Avila, R. A., Chavez-Olortegui, C., Demicheli, C. P., Frezard, F., Monte-Neto, R. L. &Murta, S. M. F. (2016) Silver and Nitrate Oppositely Modulate Antimony Susceptibility through Aquaglyceroporin 1 in Leishmania (Viannia) Species. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 60(8), 4482-4489.Antimicrob Agents Chemother Open access 8. Aroonsri, A., Akinola, O., Posayapisit, N., Songsungthong, W., Uthaipibull, C., Kamchonwongpaisan, S., Gbotosho, G. O., Yuthavong, Y. & Shaw, P. J. (2016) Identifying antimalarial compounds targeting dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS) by chemogenomic profiling. International Journal for Parasitology, 46(8), 527-535.IJP Not open 9. Aseffa, A., Chukwu, J. N., Vahedi, M., Aguwa, E. N., Bedru, A., Mebrahtu, T., Ezechi, O. C., Yimer, G., Yamuah, L. K., Medhin, G., Connolly, C., Rida, W., Aderaye, G., Zumla, A. I.,Onyebujoh, P. C. & Grp, F. D. C. S. (2016) Efficacy and Safety of 'Fixed Dose' versus 'Loose' Drug Regimens for Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Two High TB-Burden African Countries: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Plos One, 11(6), 13.PloS One Open access 10. Auty, H., Morrison, L. J., Torr, S. J. & Lord, J. (2016) Transmission Dynamics of Rhodesian Sleeping Sickness at the Interface of Wildlife and Livestock Areas. Trends in Parasitology, 32(8), 608-621.PubMed Not open 11. Ayala, G., Garay, J., Aragon, M., Decroo, T. and Zachariah, R., Trends in tuberculosis notification and treatment outcomes in prisons: a country-wide assessment in El Salvador from 2009–2014. Rev PanamSaludPublica. 2016;39(1):38–43. PAJPH 12. Bairy, S. Kumar, A. M. V., Raju, M. S. N., Achanta, S. Naik, P., Tripathy, J. P. and Zachariah, R.,Is adjunctive naturopathy associated with improved glycaemic control and a reduction in need for medications among type 2 Diabetes patients? A prospective cohort study from India. Bairy et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2016) 16:290BMC 13. Bartholomay, P., Pelissari, D. M., Navegantes, W. A., Yadon, Z. E. and Heldal, E., Quality of tuberculosis care at different levels of health care in Brazil in 2013. Rev PanamSaludPublica. 2016;39(1):3–11. PanamSaludPublica 14. Becerra-Posada, F., Espinal, M. A. and Reeder, J., Operational research to strengthen tuberculosis control in the Americas [Investigaciónoperativaparafortalecer el control de la tuberculosis en la Región de lasAméricas], Rev PanamSaludPublica 39 (1), 2016 PanamSaludPublica 15. Benedetti, G., Mossoko, M., Nyakio, K. J. P., Nyembo, J., Mangion, J. P., Van Laeken, D., et al., Sparks creating light? Strengthening peripheral disease surveillance in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Public Health Action. 2016; 6(2): 54- 9.PubMed Free Article 16. Bolger, G., Roy, S., Zapol'skii, V. A., Kaufmann, D. E., Schnurch, M., Mihovilovic, M. D., Nandy, R. K. &Tegge, W. (2016) Targeting aphA: a new high-throughput screening assay identifies compounds that reduce prime virulence factors of Vibrio cholerae. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 65, 678-687.PubMed Not open 17. Bottomley, C., Isham, V., Vivas-Martinez, S., Kuesel, A. C., Attah, S. K., Opoku, N. O., Lustigman, S., Walker, M. &Basanez, M. G. (2016) Modelling Neglected Tropical Diseases diagnostics: the sensitivity of skin snips for Onchocerca volvulus in near elimination and surveillance settings. Parasites & Vectors, 9, 14.Parasit Vectors Open access 18. Bowman, L. R., Tejeda, G. S., Coelho, G. E., Sulaiman, L. H., Gill, B. S., McCall, P. J., Olliaro, P. L., Ranzinger, S. R., Quang, L. C., Ramm, R. S., Kroeger, A. &Petzold, M. G. (2016) Alarm Variables for Dengue Outbreaks: A Multi-Centre Study in Asia and Latin America. Plos One, 11(6), 23.PloS One Open access 19. Browne, A. J., Gobel, A., Thiele, S., Hofbauer, L. C., Rauner, M. &Rachner, T. D. (2016) p38 MAPK regulates the Wnt inhibitor Dickkopf-1 in osteotropic prostate cancer cells. Cell Death & Disease, 7, 11.Cell Death DisOpen access 20. Camera, F., Utsunomiya, H., Varlamov, V., Filipescu, D., Baran, V., Bracco, A., Colo, G., Gheorghe, I., Glodariu, T., Matei, C. & Wieland, O. (2016) GAMMA ABOVE THE NEUTRON THRESHOLD EXPERIMENTS AT ELI-NP. Romanian Reports in Physics, 68, S539-S619.Romain reports in Physics Open access 21. Cao, Y. Y., Wang, W. M., Liu, Y. B., Cotter, C., Zhou, H. Y., Zhu, G. D., Tang, J. X., Tang, F., Lu, F., Xu, S., Gu, Y. P., Zhang, C., Li, J. L. & Cao, J. (2016) The increasing importance of Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae in a malaria elimination setting: an observational study of imported cases in Jiangsu Province, China, 2011-2014. Malaria Journal, 15, 9.Malar J Open access 30 TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT

22. Cecere, M. C., Leporace, M., Fernandez, M. P., Zarate, J. E., Moreno, C., Gurtler, R. E. &Cardinal, M. V. (2016) Host-Feeding Sources and Infection With Trypanosoma cruzi of Triatomainfestans and Triatomaeratyrusiformis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) From the Calchaqui Valleys in Northwestern Argentina. Journal of Medical Entomology, 53(3), 666-673.J Med Entomol Not open 23. Charambira, K., Ade, S., Harries, A. D., Ncube, R. T., Zishiri, C., Sandy, C., et al., Diagnosis and treatment of TB patients with rifampicin resistance detected using Xpert ® MTB/RIF in Zimbabwe. Pubic Health Action. 2016; 6(2): 122-8. PubMed Free Article 24. Chimbari M. (2016). Lessons from implementation of ecohealth projects in Southern Africa: A principal investigator’s perspective. Acta Tropica, Acta Trop Not open access 25. Cho-Ngwa, F., Monya, E., Azantsa, B. K., Manfo, F. P. T., Babiaka, S. B., Mbah, J. A. &Samje, M. (2016) Filaricidal activities on Onchocercaochengi and Loa loa, toxicity and phytochemical screening of extracts of Tragiabenthami and Piper umbellatum. Bmc Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16, 9.BMC Open access 26. Chowdhury, R., Kumar, V., Mondal, D., Das, M. L., Das, P., Dash, A. P. &Kroeger, A. (2016) Implication of vector characteristics of Phlebotomusargentipes in the kala-azar elimination programme in the Indian sub-continent. Pathogens and Global Health, 110(3), 87-96.PGH Open access 27. Colantonio, L. D., Prado, N., Segura, E. L. & Sosa-Estani, S. (2016) Electrocardiographic Abnormalities and Treatment with Benznidazole among Children with Chronic Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases, 10(5), 15.PLoS Negl Trop Dis Open access 28. Corbel, V., Achee, N. L., Chandre, F., Coulibaly, M. B., Dusfour, I., Fonseca, D. M., Grieco, J., Juntarajumnong, W., Lenhart, A., Martins, A. J., Moyes, C., Ng, L. C., Pinto, J., Raghavendra, K., Vatandoost, H., Vontas, J., Weetman, D., Fouque, F., Velayudhan, R. and David, J. P., Tracking Insecticide Resistance in Mosquito Vectors of Arboviruses: The Worldwide Insecticide resistance Network (WIN),PLoSNegl Trop Dis. 2016 Dec 1;10(12):e0005054.PubMed. Free PMC Article 29. Crellen, T., Walker, M., Lamberton, P. H. L., Kabatereine, N. B., Tukahebwa, E. M., Cotton, J. A. & Webster, J. P. (2016) Reduced Efficacy of Praziquantel Against Schistosoma mansoni Is Associated With Multiple Rounds of Mass Drug Administration. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 63(9), 1151-1159.CID Open access 30. Cunningham, L. J., Lingley, J. K., Haines, L. R., Ndung'u, J. M., Torr, S. J. & Adams, E. R. (2016) Illuminating the Prevalence of Trypanosoma bruceis.l. in Glossina Using LAMP as a Tool for Xenomonitoring. Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases, 10(2), 13.PLoS Negl Trop Dis Open acces 31. de Cuevas, R. M. 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Annex 2. Progress on the TDR’s current portfolio of expected results – Status as at 31 December 2016

