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Using the Diametrical Model to Examine the Relationship Between the Autism and Psychosis Spectra

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Using the Diametrical Model to Examine the Relationship Between the Autism and Psychosis Spectra Unicentre CH-1015 Lausanne http://serval.unil.ch Year : 2018 USING THE DIAMETRICAL MODEL TO EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE AUTISM AND PSYCHOSIS SPECTRA Sierro Guillaume Sierro Guillaume, 2018, USING THE DIAMETRICAL MODEL TO EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE AUTISM AND PSYCHOSIS SPECTRA Originally published at : Thesis, University of Lausanne Posted at the University of Lausanne Open Archive http://serval.unil.ch Document URN : urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_E717F1BC8CD03 Droits d’auteur L'Université de Lausanne attire expressément l'attention des utilisateurs sur le fait que tous les documents publiés dans l'Archive SERVAL sont protégés par le droit d'auteur, conformément à la loi fédérale sur le droit d'auteur et les droits voisins (LDA). A ce titre, il est indispensable d'obtenir le consentement préalable de l'auteur et/ou de l’éditeur avant toute utilisation d'une oeuvre ou d'une partie d'une oeuvre ne relevant pas d'une utilisation à des fins personnelles au sens de la LDA (art. 19, al. 1 lettre a). A défaut, tout contrevenant s'expose aux sanctions prévues par cette loi. Nous déclinons toute responsabilité en la matière. Copyright The University of Lausanne expressly draws the attention of users to the fact that all documents published in the SERVAL Archive are protected by copyright in accordance with federal law on copyright and similar rights (LDA). Accordingly it is indispensable to obtain prior consent from the author and/or publisher before any use of a work or part of a work for purposes other than personal use within the meaning of LDA (art. 19, para. 1 letter a). Failure to do so will expose offenders to the sanctions laid down by this law. We accept no liability in this respect. FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES SOCIALES ET POLITIQUES INSTITUT DE PSYCHOLOGIE USING THE DIAMETRICAL MODEL TO EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE AUTISM AND PSYCHOSIS SPECTRA THÈSE DE DOCTORAT présentée à la Faculté des Sciences Sociales et Politiques de l'Université de Lausanne pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur en Neurosciences par Guillaume SIERRO Directrice de thèse Prof. Christine Mohr Jury Prof. Jérôme Rossier Prof. Michael Herzog Prof. Thomas R. Kwapil Dr. Ahmad Abu-Akel LAUSANNE 2018 FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES SOCIALES ET POLITIQUES INSTITUT DE PSYCHOLOGIE USING THE DIAMETRICAL MODEL TO EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE AUTISM AND PSYCHOSIS SPECTRA THÈSE DE DOCTORAT présentée à la Faculté des Sciences Sociales et Politiques de l'Université de Lausanne pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur en Neurosciences par Guillaume SIERRO Directrice de thèse Prof. Christine Mohr Jury Prof. Jérôme Rossier, Expert Prof. Michael Herzog, Expert Prof. Thomas R. Kwapil, Expert Dr. Ahmad Abu-Akel, Expert LAUSANNE 2018 Abstract: Schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders (SSD; ASD) share clinical features, although considered distinct. Theories contrast ASD and SSD social cognition. The reasoning for this thesis is based on dimensional models of personality spanning from the healthy to pathological variations. Under this scenario, do some healthy autistic traits oppose to schizotypic ones on a Mentalism continuum? Also, does this psychometric opposition correspond to a behavioural one, f.i. in processing face and gaze? First, we validated schizotypic and autistic trait questionnaires in French. Second, we identified shared and diametrical traits. Third, we conducted 3 experiments to measure face pareidolia-proneness. We expected larger pareidolia-proneness with larger positive schizotypy, and smaller autistic trait scores. Fourth, we assessed gaze direction discrimination, and gaze cueing of attention. We expected larger sensitivity to gaze with larger positive schizotypy, but a smaller one with larger autistic traits. Psychometrically, we replicated oppositions between autistic mentalizing deficits and positive schizotypic traits. Although pareidolia-proneness was unrelated to personality, configural face processing was impaired with larger positive schizotypy, but preserved with smaller autistic mentalizing deficits scores. Also, gaze sensitivity was decreased in men with larger autistic mentalizing traits, but unassociated with positive schizotypy. Our results partially support ASD-SSD opposition in social cognition, to be further confirmed by future studies. Pareidolia-proneness may be better measured using other measurement strategies. Gaze direction attribution might better contrast ASD and SSD. Comparisons of resembling disorder-related phenotypes is promising for understanding underlying aetiological mechanisms, notably using a transdiagnostic approach associating personality, cognitive styles, endophenotypes, and multidimensional or network models. Keywords:schizotypy; personality traits; autism; face processing; gaze processing Résumé: Les troubles des spectres schizophréniques et autistiques (TSS; TSA) sont cliniquement ressemblants, mais catégoriellement distincts. Des théories opposent la cognition sociale des TSA et TSS. Le raisonnement de cette thèse se base sur les modèles dimensionnels de la personnalité comme reliant normal et pathologique. Aussi, certains traits autistiques s'opposent-ils aux traits schizotypiques ? Une opposition psychométrique correspond-elle à une opposition comportementale, i.e. dans le traitement des visages et du regard ? Premièrement, nous avons validé les questionnaires de personnalité schizotypiques et autistiques. Deuxièmement, nous avons identifié les traits partagés et opposés. Troisièmement, nous avons conduit 3 expériences sur la paréidolie facial, que nous attendions associée à plus de schizotypie positive et moins de traits autistiques. Quatrièmement, nous avons examiné la discrimination de la direction du regard et la redirection de l'attention par le regard, que nous attendions associées à plus de schizotypie positive et moins de traits autistiques. Au niveau psychométrique, nous avons répliqués les oppositions entre traits autistiques de mentalisation déficitaire et traits schizotypiques positifs. Bien que paréidolie et personnalité étaient sans liens, le traitement configural des informations faciales était péjoré avec plus de schizotypie positive, mais préservé avec plus de déficits autistiques de mentalisation. Aussi, la sensibilité au regard était moindre chez les hommes avec plus de déficits autistiques de mentalisation, mais sans lien avec la schizotypie positive. Nos résultats soutiennent partiellement une opposition TSA-TSS de la cognition sociale, à confirmer par de futures études. La tendance à la paréidolie gagnerait à être mesurée par d'autres stratégies. L'attribution de la direction du regard pourrait mieux distinguer TSA et TSS. La comparaison de phénotypes psychiatriques resemblants est une approche prometteuse pour comprendre des méchanismes étiologiques sous-jacents, notamment par une approche transdiagnostique associant la personnalité, les styles cognitifs, les endophénotypes, des modèles multidimensionels ou en réseau. Mots clés:schizotypie; traits de personnalité; autisme; traitement facial; traitement du regard 1 2 Acknowledgments First, I would like to thank Prof. Christine Mohr, for welcoming me in her research team, guiding me, and supporting me throughout my thesis. I had the opportunity to take part to numerous stimulating projects, to meet many interesting researchers, and to further learn. I would like to thank the other lab members with which I shared discussions, help and work: Dr. Christina Györkös, Prof. Françoise Schenk, Félix Cuneo, Florian Chmetz, Ophélie Favrod, and Yann Schrag. I would like to thank students with whom I collaborated for experiments, projects or publications, and in particular: Asia Fioravera, Alessandro Ishii, Jennifer Picci, Mariam Ouali, and those I may have forgotten. I also would like to thank professors with whom I could improve my skills in psychometric, experiment, statistical, and theoretical domains: Dr. Ahmad Abu-Akel, Prof. Bernard Crespi, Prof. Christopher Badcock, Prof. Jean-Philippe Antonietti, Prof. Jérôme Rossier, and Prof. Michael Herzog. I also would like to thank the members of my thesis jury: Prof. Jérôme Rossier, at Université de Lausanne (Institut de Psychologie), Dr. Ahmad Abu-Akel, at Université de Lausanne, Prof. Michael Herzog, at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Sciences de la Vie), Prof. Thomas R. Kwapil, at University of Illinois. Finally, I would like to further thank for their support and encouragements: Anne Tomassini, Chéryne Gherbi, Agathe Evain, Kim Morelli and my family, Aurore, Marie, Valérie, Ferdy, Marie-Michèle, and Lucie Sierro. 3 List of main abbreviations ANOVA: analysis of variance AQ: Autism Spectrum Quotient ASD: autism spectrum disorders ASp: Autistic Spectrum BAP: Broader Autism Phenotype EPQR-A: Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised and Abridged EQ: Empathizing Quotient CFA: Confirmatory Factor Analysis FLO: face-like object GD: gaze direction GC: gaze cueing IE: inversion effect INV: inverted OBJ: object O-LIFE: Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences PC: principal component PCA: principal component analysis PCSF: Principal Component score of Shared Features PCDF: Principal Component score of Diametrical Features PD: personality disorder PSp: psychotic spectrum RT: reaction times sO-LIFE: Short Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences SPQ: Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire SPQ-B: Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire Brief SSD: schizophrenia spectrum disorder SSp: schizophrenia spectrum ToM: theory of mind UPR: upright 4 List of Figures: Chapter 4:
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