Université De Montréal Poïétique De La Création Sonore Au Cinéma

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Université De Montréal Poïétique De La Création Sonore Au Cinéma Université de Montréal Poïétique de la création sonore au cinéma : La figure de l’artiste-poïéticien Pierre-Olivier Forest Département d’histoire de l’art et d’études cinématographiques Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des arts et science Département d’Histoire de l’art et d’études cinématographiques en vue de l’obtention du grade de maîtrise en études cinématographiques Janvier 2013 © Pierre-Olivier Forest janvier 2013 i « I had always been interested, perhaps obsessed, in that seemingly uncrossable gulf between an early draft of a book or film and a finished product. How does one make that journey from there to here? » (Ondaatje, 2002, XII). « La pensée avant d’être œuvre est trajet » (Michaux, 1971, p.22). « Va jusqu’au bout de tes erreurs, au moins de quelques-unes, de façon à bien pouvoir observer le type. Sinon, t’arrêtant à mi-chemin, tu iras toujours aveuglément reprenant le même genre d’erreurs, de bout en bout de ta vie, ce que certains appelleront ta « destinée ». L’ennemie, qui est ta structure, force-le à se découvrir. Si tu n’as pas pu gauchir ta destinée, tu n’auras été qu’un appartement loué » (Michaux, 1981, p.12). « Oui, une nouvelle image de l’acte de penser, de son fonctionnement, de sa genèse dans la pensée elle-même, c’est bien ce que nous cherchons » (Deleuze, 2002a, p.193). i Remerciement Nous voudrions remercier notre directeur Serge Cardinal et l’ensemble de nos compères du laboratoire de recherche-création La création sonore : cinéma, arts médiatiques, arts du son. ii Table des matières Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 A Year from Monday… ......................................................................................................... 1 Chapitre 1 : Un souci pour la poïétique .................................................................................... 30 1.1- Mise en contexte : le praticien réflexif à l’ère des « sociétés de contrôle » .................. 30 Chapitre 2 : Se donner les moyens de créer ............................................................................. 41 2.1- Paul Valéry et la poïétique : ou la promesse de l’autoportrait moderne ....................... 41 2.2-Valéry au collège de France : pour un nouveau type d’étude de l’œuvre ...................... 45 2.3- De l’art poétique antique à la poïétique moderne : l’apport de Valéry ......................... 46 2.4- La poïétique appliquée comme pédagogie du faire au Moyen-âge et dans le modernisme .......................................................................................................................... 54 2.5- Mots d’ordre à Hollywood et le modernisme du cinéma : Danser dans les chaînes ..... 66 2.6- Code du cinéma narratif-représentatif : normalisation de l’« écriture » sonore ........... 69 2.7- La poïétique moderne et son écho : l’héritage de Pierre Schaeffer ............................... 75 2.8-Pratiques discursives et non discursives : leçon de mots et leçon de choses ................. 83 Chapitre 3 : Se donner les moyens de la création sonore au cinéma ........................................ 90 3.1- Outils et méthode de création sonore au cinéma : le cas Walter Murch ........................... 90 3.2- Murch père : leçon de maître et pédagogie de la perception ......................................... 96 3.3- La science des "patterns" chez Murch : ou les fins supérieures de la technique ........... 98 3.5- Walter Murch : la répétition problématique comme protocole de travail ................... 104 3.6- Le corps collectif du cinéma : pour une résistance contre l’organisation organique du corps du cinéma (ou du film) .............................................................................................. 107 3.7- Partage de l’écoute : entends-tu ce que j’entends? ...................................................... 110 Chapitre 4 : Faire celui qui peut faire l’œuvre ....................................................................... 116 4.1- Le Gladiator : poïétique, poésie et technique de soi ................................................... 116 4.2- Les cahiers de Narcisse et le protocole spéculaire chez Valéry : le médium et le miroir ............................................................................................................................................ 121 4.3- La chambre d’écho: l’écriture de l’écoute chez les musiciens concrets ..................... 122 4.4. Franck Warner : un musicien concret au cinéma? ....................................................... 128 Chapitre 5 : Cinéma, autopoïétique, sujet et la conquête de ce qu’on appelle penser ............ 144 5.1- L’artifice et la technique littéraire chez Valéry : la maîtrise de soi et des autres........ 144 5.2- Valéry, le labyrinthe de la pensée et l’expérience du Moi pur : entre possible et impossible ........................................................................................................................... 148 5.3- Artaud ou la poïétique d’un automate : Qu’appelle-t-on penser? ............................... 162 iii 5.4- Godard et l’autopoïétique : la pensée du Dehors ........................................................ 172 Conclusion : plis et déplis ou la vie dans les plis... ................................................................ 176 Retour sur le praticien réflexif : l’immanence et la surécoute ............................................ 176 iv Résumé Nous proposons, dans ce mémoire, d’explorer les possibilités pratiques et pédagogiques d’une approche autopoïétique de la création sonore au cinéma. Notre principal souci sera de saisir les modalités de l’ascèse propre aux artistes qui se livrent à une telle activité, comprise comme un « apprentissage de soi par soi » (Foucault), afin de faire celui qui peut faire l’œuvre (processus de subjectivation), et le rôle descriptif et opératoire de cet exercice - en tant qu’effort pour penser de façon critique son propre savoir-faire -, dans le faire-œuvre et l’invention de possibles dans l’écriture audio-visuelle cinématographique. Pour ce faire, d’une part, nous étudierons, à partir de témoignages autopoïétiques, le rapport réflexif de trois créateurs sonores à leur pratique et leur effort pour penser (et mettre en place) les conditions d’une pratique et d’une esthétique du son filmique comme forme d’art sonore dans un contexte audio-visuel, alors qu’ils travaillent dans un cadre normalisant : Randy Thom, Walter Murch et Franck Warner. D’autre part, nous recourrons à différentes considérations théoriques (la théorie de l’art chez Deleuze et Guattari, la « surécoute » chez Szendy, l’histoire de la poïétique à partir de Valéry, etc.) et pratiques (la recherche musicale chez Schaeffer, la relation maître-apprenti, les rapports entre automatisme et pensée dans le cinéma moderne chez Artaud et Godard, etc.), afin de contextualiser et d’analyser ces expériences de création, avec l’objectif de problématiser la figure de l’artiste-poïéticien sur un plan éthique dans le sillage de la théorie des techniques de soi chez Foucault. Mots-clés : cinéma, audio-visuel, création sonore, écoute, autopoïétique, subjectivation, technique de soi, éthique, automatisme, image de la pensée v Abstract It is our aim, in this study, to explore the practical and pedagogical possibilities of an auto-poietic approach to sound designing in cinema. Our main concern is to grasp the modalities of the asceticism unique to artists of this trade, understood as a apprenticeship of the self, by the self (Foucault) in order to generate the one who can make the work of art, and the descriptive and operational roles of this exercise - as a means of producing critical thought with respect to one’s own know-how-, in the making of the film and the invention of possibilities in audio-visual cinematographic “writing”. To do this, firstly, based on various forms of autopoietic testimony, we study the reflexive relation of three sound designers (Randy Thom, Walter Murch and Frank Warner) with respect to their practice and their efforts to think (and put in place) the conditions of a practice and an esthetics of film sound as a form of sound art in the audio-visual context, while these are working in normative framework. Secondly, we will use various theoretical (the art theories of Deleuze and Guattari, the “surécoute” of Szendy, the history of poietic from Valéry, etc.) and practical (Schaeffer’s musical research, the master-student relationship, the relationship between automatism and thought in the modern cinemas of Artaud and Godard, etc.) considerations to help contextualize and analyze these experiences of artistic creation, with the objective of problematizing the figure of the poietic-artist in the wake of Foucault’s theories on the techniques of self. Keywords: cinemas, audio-visual, sound design, listening, auto-poietic, subjectivization, technic of the self, ethics, automatism, thinking vi Introduction « J’ai souvent pensé combien serait intéressant un article écrit par un auteur qui voudrait, c’est-à-dire qui pourrait, raconter pas à pas la marche progressive qu’a suivie une quelconque de ses compositions pour arriver au terme définitif de son accomplissement » (Edgard Allen Poe, 1932, p.985). A Year from Monday1… C’est d’abord à un mémoire de recherche-création que nous avions travaillé. Bien que nous ayons par la suite modifié notre projet initial, à la faveur d’un mémoire théorique, nous croyons pertinent de débuter - avant (et afin) de préciser
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