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Your Vote, Your Voice, Our Democracy: The 19th Amendment at 100 Battle for the 19th Amendment Passed by U.S. Congress June 4, 1919, and rati ed on Aug. 18, 1920, the 19th amendment granted women the right to vote, Women Have Batt7l2e ye arfs oaftrer ttheh sterug g1le f9or twohme nA’s smuffraegen bedgamn. ent Passed by U.S. Congress June 4, 1919, and rati ed on Aug. 18, 1920, Made Many Strides, the 19th amendment granted women the right to vote, 72 years after the struggle for women’s su1ffr8ag3e 7be gan. But Dangerous Voting EARLY WOMAN SUFFRAGE EFFORTS F1irs8t N3ati7on al Female Trends Remain AEnAtiR-SLlaYv eWry OSoMciAetNy C onvention mSeUeFtsF iRn ANeGwE Y EorFk FCOityR. TS Janet DiFiore Eighty-one delegates First National Female from 12 states attend. Chief Judge Anti-Slavery Society Convention State of New York meets in New York City. Eighty-one delegates 1fro8m 4124 sta tes attend. FIRST UNION OF (1815-1902) and n this Law Day 2020, we cel- Research Center study found that WOMEN WORKERS Oebrate the 100th anniversary public trust in government was a Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906)—New York of the 19th Amendment granting dismal 18%. pioneers in the women's suffrage movement. L1ow8ell4 Fe4ma le Labor Reform in women across America the right As members of the legal profes- sion, we are especially attuned to Photo: Smithsonian National Portrait MFaIRssSacTh uUseNttIsO dNem OanFd s a to vote. The long and difficult cam- Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) and 10-hour work day, a decrease paign for women’s suffrage had its how dangerous such trends are to WOMEN WORKERS start in 1848, in Seneca Falls, N.Y., the future of our justice system and Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906)—New York from the usual 12-hour day. In where hundreds of women and men the rule of law. As I stated during Lowell Female Labor Reform in pioneers in the women's suffrage movement. 1853, the Lowell Female Labor attended the first Women’s Rights last year’s Law Day remarks at the Massachusetts demands a Court of Appeals: Photo: Smithsonian National Portrait Reform won a small battle when Convention to discuss the “social, 1848 10-hour work day, a decrease civil, and religious condition and the Massachusetts corporations rights of women.” For the remain- from the usual 12-hour day. In FIRST WOMEN’S reduced the workday to 11 hours. der of the 19th century, New York RIGHTS CONVENTION 1853, the Lowell Female Labor was the central battleground in the When Ignorance Reform won a small battle when fight for women’s suffrage and home Seneca Falls in New York is to the movement’s great early lead- Isn’t Bliss 1848 the Massachusetts corporations the location for the rst Women's ers, including Elizabeth Cady Stan- FIRST WOMEN’S reduced the workday to 11 hours. According to the recent surveys on Rights Convention. ton, Susan B. Anthony and Kate RIGHTS CONVENTION 1866 Stoneman—New York’s first woman the public’s understanding of the Elizabeth Cady Stanton writes Constitution of the United States: Seneca Falls in New York is FIRST AMERICAN EQUAL lawyer. "The Declaration of Sentiments," In 1872, Ms. Anthony gained • In 2019, 2 in 5 Americans (39%) the location for the rst Women's RIGHTS ASSOCIATION national notoriety when she refused creating the agenda of women's were able to name all three branches Rights Convention. to pay bail following her arrest for activism for decades to come. E1liz8ab6eth6 Ca dy Stanton and of government—the highest level in Elizabeth Cady Stanton writes unlawfully casting a vote and later five years. SFuIsRanS TB. AnMthEonRyI fCoArmN t hEeQ UAL refused to pay the fine imposed • In 2019, more than half of "The Declaration of Sentiments," American Equal Rights on her by the judge who tried her RIGHTS ASSOCIATION case. Ms. Anthony was supported Americans (55%) correctly said creating the agenda of women's Association (AERA), where people by countless women who year after that people who are in the activism for decades to come. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and of all races and both genders join year delivered speeches, participat- U.S. illegally do have some rights 1869 Susan B. Anthony form the under the Constitution. to support universal suffrage. ed in demonstrations and petitioned SPLIT IN WOMEN’S American Equal Rights their elected representatives in the • In 2017, more than a third of those surveyed (37%) couldn’t name any RIGHTS MOVEMENT Association (AERA), where people halls of state capitols across the country. Over 70 years these suf- of the rights guaranteed by the The Women’s Rights M1o8vem6en9t of all races and both genders join fragettes built a massive and relent- First Amendment. splits into two factions over to support universal suffrage. less movement that prepared public SPLIT IN WOMEN’S Source: The Annenberg Public a fundamental disagreement: 1870 opinion for the passage of the 19th RIGHTS MOVEMENT Amendment to the federal Constitu- Policy Center of the University the New York-based National RATIFICATION OF Of Pennsylvania The Women’s Rights Movement tion, ratified in New York 100 years Woman Suffrage Association FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT ago on June 10, 1920. splits into two factions over Over the ensuing decades, (NWSA), created by Susan B. On Feb. 3 Fifteenth Amendment is a fundamental disagreement: 1870 women have honored these pioneer- The founders of our great nation Anthony and Elizabeth rati ed, granting voting rights to the New York-based National RATIFICATION OF ing efforts by consistently turning recognized from the outset that Cady Stanton, opposed the all men without regard to race out to vote in higher numbers than we cannot have a viable democ- Woman Suffrage Association FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT men. Their participation at the 15th Amendment unless it also and color, including former slaves. racy without an informed elector- (NWSA), created by Susan B. On Feb. 3 Fifteenth Amendment is polls and in civic affairs has helped ate. A public lacking basic litera- gave women the right to vote. change attitudes and promote a cy about the roles and functions Anthony and Elizabeth rati ed, granting voting rights to The Boston-based American more inclusive society, awakening of the three branches of govern- Cady Stanton, opposed the all men without regard to race public awareness to injustices and Woman Suffrage Association ment, or constitutional impera- 15th Amendment unless it also and color, including former slaves. disparate treatment in the home and tives like the separation of pow- (AWSA), created by , in the workplace, including issues gave women the right to vote. ers and judicial independence, Henry Blackwell and Julia Ward of divorce, domestic violence, child is at great risk of falling prey to The Boston-based American support, workplace discrimination Howe, believed that all men propaganda and the kinds of Woman Suffrage Association and sexual harassment. outrageous attacks on judges should get the right to vote rst Today, more women than ever are (AWSA), created by Lucy Stone, that we have witnessed recently. and then women. seeking elective office. The current Henry Blackwell and Julia Ward 116th Congress set a record with I followed these remarks by Howe, believed that all men 131 women seated in the House and announcing that the court system Senate—nearly a quarter of those would join with the New York State should get the right to vote rst serving. But while the pioneers of Bar Association in hosting a Con- and then women. women’s suffrage would certainly be vocation to harness the power of 1872 pleased with the progress of women the legal profession to deliver civic TRIAL OF in American society, they would no education in New York’s classrooms. SUSAN B. ANTHONY doubt be alarmed at the overall state While the coronavirus emergency of political participation and civic has forced us to postpone the Con- Susan B. Anthony is arr1est8ed7 an2d knowledge. vocation, the bench and bar are brought to trial in Rochester, NY, Voter