ER Status ER Title 31 Dec 2016 Research in support of control programmes: Arboviruses outbreak response On track Vulnerability of preventive chemotherapy programmes for helminths to emergence of resistance On track Facilitate innovation to generate tools to achieve control programme objectives On track Maximize the utility of available data for policy decisions and programme implementation On track Optimize acquisition and analysis of new safety data for policy decisions and programme On track implementation Strategies for early detection of resistance in areas where Seasonal Malaria Control (SMC) is On track deployed Research in support of elimination programmes VL elimination in the Indian subcontinent On track Strategies to accelerate research-policy transition (COSMIC) Delayed Research in support of control programmes: Improved management of febrile illnesses On track Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative (SORT IT) On track Translating new & traditional knowledge into healthy environmentally sustainable housing for Not started poor communities Research in support of Control programmes: improved TB control in line with GTB control On track strategy Research in support of elimination programmes: Onchocerciasis elimination On track Population health vulnerabilities to VBDs: increasing resilience under climate change conditions in Africa On track Promotion and research on social innovation in health care delivery to combat infectious diseases of poverty On track Evaluation and improvement of malaria control policies through study of LLINs and IRS efficacy, and of the burden and causes of residual malaria On track Environmental prevention and control of vector-borne diseases and infectious diseases in On track South-East Asia Developing and pilot-testing an innovative training course for capacity building on gender- On track based analysis in vector-borne disease research Integrated vector-borne diseases and emerging infectious diseases prevention and control in fragile health systems of West Africa affected by post-conflict or emergency situations Cancelled Urban health interventions for the prevention and control of vector-borne and other infectious diseases of poverty On track Strategic support to WHO regional activities : the regional training centres On track WHO Regional Office collaboration and small grants On track Targeted research training grants in low-and middle-income countries On track Research Capacity Strengthening and Knowledge Management IMPACT grants to improve On track disease control Advanced training in Clinical Product Development (Career Development Fellowship grants) On track Knowledge Management shaping the research agenda On track Capacity strengthening to bring research evidence into policy (R&D Funding) On track Collaborative networks and engagement with Global Health Initiatives (GHI) On track

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Annex 3. TDR 2016 contributors

TDR is able to conduct its work thanks to the commitment and support from a variety of funders. These include our long-term core contributors from national governments and international institutions, as well as designated funding for specific projects within our current priorities.

Amount Core contributors (US$) Belgium 1,114,827 China 55,000 Cuba 5,000 Germany 665,927 India 110,000 Japan 280,000 Luxembourg 1,133,787 Malaysia 25,000 Mexico 30,000 Nigeria 302,602 Norway 952,268 Spain 42,463 Sweden 4,031,277 Switzerland 1,685,393 Thailand 41,911 Turkey 5,000 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 3,053,435 World Health Organization 801,560 Miscellaneous 1,719 Sub-total 14,337,170 Amount Contributors providing specific project funding (US$) Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2,080,582 International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) 340,000 Switzerland 128,205 U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) 628,103 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 1,194,604 Sub-total 4,371,494

TOTAL CONTRIBUTIONS 18,708,664

* TDR acknowledges that funds received as core funding from Sida enable the Programme to conduct its work in intervention and implementation research, research capacity strengthening and knowledge management, which generally align with the scope of the EDCTP programme 38 TDR RESULTS | 2016 REPORT

Thank you to our core contributors who provided overall Programme support in 2016

Thanks also to the contributors who provided support to specific projects in 2016

* Listed in order of level of contribution.

TDR/STRA/17.1

TDR/World Health Organization 20, Avenue Appia 1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland

Fax: (+41) 22 791-4854 [email protected] www.who.int/tdr

The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) is a global programme of scientific collaboration established in 1975. Its focus is research into neglected diseases of the poor, with the goal of improving existing approaches and developing new ways to prevent, diagnose, treat and control these diseases. TDR is sponsored by the following organizations: