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ABSTRACT the City of Saints: Realizing Sports' Positive Potential

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ABSTRACT the City of Saints: Realizing Sports' Positive Potential ABSTRACT The City of Saints: Realizing Sports’ Positive Potential for Communities Following Disaster Matthew Ocenasek Director: Andrew Meyer, Ph.D. There are numerous observable relationships between sport and community. By adhering to the external identity of the community, a sports franchise creates strong team identification with its community, increasing the loyalty and impact of its relationship. In the first several chapters, this thesis explores how and why these relationships are created between a team and its community. It examines the implications of the relationships between the team and the community, a player and the community, and fans of the team with one another. This thesis explores the effect of the relationships between sport and the community and how these relationships change after the community experiences a disaster. APPROVED BY DIRECTOR OF HONORS THESIS: _____________________________________________ Dr. Andrew Meyer, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation APPROVED BY THE HONORS PROGRAM: __________________________________________________ Dr. Elizabeth Corey, Director DATE: ______________________________________ THE CITY OF SAINTS: REALIZING SPORTS’ POSITIVE POTENTIAL FOR COMMUNITIES FOLLOWING DISASTERS A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Baylor University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Honors Program By Matthew Ocenasek Waco, Texas May 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii Chapter One Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 Chapter Two Literary Review ..................................................................................................................14 Chapter Three Case Study of Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans, and the Saints .......................................33 Chapter 4 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................48 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................57 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To Dr. Meyer, thank you for being willing to guide me through this process. I would not have even been able to even get started without you, and I am so very thankful for the countless hours you have spent talking with me about these topics and pointing me in the right direction. You have changed the way I view sports. I cannot thank you enough. To my roommates at the Pantry, thank you for being willing to listen to my constant ramblings of thoughts and ideas that eventually created this thesis. You guys have supported me through it all. I couldn’t have done it without all the support you all showed me. To my family, thank you for your constant love and support throughout this process. You continually push me to give my best and never settle. These lessons I will take with me wherever I go. To Dr. Parrish and Judge Wright, thank you for serving on my committee and supporting me during this step of the process. It means the world to have your support. To Carter and Tommy, I love you guys more than anything and your constant support is something I am eternally grateful for. iii CHAPTER ONE Introduction On September 21, 2001, the New York Mets began a regular season series against the Atlanta Braves at Shea Stadium. The emotional meaning surrounding the game that night was anything but normal. This game was the first sporting event held in New York City following the terrorist attacks ten days earlier. Instead of wearing their normal team hats, the Mets opted to wear hats representing the New York police and fire departments, signifying their appreciation, respect, and strong-tie to these and all members of the New York City community. In dramatic fashion, Mike Piazza, who had already donated $68,000 of his own personal money to the 9/11 relief efforts, hit the game winning homerun in the game, and he commented, “I’m glad I could give people a diversion from the sorrow, to give them a thrill” (Consolazio, 2019). For the New York City community, the game was not just about baseball; the event had a deeper meaning that night. As a suffering community, New York found hope and identity with the Mets as a team, Mike Piazza the player, and with each another as sports fans, all of which gave the grieving members of this community something to cheer for despite their external realities. This example points to the focus of this thesis, highlighting a seldom occurrence in which sport, a city’s team, and the players on the local team change the often-one-sided nature of their relationship with a community and have a ‘real’ and positive impact. As I will argue in this thesis, we notice many of these positive shifts in the relationships between sport and the community following a disaster or painful moment for that teams’ local community. 1 This thesis will examine the connections between a sport team and their surrounding community can be observed in three distinct relationships. The first relationship is one between a team and the city (as a whole), which incorporates team symbols and rituals that link to the identity and emotion of the external community. The second is a relationship between an individual member of the team and the surrounding community, seen through the support of a players on and off field behavior. Lastly, we see the relationship between individual members of a community created through the shared fan experience with the local sports team. The effects of these relationships on the community can be positive or negative, shifting based on the contemporary context and interpretation of the relationships unique to each individual observer. This thesis will explore the impact that disasters have on the often-one-sided relationship a sports team normally has with a community through the lens of these three relationship dynamics. I argue that with the occurrence of a disaster, natural or otherwise, sports teams, their symbols, players, and relationships among fans changes to reflect a positive, mutually beneficial relationship for both the community and the sports franchise. Looking at the first of the three relationships, many sport scholars have examined the relationship a sports team can build with a community through the sharing of significant rituals and identifiably distinct symbolism. In general, communities are defined by the common sharing and interpretation of rituals and symbolism (Cohen 15), such as a college football team use of traditional songs, dances, and mascots. Arguably, all sports team attempt to connect with its community by creating shared rituals and symbols. According to Heere and Jeffrey (2007), however, for these common rituals and symbols to be meaningful, they must identify with the community’s demographic 2 category or membership organizations (Heere and Jeffrey 322). For instance, the adoption of a team name, identification of a mascot, or development of signature cheer will be enhanced and thus more meaningful if there is an attempt to associate that name, mascot or chant with the external community’s identity, in part or as a whole, deeply forging the team in a relationship with the identity widely shared among community (Heere and Jeffrey 331). Depending on the strength of these rituals and symbols, teams can create strong relationships with the community which ultimately results in the community experiencing team identification and showing strong team loyalty. The second relationship, those between a member of the team and the community, also has an important impact on the effects of sport in the community. As a sports team is made up of a collection of individual players and coaches, relationships are created between the community of fans with individual members of the team over time (Heere and Jeffrey 321). For example, when a new coach is hired, or a new player is drafted to the local team, fans in the community begin to develop a relationship with those individuals, some are negative, perhaps by those who had a perceived ‘strong’ relationship with the old coach, or positive by those who were happy to see them go. Furthermore, certain athlete’s association with political movements, religions or causes can impact the perceptions of the community of fans toward the player or coach, and ultimately the team. Perhaps fans will ultimately come to determine that because of some external affiliation a player or coach has, they ‘do not reflect who we are as a community’ and limit their support of that player or coach. (Coombs and Cassilo 427). While this idea has garnered mixed attitudes, this is an example of how an individual player or coach receives individual attention, positively and negatively, that foster or 3 sever additional ties with the community beyond the team atmosphere (Coombs and Cassilo 429). There are many examples though, of individual athletes who create charities or engage in community service (whether on their own free-will, or because of team/league mandates), giving back to their communities. This connection may influence a community of fans’ opinion of certain players or coach, influencing if they will buy and wear the player’s jersey (Heere and Jeffrey 323). The relationships created between members of a team and the community as a whole provide important implications on the overall impact of a sports impact on the external community.
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