turnout in the United States determined to take a leadership TRIAL OF Harper's magazine from 1867 is significantly lower than in most role in strengthening civic knowl- for attempting to vote for established democracies. Ironically, edge and engagement among our SUSAN B. ANTHONY depicting African Americans Ulysses S. Grant in the in 2016, the first presidential election young people. As soon as it is safe Susan B. Anthony is arrested and voting for the rst time. presidential election. Anthony’s with a woman nominee of a major and practicable to do so, we will brought to trial in Rochester, NY, Engraving by Alfred R. Waud. political party, voter participation implement a statewide outreach pro- penalty was to pay a $100 ne— Harper's magazine from 1867 dropped to 55%, a 20 year low. Relat- gram in which lawyers and judges for attempting to vote for which she never paid and never depicting African Americans edly—and equally concerning—are will collaborate with local educators Ulysses S. Grant in the woefully low levels of civic knowl- around the state to engage students served jail time. voting for the rst time. presidential election. Anthony’s edge and public trust in government and improve their understanding of Engraving by Alfred R. Waud. institutions. A 2016 survey by the the courts, the legal system and the penalty was to pay a $100 ne— 1878 Annenberg Public Policy Center rule of law. which she never paid and never INTRODUCTION found that only 26% of Americans The timing of these efforts is served jail time. can name all three branches of gov- made more urgent by the ongoing OF THE WOMAN ernment. When so few people under- coronavirus pandemic and the fact S1U8FF7RA8G E stand the basic foundations of our that the next election will be criti- AMENDMENT democratic system of government, cal to our nation’s future. Americans INTRODUCTION it is not surprising that a 2017 Pew will have the opportunity » Page 12 AO WFo TmHanE S WuffOraMgeA ANm endment iSs UprFopFoRsAedG iEn the U.S. Congress. WAhMenE tNheD 1M9tEhN ATmendment passes forty-one years later, Inside A Woman Suffrage Amendment it is worded exactly the same as is proposed in the U.S. Congress. Time To Finally Enshrine Voting and Jury Service: this 1878 Amendment. Women’s Rights in the Our Duty and Privilege When the 19th Amendment Constitution by Gerald J. Whalen...... 11 passes forty-one years later, by Rolando T. Acosta...... 10 it is worded exactly the same as COVID-19 Must Not Be The Right To Vote Is Central Allowed To Interfere With Our this 1878 Amendment. To Full Participation in Our Right To Vote “The woman who dared” on the 1890 Society by Henry M. Greenberg...... 11 by Alan Scheinkman...... 10 cover of The Daily Graphic, 1873. MERGER OF TWO Illustration by Thomas Wust STheUF timelineFRAGE continues on page 11. The Women’s Vote: MOVEMENTS A Long Journey Law Day: A ngela Turturro, Sections Editor “The woman who dared” on the 1890 by Elizabeth A. Garry...... 10 Monika Kozak, Design cover of The Daily Graphic, 1873. NMWESRA GanEdR A WOSFA TarWe rOeu nited as Illustration by Thomas Wust tSheU NFaFtRioAnaGl EAm erican Woman 1896 SMufOfraVgEe MAsEsoNcTiaStion (NAWSA) FIRST ASSOCIATION under the leadership of NWSA and AWSA are reunited as OF COLORED WOMEN Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The the National American Woman Mary Church Terrell, American Federation of Labor 1896 Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Ida B. Wells-Barnett and declares support for a woman FIRST ASSOCIATION under the leadership of former slave suffrage amendment. OF COLORED WOMEN Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The form the National Association of A year earlier, and Mary Church Terrell, American Federation of Labor Colored Women (NACW)— Ellen Gates Starr establish Ida B. Wells-Barnett and declares support for a woman the largest federation of local Hull House, the rst of many former slave Harriet Tubman suffrage amendment. black women’s clubs. settlement houses that A year earlier, Jane Addams and form the National Association of encourage all college-educated Ellen Gates Starr establish Colored Women (NACW)— women to have careers Hull House, the rst of many the largest federation of local in social work. black women’s clubs. settlement houses that 1903 encourage all college-educated FIRST NATIONAL women to have careers ASSOCIATION in social work. DEDICATED TO 1912 1903 FIRST NATIONAL ORGAFNIRIZSITN NGA WTOIOMNEANL POLITICAL PARTY TO ASSWOOCRIAKTEIORSN ADOPT A WOMEN’S Mary DreierD, REhDetIaC CAhTilEdeD D TorOr, 1912 SUFFRAGE PROGRAM LeonOorRa GOA’ReNilIlZy, IaNndG o WtheOrsM foErmN FIRST NATIONAL the Women’s Trade UWniOonR LKeaEgRueS TPhOeoLdIoTreI CRAooLs ePvAelRt’sT PYro TgrOes sive (WTUL) of New York, few months (ABuDllO MPoTos Ae/ RWepOubMlicEaNn)’ SPa rty Mary Dreier, Rheta Childe Dorr, after WTUL is form— bSeUcoFmFeRs AthGe E rPstR nOatGioRnaAl M Leonora O’Reilly, and others form an organization of middle- and political party to adopt a women’s the Women’s Trade Union League Theodore Roosevelt’s Progressive working-class women dedicated suffrage plank. (WTUL) of New York, few months (Bull Moose/Republican) Party to unionizing women and giving after WTUL is form— becomes the rst national women the right to vote. an organization of middle- and political party to adopt a women’s working-class women dedicated 1suf9fra1ge3 plank. to unionizing women and giving RADICAL ORGANIZATION women the right to vote. OF SUFFRAGISTS A1lic9e P1au3l and Lucy Burns oRrgAaDniIzCe AthLe OCoRnGgrAesNsiIoZnAalTION UOnFio nS UfoFr WFRomAaGnI SuTffSrage (CU or CUWS)—later known as and Lucy Burns the National Woman’s Party. organize the Congressional These members used hunger Union for Woman Suffrage strikes and picket the (CU or CUWS)—later known as Members of the WTUL of White House, among other the National Woman’s Party. New York pose in 1910 with a forms of civil disobedience, to These members used hunger banner calling for the 8 hour day. publicize the suffrage cause. strikes and picket the Photo: The Kheel Center for Labor Members of the WTUL of White House, among other New York pose in 1910 with a forms of civil disobedience, to banner calling for the 8 hour day. publicize the suffrage cause. Photo: The Kheel Cent1er 9for1 La6bor FIRST WOMAN TO HOLD FEDERAL1 O9FF1IC6E JeannetteF RIaRnSkiTn oWf MOoMntAanNa becomes the rTsOt A mHeOriLcaDn woman elecFtEedD tEo RthAeL U .OS. FHFoIuCseE of Representatives. While in of Montana Congress, she introduced becomes the rst American legislation that eventually woman elected to the U.S. House became the 19th Constitutional of Representatives. While in Amendment. Congress, she introduced Jeannette Rankin speaking legislation that eventually from the balcony of the NAWSA in 1917. became the 19th Constitutional Photo: Library of Congress A1me9nd1me7nt. WOMEN WIN THE RIGHT Jeannette Rankin speaking TO VOTE IN NEW YORK from the balcony of the NAWSA in 1917. Photo: Library of Congress On Nov. 6th New1 Yo9rk S1ta7te 1920 WgrOanMts EwNom WenI Nth eT rHigEh tR toI GvoHteT, RATIFICATION OF THE TO VOonTeE o fI Nth eN ErsWt t oY dOoR soK. 19TH AMENDMENT By the time the women’s suffrage On Nov. 6th New York State T1he9 192th0 Amendment is rati ed amendment is passed, 15 states grants women the right to vote, oRnA ATuIgF. 1IC8.A ATfteIOr tNhe O viFct oTrHy E across the country have one of the rst to do so. i1s 9acTcoHm AplMishEeNd, DthMe NEANWTSA full suffrage, and more By the time the women’s suffrage ceases to exist but its have partial suffrage. The 19th Amendment is rati ed amendment is passed, 15 states organization becomes the on Aug. 18. After the victory across the country have nucleus of the League of Women is accomplished, the NAWSA full suffrage, and more Voters (LWV)—a national civic ceases to exist but its have partial suffrage. organization that is formed to organization becomes the help women take a larger role in nucleus of the League of Women public affairs after they won the Voters (LWV)—a national civic right to vote. organization that is formed to help women take a larger role in public affairs after they won the right to vote.

Suffragists casting votes in New York City after the passage of the 19th Amendment. Photo: Library of Congress Suffragists casting votes in New York City after the passage of the 19th Amendment. Source: Assemblyman N. Nick Perry, District 58, N.Y., and other sources Photo: Library of Congress

Source: Assemblyman N. Nick Perry, District 58, N.Y., and other sources 10 | FRIday, May 1, 2020 | nylj.com Time To Finally Enshrine Women’s Rights The Right To Vote In the Constitution Is Central to Full tion in order to promote the battle voted for incumbent Ulysses S. Rolando T. Acosta for equality. Women’s Suffrage in Grant). American Heritage, Susan Participation in New York State, NYAssembly.gov. B. Anthony Cast her Ballot for Ulyss- Presiding Justice The Declaration of Sentiments es S. Grant (December 1985). She Appellate Division, and Resolutions read at the con- and her counsel, former Court of First Department vention became the manifesto for Appeals Judge Henry R. Selden, Our Society the movement. Modeled after the had argued unsuccessfully that Declaration of Independence, the the 14th Amendment, which safe- Declaration of Sentiments declared guards “the privileges” and “immu- that “[t]he history of mankind is nities” of United States citizens and a history of repeated injuries and guarantees them “equal protection Presiding Justice “It was we, the people; not we, citizens the same rights as men. usurpations on the part of man of the laws,” protected her right the white male citizens; nor yet In this centennial year of the 19th toward woman, having in direct to vote (supra). Judge Selden Appellate Division, we, the male citizens; but we, Amendment, it is appropriate to object the establishment of an urged the court that “no injus- Second Department the whole people, who formed look back at some of the histori- absolute tyranny over her” and tice can be greater than to deny the Union. And we formed it, cal milestones in the struggle for insisted that women “have imme- to any class of citizens not guilty not to give the blessings of lib- women’s suffrage and more gen- diate admission to all the rights of crime, a share in the political erty, but to secure them; not to erally, for women’s rights, look- and privileges which belong to power of a state, that is, all share the half of ourselves and the ing forward to a day, hopefully, in them as citizens of these United in the choice of rulers, and in the half of our posterity, but to the the not too distant future, when States,” including the right to vote. making and administration of the n commemorating the centenni- and political leaders began to whole people—women as well equality for women under the law National Park Service, Declaration laws.” Presiding Judge Ward Hunt Ial of the ratifi cation of the 19th nominate women for elective as men.” is, at long last, enshrined in our of Sentiments. was unpersuaded and directed Amendment to the United States offi ce. In 1935, Justine W. Polier —Susan B. Anthony (1873) foundational documents. Despite these efforts, the right the jury to issue a guilty verdict Constitution, we pay homage to became the fi rst female judge on New York has long prided itself of women to vote in New York and against Anthony. Francis Murray, the constitutional enshrinement the Domestic Relations Court, oday, 100 years after the 19th as the birthplace of the women’s other states was not recognized for Henry Rogers Selden. of female suffrage as the most the precursor to today’s Family TAmendment established the rights movement. In 1848, Jane decades to come. In 1873, Susan B. In 1917, New York state amend- prominent milestone in the ongo- Court. In 1939, Judge Polier was right of women to vote, our state Hunt, , Martha Anthony was famously tried and ed its Constitution to grant women ing struggle for the equality of joined on the Domestic Relations and federal constitutions still Wright, Mary Ann McClintock and convicted in upstate New York the right to vote (NY CLS Const. women in this country. While Court bench by Jane Matilda contain no provisions expressly Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized for illegally voting in the prior Art. II, §1). It was one of the fi rst attainment of the most basic Bolin, who was the first black guaranteeing over half of American the historic Seneca Falls Conven- year’s presidential election (she states to do so. Three » Page 12 right to participate in the demo- woman to graduate from Yale cratic process of selecting our Law School, the fi rst to join the national, state, and local lead- Association of the Bar of the City ers was both overdue and his- of New York, the fi rst to join the toric, it is waypoint—a signifi cant New York City Law Department, one—on our continuous and yet and the fi rst to serve as a judge incomplete journey to complete in the United States. In 1959, gender equality. At this vantage Birdie Amsterdam became the point, 100 years removed from fi rst woman to be elected to the the event, we regard it as incon- New York State Supreme Court. ceivable that more than one-half Standing on the shoulders of of our adult population should these pioneers have been dynam- ever have been denied the right ic leaders of the courts in our to vote. own time. New York’s judiciary The female suffrage move- has benefi tted greatly from the ment is widely regarded as hav- wise direction of our fi rst female ing originated at a convention Chief Judge, Judith Kaye, and that held in Seneca Falls, N.Y. in the of our current Chief Judge, Janet summer of 1848. Despite strong DiFiore, who is skillfully leading leadership and a compelling our courts through an unprec- message, the women’s rights edented public health crisis and movement would wait another who has been a fi erce advocate 72 years before securing the right for judicial excellence. Similarly of women to vote in our nation’s engaged in judicial leadership

PHOTOS COURTESY OF ALBANY LAW SCHOOL SCHOOL OF ALBANY LAW PHOTOS COURTESY elections. Along the way, women are the Chief Judges of both the began to break down the barri- Southern and Eastern Districts ers that had been erected against of New York, Colleen McMahon them. In 1885, Kate Stoneman and Roslynn Mauskopf. Katherine ‘Kate’ Stoneman The fi rst woman to serve on (1841-1925), top photo, was an became the fi rst woman to pass early 20th-century suff ragist and the New York Bar Examination my own court was Geraldine the fi rst woman admitted to the but was initially denied admis- Eiber, appointed in 1984. Justice Gov. David Hill signed the bill and an order was entered into the General Term admitting Katherine Stone- bar Association in the State of sion because of her gender. How- Eiber was joined shortly there- man to practice. The Supreme Court decision dated May 22, 1886, reads, “in the matter of the new york. 12 years after her ad- ever, the Legislature passed, and after by Sondra Miller, who was application of Kate Stoneman for admission as attorney and counsel. Application denied. Opinion by mission to the bar, which was an- Gov. David B. Hill signed, a law one of the fi rst women to gradu- ate from Harvard Law School and Landon, J. The Code being thereafter amended the application was renewed and granted.” Stoneman was nounced in The New York Times, allowing women to practice law, and Ms. Stoneman was admitted. who has played such a vital role 45 years old. Source: https://history.nycourts.gov. above, Stoneman went on to study law formally at the Albany At the turn of the century, Helen in the development of New York’s In re Application of Stoneman, 40 Hun 638 Normal School (now University z.M. Rodgers of Buffalo became family law. Our court was privi- (App. Div. 1886) of Albany, SUny), at left. the fi rst woman to argue a case leged to have as our Presiding before our Court of Appeals. She Justice the amazing A. Gail Pru- participated in many appeals and denti, who later became Chief served as the Chair of the Com- Administrative Judge and Dean mittee on Suffrage and Qualifi ca- of Hofstra Law School. Our court tions for Offi ce of the 1938 New presently has a near majority of The Women’s Vote: A Long Journey York Constitutional Convention. women—10 of 21 Justices are Those who advocated for women—and it is not unusual for women’s suffrage were confront- a panel to have a female majority and decision-making. They dem- the reformation of other aspects ed with widespread and deeply and, at times, even to be exclu- Elizabeth A. Garry onstrated—contrary to what was of women’s treatment in public and entrenched beliefs underlying sively female. We are incredibly often claimed—that “natural law” private life. Advocates for this bold the proposition that women fortunate to have both Ruth Presiding Justice did not require the degradation position recognized that the ability were unsuited for involvement in Balkin and Cheryl Chambers as Appellate Division, and disenfranchisement of women. to vote would empower women in political matters. Having become members of our constitutional Third Department See Oneida Indian Nation, Inspiring a unique and fundamental way, by more involved in the economy court, with Justice Chambers Women’s Rights: Haudenosaunee bringing their voices to bear upon because of joining the workforce being the first female of color Life Stimulates Historical Move- legislation and other government in larger numbers during World to have attained that position. ment. action. War I, women were at last able to They, together with Justice Sheri Participants at the Convention Some women also fought in the overcome these pervasive beliefs Roman, regularly participate as took up a number of issues relat- courts for their right to cast a bal- and achieve the required majori- justices presiding over our court n Aug. 18, 1920, the 19th I am also mindful that my own ed to the role of women in social, lot. In 1872, Susan B. Anthony and ties in Congress and the state sessions. OAmendment to the United campaign is occurring in the region religious and civil matters. They 14 other women registered to vote, legislatures for a constitutional While progress has made, States Constitution was ratifi ed. immediately adjoining what is issued a Declaration of Sentiments threatening the registrars with liti- amendment. We can only imag- there is much more to do. While After many decades of advocacy often considered the birthplace of containing 11 resolutions. The res- gation if they were turned away. ine the sense of accomplishment women now represent approxi- and struggle, women nationwide the women’s suffrage movement. olution relating to women’s right Anthony argued that Section 1 of that Kate Stoneman had when mately 50% of the student body were fi nally granted the right to Some of the key leaders would fre- to vote was added last, and it was the recently passed Fourteenth she served as a poll watcher in in our nation’s law schools, the vote. As we celebrate this mile- quently gather in Madison County, regarded as among the most radi- Amendment—which declared all the Albany city elections in 1918 National Association of Women stone, 100 years later, I am par- where I served as a trial judge; cal and controversial. This resolu- persons born or naturalized in the and saw women voting. Judges and the National Women’s ticularly aware of the importance in 1848, the famed Seneca Falls tion was the subject of consider- United States to be citizens whose The adoption of the 19th Law Center have reported that, of women’s suffrage—and vot- Convention took place within 100 able conversation and debate, even privileges and immunities were Amendment established the at both the state and federal lev- ing generally—as I am currently miles of my current home cham- within the convention. See The not to be abridged—guaranteed status of women as participants els, less than 35% of American campaigning for reelection to my bers in Chenango County, N.Y. The Birth of the Women’s Rights Move- women, as citizens, the right to in our country’s democratic pro- judges are women. In the private role as a Justice of the Supreme Convention planners, including ment in Seneca County. Although vote. The 15 women voted in the cesses. Now that women were sector, the landscape for wom- Court. It has, once again, been a such notable leaders as Lucretia some participants considered the Nov. 5, 1872 election, and were permitted to be involved in en’s equality remains particu- fascinating and challenging pro- Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and pursuit of the electoral franchise promptly arrested, together with choosing their leaders, women larly challenging. Glass ceilings cess. Before the current crisis were inspired so extreme as to undermine other the offi cials who had registered began to assert their right to remain in place, and equal pay began, I enjoyed meeting my many by women of the Haudenosaunee elements of their platform, Stanton them. Anthony’s trial was sched- be leaders. No doubt because for equal work—a proposition neighbors as I sought to convince (also known as the Iroquois) Con- stood fi rm in her conviction that uled to begin in Monroe County, women had the right to vote, that seems beyond any possible them to entrust me with their federacy. These native women par- the right to vote was wholly nec- where she lived. However, before elected offi cials began to appoint question—remains surprisingly vote. ticipated in all aspects of society essary, a condition precedent to the trial, she spoke pub- » Page 12 women to important positions elusive. » Page 12 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY

In the years leading up to the passage of the 19th Amendment, Carnegie Hall, above, hosted over two dozen events relating to women’s suff rage. In 1918, the national Woman’s Party held a meeting at the hall. At right are suff ragists marching in new york City in 1915. At far right, Women’s Suff rage Party fl yer.

On June 16, 1919, new york voted to ratify the 19th Amendment. by August 1920, 36 states ratifi ed the amendment and it became part of the U.S. Constitution across the OF CONGRESS LIBRARY MUSEUM COLLECTION OF CHICAGO HISTORY COURTESY country. Battle for the 19th Amendment Passed by U.S. Congress June 4, 1919, and rati ed on Aug. 18, 1920, Passed by U.S. Congress June 4, 1919, and rati ed on Aug. 18, 1920, the 19th amendment granted women the right to vote, BBaatttttlhele e1 9f thfo aomrer nt dtmhhenete g r1 a1nt9e9d twthomh eAn A thmem rigehetn tno dvodtmem, eenntt 72 years after the struggle for women’s suffrage began. PaPsassesd7e 2db yyb eUya .USrs. S Ca. ofCtneogrn rgtehrsess sJsut rJnueng ge4 l, 4e1, 9f1o19r9 1w, 9ao, nmadne drna r’tsai stiuefdef rdoa ngo enA ubAgeu.g g1a. 8n1,. 8 1, 912902,0 , thteh e1 91t9ht ha mamenednmdmenetn gt rgarnatnetde dw womomene nth teh eri grihgth tto t ov ovtoet,e, 727 2y eyaerasr as fateftre trh teh est srutrgugglgel efo fro wr womomene’sn ’su s1fufrf8afrga3eg e7b eb geagna.n . E1A8RL3Y7 W OMAN SEAURFFLYR AWGOEM EAFFNO RTS SUFFRAGE EFFORTS 1Fir1s8t 8N3a3t7io7n al Female First National Female EAnAEtiRA-SLRlYaLv YeWr yWO SOMocMiAetNAy N Co nvention Anti-Slavery Society Convention SmUeSeFUtsFF iRFn ARNGAewEG YEEo FrEkF FCOFitORy.TRSTS meets in New York City. FEirgFshitr tsNyt- aNotniaoetni odanel alFele gFmaetamelsea le Eighty-one delegates AfrnoAtmni-t S1i-l2aS vlsaetvaryet erSyso Sacotietcetiyne tdCy.o Cnovnevnetniotnio n from 12 states attend. memeetse tisn iNn eNwe wYo Yrok rCki tCyi.ty. EigEhigthy-toy-noen dee dlegleagteaste s frofrmo m12 1 s2t asteaste ast taetntedn.d. 1844 F1IR8S4T 4UN ION OF Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) and FIRST UNION OF Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) and WOMEN WORKERS Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906)—New York WOMEN WORKERS Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906)—New York L1o1w8e8l4l F44em4 al e Labor Reform in pioneers in the women's suffrage movement. Lowell Female Labor Reform in pioneers in the women's suffrage movement. MFIaFRsIsSRaTcSh TuUs NUetNItsO IdONemN Oa OFnd Fs a ElPiEzhlaiozbateobt:he St Chma Cidtahyd sSoyt nSaintaatnno ntNo a(n1t i8(o11n85a1-l51 P-9o10r92t0r)a 2ai)tn adn d Massachusetts demands a Photo: Smithsonian National Portrait 1W0W-OhOoMuMEr wNEoN rWk WdOaORy, KRa EdKeREcrSReaSse SuSsuasna Bn. BA.n Atnhtohnoyn (y1 8(12802-01-910960)—6)N—eNwe wYo Yrok rk 10-hour work day, a decrease LfrooLwmoew ltleh Flele Fumesuamlaeal lL1ea2 Lb-ahoboro uRrre Rdfoearfyom. rI mnin in piopnioeneerse risn itnh teh we owmoemne'sn s'su sffurfafgraeg me omvoevmeemnetn. t. from the usual 12-hour day. In M18aM5s3asas, stchahecuh sLueostwteste tdlsle Fdmeamnadlnsed aLs aab or PhPohto:t oS:m Simthitshosnoiannia Nn aNtiaotnioanl aPlo Protrratirta it 1853, the Lowell Female Labor 1R0e1f-o0hr-omhuo rwu wro ownr oka r dksam dya, alyl, dabe adctertelcear eswaehs e n 1848 Reform won a small battle when ftrhoferm oM mtah stesh auecs huusausl ea1tl2 t1s- 2hc-ohuropru odrra adyta.i oIyn.n Isn FIRST W1OM8E4N8’S the Massachusetts corporations FIRST WOMEN’S 1re8d15u83c5, e3tdh, teth hLeeo Lwoeowlrlek Fldle aFmye tamole a1 lLe1a Lhbaoburo rsr . RIGHTS CONVENTION reduced the workday to 11 hours. RIGHTS CONVENTION ReRfoerfomr mw owno an sam samlla blla bttaltet lwe hwehne n Seneca Falls in N1e1w8 8Y4or4k8 is8 Seneca Falls in New York is thteh Me aMsasasscahcuhsuesttest tcso croproproatriaotniosn s the locationF fIFoRrI SRthTSe TW rWsOt OWMoMEmNEenN’S's’S the location for the rst Women's redreudcuecde tdh teh we owrokdrkadya tyo t1o1 1 h1o huorus.rs. RIRGIHGTHST SRCi gOChONtsNV CEVonNEvNTenITtOiIoONn.N Rights Convention. 1866 ElizSaebSneentchea c CFaaa dFllyas l Slisnt a iNnt eNowne wYwo Yrriokt eriks is 1866 Elizabeth Cady Stanton writes FIRST AMERICAN EQUAL th"Tteh leo clDoaectciaoltanior afnot irfoo tnrh teoh f eSr setnr sWtti moWmeonemtnse',s"n's FIRST AMERICAN EQUAL "The Declaration of Sentiments," RIGHTS ASSOCIATION creating the aRgiegRnhigdthsa t Csoo fCn wovnoevnmeteniontni'os.n. RIGHTS ASSOCIATION creating the agenda of women's activism for decades to come. E1li1z8ab86et6h6 C6 ad y Stanton and EliEzlaizbaebthet Cha Cdayd Syt Santatnonto wn rwitreistes Elizabeth Cady Stanton and activism for decades to come. SFuIFsRaISRn TSB .T AA nMAthMEoRnEyIR CfoIACrmNA N tEh eQE QUAULA L "T"hTeh De eDcelacrlatriaotnio onf oSfe Snetnimtiemnetns,t"s," Susan B. Anthony form the ARmIRGeIrHGicTHanST E SAq uSAaSSl ORSiOCghICtAsI TAITOIONN crecaretiantgin tgh teh aeg aegnednad oaf owf owmoemne'sn's American Equal Rights EAlsiEszloaizcbaieabttheiot Chna C(dAayEd SRytA Sa)nt, awtnohntoe anren a dpn edo ple acaticvtiisvmis mfo rfo dre dceacdaedse tso tcoo cmoem. e. Association (AERA), where people Sofu Ssauallsn ar aBnc. BeAs.n A tanhntodhn obyn ofyto hrf omgre mtnh dtehe ers join 1869 of all races and both genders join SPLIT IN W1OM8E6N9’S Atom Asemurpiecpraiocnra tEn uq Enuqiavule aRrlsi agRlhi gsthsu tfsfr age. SPLIT IN WOMEN’S to support universal suffrage. RIGHTS MOVEMENT AsAsosscoiactiiaotnio (nA E(AREAR),A w), hwehre rpee poepolep le RIGHTS MOVEMENT The Women’s Rights 1M1o8ve86me69nt9 of oafl la rlla craecse asn adn bdo btoht ghe gnednedrse rjso ijno in The Women’s Rights Movement splSitPsS iLPnItLToI tTIwN oIN Wfa cWOtioOMnMsE oNEvN’eSr’S to tsou spuppoprot rutn uivneivrsearsl aslu sffurfafgraeg. e. splits into two factions over a fuRnIRdGaIHGmTHenSTta SMl dMOisaVOgEVreMEemMEeNEnNTt: T 1870 a fundamental disagreement: R1A8TI7FI0CA TION OF ThTteh We oNWmeowemn Ye’son rR’ski -gRbhiagtshse tMds oNMvaoetvmioeemnnaetlnt the New York-based National RATIFICATION OF Wsposlmiptlasi ntisn Stinuof ttfowr atogw efoa Acfastiscootnicosina otsiv oenvrer FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT Woman Suffrage Association FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT a (faNu WnfudSnaAdm)a, emcnreetnaaltt aedldi sd baisgya rSgeueresmaeenmn Betn:. t: O1n18 Fe87b. 730 F0 ift eenth Amendment is (NWSA), created by Susan B. On Feb. 3 Fifteenth Amendment is thteh Ne eNAwen wYtho Yorokn-rybk -absnaedsd eE Ndli azNtaiaboteniotahnlal rRaAtRiTAeITdF,I IgFCrIaACnTAtiInTOgI ONvoN tOi nOFg Fri ghts to Anthony and Elizabeth rati ed, granting voting rights to WoCWmaodamyn aS Sntua Snffutrofafngra,e go Apes pAsoosssceoidact itiaohtneion FalIlF FmITFeETn EEwNEitNThoHTu HtA r eMAgMaErdNE tNDo MDraMcEeNE NTT Cady Stanton, opposed the 15th Amendment unless it also all men without regard to race (N(WNSWAS),A c)r, ecareteadte bdy b Syu Ssuasna Bn. B. OannOd Fn ce oFble.o b3r., F3ini fFctlieufetdenietnnhgt Ahfom Aremnedrnm dslemanveten ists. is 15th Amendment unless it also and color, including former slaves. gave woAmnAtenhnto htnhoyen a yrn iagdnh Edt l tiEzola ivzboaebttehe.th gave women the right to vote. ratriatei de, dg,r ganratnintgin vgo vtointgin rgi grhigths ttso to ThCeaC dBayod Ssyt oSantat-nobntaos, neo,dp o pApompsoesdrei ctdha ntehe The Boston-based American alla mll emne wn iwthitohuotu rte greagrdar tdo troa craec e 151 tW5hot Ahmm Aaemnn eSdnumdffemrnaetgn uet n Aulsenssloesc siista iattil osanolso Woman Suffrage Association anadn cdo clorl,o irn, cinlucdluindgin fgo rfomremr esrl asvlaevse. s. (gAa WgvaSev Awe) ,o wcmroeemante etndh tebh yrei gLruhigcth yt toS ttvooo nvteo,.te. (AWSA), created by Lucy Stone, He nTrh yTe Bh Belao Bcskotwosnteo-lnbl -absnaedsd eJ Audlm iAaem Wriecaraircndan Henry Blackwell and Julia Ward WH oWmwoeamn, ab Sneu lSifefuvrfaefgrdae gt Aheas Ast osascloila cmtiiaoetnion Howe, believed that all men s h(Ao W(uAlSdWA gS)e,A ct) r, techaret eardtige bhdy tb tLyou Lcvuyoc tSyet oSntrosent, e, should get the right to vote rst H eHnerny rByl Baclakcwk eawlnle dall nt ahdne Jdnu lJwiuaol iWma aWernda.rd and then women. H oHwoew, eb,e blieelvievde tdh taht aatl la mll emnen sh sohuoldu lgde gt etth teh rei grhigth tto tvoo vteo ter strst an adn tdh t1ehne 8wn ow7moem2ne.n. T1RI8AL7 O2F SUSAN B. ATNRTIHAOL NOYF SUSAN B. ANTHONY Susan B. Anthony is arr1es18te8d7 a7n2d2 Susan B. Anthony is arrested and brought to trial in RoTchRTeIRsAtIeLAr, LNO YOF, F brought to trial in Rochester, NY, Harper's magazine from 1867 SfUoSrSU aAtSteNAmN Bp t.Bi nA.g NA toNT vHToOtHe ONfoNYr Y Harper's magazine from 1867 for attempting to vote for depicting African Americans SuSsuasna Bn. BA.nU Atlnhytoshsneoysn i ysS .i asGr raearsnrettes idtne adtnh aden d depicting African Americans Ulysses S. Grant in the voting for the rst time. bprboreruosguihdgteh nttot i tatorl i taerlil aeinlc t iRinoo nRc.oh Acenhstethesort,e nNry, Y’Ns, Y, voting for the rst time. presidential election. Anthony’s HEanHrgparreaprv'esinr m'sg ambgyaa gAzailnfzreien dfer oRfrm. oW m1a8 u16d87.67 penaltfyo wrfo arst ta ettomte ppmatypin tagin $tgo1 t0vo0o v teon tfeo —rfo r Engraving by Alfred R. Waud. penalty was to pay a $100 ne— dedpeicptiicntgin Agf Arifcraicna Anm Aemriecraicnasn s which sheU nlUyeslvyseesrs ep Ssa. iSGd. rGanradtn intn e itnvhe terh e which she never paid and never vovtointgin fgo rfo trh teh er str stti mtiem. e. prpesreidseidnetniatli aell eclseteicrotvnieo. dnA .n jAatinhl tothnimoyn’esy .’s served jail time. EnEgnrgavrainvgin bgy b Ayl Afrlefdre Rd. RW. aWuadu.d. pepneanltayl twy awsa tso tpoa pya ay $a1 $0100 0n en—e— 1878 whwichhic shh seh nee nvevr epra pida iadn adn nde nvevr er 1878 sesrveervde jda ijla tili mtiem. e. INTRODUCTION OINFT TRHOED WUCOTMIOANN nylj.com | 1SOU1F8F T8F7HR7E8A 8GW E OMAN FRIday, May 1, 2020 | 11 ASUMFEFNRDAMGENT AINMINTERTNORDODMUDECUNTCITOIONN AO WOF oFTm HTanEH SEWu fWfOraOMgeMA ANAmN en dment A Woman Suffrage Amendment iSs USprFUoFpFRoFsARedGA iEGn Ethe U.S. Congress. is proposed in the U.S. Congress. Voting and Jury Service: WAMhAeMEn NtEhNDe MD19MEthNE ANTmTendment When the 19th Amendment BattleAp a WAsfor soWemso amfonar Snt yu -Sthefofurnfafegr ayege Aeam rAs em lna edtnemdr,emnetnt passes forty-one years later, ist ipsr pworpooorpdsoesde idenx itanhc tethl yUe t.SUh.e. SC .so Canomgnrege asres.ss. Our Duty and Privilege it is worded exactly the same as WthhWise h1ne8 tn7h 8teh A1em9 1te9hnt Ahdm Aemnedtn.mdemnetnt 19th Amendmentthis 1878 Amendment. papsasesse fso rfotyr-toy-noen yee yaersa rlsa tleart,er, The timeline continues from page 9. Gerald J. Whalen it its iws owrodredde edx eaxcatlcyt ltyh teh sea smaem aes as thtish i1s8 17887 A8m Aemnednmdemnetn. t. Presiding Justice 1890 Appellate Division, “The woman who dared” on the 1890 Fourth Department “The woman who dared” on the MERGER OF TWO cover of The Daily Graphic, 1873. MERGER OF TWO cover of The Daily Graphic, 1873. SUFFRAGE Illustration by Thomas Wust SUFFRAGE Illustration by Thomas Wust 1M1O8V89E9M00E N TS “T“hTeh we owmoamna wn hwoh doa dreadre” do”n o tnh teh e MOVEMENTS Harriet MMEREGREGRE RO OF FT WTWOO cocvoevr eorf oTfh Teh De aDilayi lGy rGaprahpich, i1c,8 17837. 3. NWSA and AWSA are reunited as was recently called for jury duty of the United States, taking steps Tubman SNWUSSFUAFF aRFnARd GAAWEG SEA are reunited as Iand had the honor to be chosen toward establishing their place in IllIulslutrsattriaotnio bny b Tyh Tohmoamsa Ws uWsutst the National American Woman and take my place in the box as the reciprocal relationship between the National American Woman 1896 SMuMOffrVOagEVeM EAMsEsNoEcNTiaSTtioSn (NAWSA) juror number eight. Although I had the people and the government Harriet TubmanFIRST (1822-1913),ASSOC1IA8 Tof9I Auburn,O6N N.Y. Suffrage Association (NAWSA) worked as a trial attorney arguing that is at the heart of our consti- NunWNdSWeArS taAhn ead nl AedaW AdSWeArSs aAhr ieap r reoe fur enuitneidte ads a s FIRST ASSOCIATION under the leadership of before juries, presided as a judge tutional order. However, the 19th OF COLORED WOMEN tEhlitezh aNeb aNettiahot niCoaanld aAylm ASemtariencrtaiocnna W.n T oWhmeo amna n over numerous jury trials, and have Amendment, standing on its own, OF COLORED WOMEN Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The Mary Chu1rc1h8 T8e9rr9e6ll6, SAumSffeurrfaifcgraegn Ae Fs Aesosdsceoiracatitiaiootnino (noN f(A NLWaAbSWoASr) A) considered selection and numer- did not immediately guarantee full Mary Church Terrell, American Federation of Labor ous other jury issues as an appel- participation for women, inasmuch FIFRIIdSRaT SB T.A W SAeSlSlsOS-BOCaICrAnIeTAtItT OaInONdN udenucdnleadrr eetrhs tesh uleep alpedoaerdrts efhrosirph a iop wf oof man Ida B. Wells-Barnett and declares support for a woman late justice, I had never before actu- as true citizenship speaks not only OfoOFrm FCe OrC sOLlaOLvORe HERaDErr DiWe tW OTuOMbmMEaNEnN EsuliEfzflariazbagebethe at Cmha eCdnayd Smyt Saentattno. nto. nT.h Teh e ally been called to serve on a jury of rights and status but also the former slave Harriet Tubman suffrage amendment. form the National Association of A myAeemarirec reaiacnar lFnie Frd,e eJdaraentreiao Atnido odnfa omLfa sLb aobnro dr myself. The experience reminded duties and obligations between MaMrya rCyh Cuhruchrc The Trreerlrle,ll, A year earlier, Jane Addams and form the National Association of Ellen Gates Starr establish me that a foundational pillar of our the citizens and the government. CoIdloaIrd eBad. B WW. eWolmlesl-elBsn-a B(rNnarAentCteW tat)n —adnd dedcelacrleasre ssu spuppoprot rfto rfo ar wa owmoamna n Colored Women (NACW)— Ellen Gates Starr establish judicial system is citizen participa- The Supreme Court did not fully the largest federation of local sHuusflfulr faHfgroaeug aseem a, emthneedn mdremsnte ton. ft .many tion. It is through individual ser- acknowledge the necessity that forfomremr esrl asvlaev He aHrrairerti eTtu Tbumbamnan Hull House, the rst of many the largest federation of local settlement houses that vice that the “community judgment women should also be jurors until forfomr mth teh Ne aNbtliaoatcniokan lw aAols mAsosescnoia’cst iicaoltuniob onsf .of A yAe yaer aera erlairelri,e Jra, nJaen Aed Addadmasm asn adn d black women’s clubs. settlement houses that [may be] represented by the jury in 55 years after women were granted EenllEcelonleu Gnra aGgteast ae Slslt Sacrtoral rleers geteas-btealidbsulhics hat ed CoClorloedre Wd oWmoemne (nN (ANCAWC)W—)— encourage all college-educated criminal trials.” Taylor v. Louisiana, the right to vote, when it struck HwuoHlmlu Helln oH utoosue hs, aethv, teh cear sretr seotrf s om f amnayn y 419 U.S. 522, 535 (1975). Indeed, down a Louisiana law that auto- thteh lea rlgaregset sfte dfeedraetriaotnio onf olfo cloaclal women to have careers sine ststeoltectmliaeelm nweton hrtko h.uosuese tsh taht at the Supreme Court has acknowl- matically exempted women from blabclakc wk owm1oemn9e’sn c0’sl uc3blusb. s. in social work. edged that, “with the exception of jury service. Taylor v. Louisiana, 1903 enecnocuoruagraeg ael la cllo clloelgleeg-e-deudcuacteadte d voting, for most citizens the honor 419 U.S. at 531. FIRST NATIONAL wowmoemne tno thoa hvaev cea creaererse rs and privilege of jury duty is their The recent unprecedented FIRST NATIONAL most significant opportunity to par- events have many of us consider- ASSOCIATION in isno scoiacli awl owrok.rk. ASSOCIATION 1912 ticipate in the democratic process.” ing our obligations to each other DEDICA1T19ED90 T03O3 1912 Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 401, 407 more than ever before. As we ORGAFNIFRDISZRETISDN TINGC NA AWTATITOEOIDMON TENAONLAL FIRST NATIONAL (1991). battle the spread of novel coro- ORGANIZING WOMEN PFIORLSITT INCATLI POANRATLY TO This of course brings us to the navirus, I am reminded of how ASASSWOSOCICRAIKTAEITORIONSN POLITICAL PARTY TO topic we are celebrating today. important it is that we exercise DEDDEIDWCIAOCTARETKDEE DTR OTSO 1AD19O91P1T2 A2 WOMEN’S Voting, like jury service, is also our duties and responsibilities Mary Dreier, Rheta Childe Dorr, ADOPT A WOMEN’S a fundamental necessity of our as citizens and community mem- Mary Dreier, Rheta Childe Dorr, SFIUFRFISRFTSR TAN GNAETA ITPOIRONONAGLAR LA M LeonOoORraGR OAG’RNAeiNIllZyI,I ZaNnINGd GoWt hWOerOMs fMoErNmEN SUFFRAGE PROGRAM society as well as an avenue for bers to protect each other and Leonora O’Reilly, and others form the Women’s Trade UWnWOionOR LKReEKagREuSRe S TPhOPeoOLdILoTIrIeTC RIACooLAs LePv APelRAt’sTR PYTr oYTg OrTeO ssi ve individual voices to be heard. Thus, to protect the rule of law. At the the Women’s Trade Union League Theodore Roosevelt’s Progressive these two acts, voting and jury ser- time I am writing this, we have all (WTUL) of New York, few months (ABDuAlODl MOPoTPo sTAe / ARWe WpOuOMblMiEcaNEnN’)S P’ aSr ty MaMrya rDy rDeireri,e Rr,h Rehtae tCah Cilhdield De oDror,rr, (Bull Moose/Republican) Party vice, are our duty and privilege as been advised to stay in our homes (WTUL) of New York, few months SbeUScoFUmFFeRFsA RthGAeEG ErPs tRP nORatOGioRGnaARl MAM LeLoenoonroa rOa ’ROae’Rfitleelyirl, lWay,n TadnU odLt ohiste hfrose rrfmso rf—omr m citizens. Women were denied that unless our work is essential, to after WTUL is form— becomes the rst national an organization of middle- and TpohTleihoteidcooadlr oep raRero tRoyo stoeosv eavdlteo’slpt P’ts r aoP rgworogemsreseisvsnei’vs e duty and privilege, and our society keep physically distant from those thteh We oWmoemne’sn T’sr aTdraed Ue nUionnio Lne Laegaugeu e political party to adopt a women’s outside our immediate household, an organization of middle- and suffrage plank. was denied their necessary voice, (Ww(ToWrUTkLiUn) Lgo)-f c oNlfa eNswse wYo oYrmok,r ekfne, w fde ewmd omicnaottnhetsdh s (Bu(Bllu Mll oMoosoes/Re/eRpeupbulibclaicna) nP)a Prtayr ty for far too long. The passage of the and to work together to “flatten working-class women dedicated suffrage plank. to unionizinagfta ewfrto eWmr TWeUnTL Ua inLsd if sog rfiomvri—nmg — bebceocmoemse tsh teh er str snta ntiaotnioanl al 19th Amendment in 1920 resulted the curve” and reduce the spread to unionizing women and giving in the largest grant of voting rights of a pandemic. The steps we are all ana onr ogwragnoaimznaieztniao ttniho eon f r oimgf himdtd itdloed -lv eoa-nt eadn. d popliotliictaicl apla prtayr ttyo taod aodpotp at wa owmoemne’sn ’s women the right to vote. since our nation’s founding. This taking to deal with COVID-19 are wowrokirnkgin-gcl-acslas sws owmoemne dne ddeicdaicteadted susffurfafgraeg pel apnlakn. k. year we commemorate that grant, dramatic. It is through our indi- to tuon uionnioizniinzgin wg owmoemne ann adn gdi vgiinvging 1913 in which fully half of eligible vot- vidual efforts—doing our duty to R1A9D1ICA3L ORGANIZATION ers, who had long fought for equal- follow the advice of public health wowmoemne tnh teh rei grhigth tto tvoo vteo.te. RADICAL ORGANIZATION ity, were finally granted the civil officials and thereby slow, and OF SUFFRAGISTS rights that placed them closer eventually stop, the spread of this OF SUFFRAGISTS to equal footing with their male virus—that we will find the fastest A1l1ic9e9 P1a1u3l 3and Lucy Burns counterparts. As women gained path to recovery and normalcy. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns oRrARgaDAnIDizCeIA CthLAe LO C oORnGRgrAGeNsAsNiIoZnIAZaTlAITOIONN the right to vote, they were able But we cannot find that path if only organize the Congressional some of the people fol- Page 12 UOnOFio FSn USfoFUr FWFRFomARGaAnIG SSIuTSfSfTraSge to contribute more fully as citizens » Union for Woman Suffrage A(ClUAicl eioc rPe aC PuUalW ualnS a)d—n Ldlua Lctueyc rB yku nBrounwrsnns as (CU or CUWS)—later known as othroge raNgnaiznteiioz tneha telh WCeo oCnmognargensr’ses isPosanioratnyla. l the National Woman’s Party. UThnUeionsneio mfno erfo mWr boWemorsam nua sSneu dSf fuhrfaufgrnaeggeer These members used hunger (sCtrU(iCk Uoers o CarU nCdWU pSWi)c—Sk)le—att letahrt ekrn konwonw ans as strikes and picket the Members of the WTUL of tWhhtehi tNee a NHtiaotuniosanel a,W al moWmonamnga’ son Pt’sha Pertaryr.ty. COVID-19 Must Members of the WTUL of White House, among other New York pose in 1910 with a TfohrTemhses s omef emcmievbmile bdrseis ruossb ueesdde ihdeu nhncugen,e gtroer New York pose in 1910 with a forms of civil disobedience, to banner calling for the 8 hour day. sptursbitklreiicksie zasen adtnh pdei cpskuicefkftr eatthg teeh ecause. banner calling for the 8 hour day. publicize the suffrage cause. Not Be Allowed PhotMo:eM Tmehbmee bKrseh reosef olt fhC teh nWet eTWrU TfLoU roL Lf oafb or WhWithei tHe oHuosues, ea,m aomnogn ogt ohtehrer Photo: The Kheel Center for Labor NeNwe wYo Yrok rpko psoes ien i1n9 11901 w0 iwthit ah a forfomrsm osf ocfi vciilv dili sdoisboebdeiedniecnec, eto, to babnannenr ecra cllainllgin fgo rfo trh teh 8e h8o huoru dra dya. y. pupbulibcliizceiz teh teh seu sffurfafgraeg cea cuasues. e. To Interfere With Our PhPohto:t oT:h Teh Ke hKeheel eCle Cnet1nert e9fro rfo1 Lra L6baobror FIRST W1O9M1AN6 Right To Vote FIRSTT WO OHMOALND FEDERATLO1 O 1H9FO9F1LI1CD6E 6 FEDERAL OFFICE Henry M. Greenberg JeannetteF RIFRaInSRkTiSn T Wo fW OMOMonMAtaNAnaN Jeannette Rankin of Montana President becomes the TrsOTt AO Hm OHerOLicDaLn D becomes the rst American New York State woman eleFctEFeDdE tEDoR EthAReLA U LO.S OF. HFFoIFuCsIEeC E woman elected to the U.S. House Bar Association JeoaJfen aRnneenptteret tsReea nRntakanitnikv ioenfs o. MWf oMhnioltena ntianan a of Representatives. While in bebCceocmnogemrsee stshs ,te hs heer s tirn sAtrm Aoemdruiecreaicnda n Congress, she introduced wowmoamnla eengl iesclletaectdtioe tndo t thoha teth Uev .SUe.n. SHt.u oHauolslueys e legislation that eventually becaomf oeRf e tRpherepe 1sre9sntehtna Ctiaovtneivset. iWst.u hWtiloheni liaenl in became the 19th Constitutional he purpose of Law Day is to access to the ballot box has mani- CoCnognrgesres,s sh, seAh imen teinrnotdrdomudceuencdte .d Amendment. Tcelebrate the rule of law and fested itself in a variety of ways, legleisgliastliaotnio tnh taht aetv evnetnutaullayl ly Jeannette Rankin speaking Jeannette Rankin speaking rededicate ourselves to uphold- including voter identification laws, bebceacmaem teh teh 1e9 1t9ht Cho Cnosntisttuituiotnioanl al from the balcony of the NAWSA in 1917. ing it. The importance of that reducing voting opportunities, and from the balcony of the NAWSA in 1917. exercise has never been greater gerrymandering. The cumulative AmAemnednmdemnetn. t. Photo: Library of Congress 1917 Photo: Library of Congress than at this moment, as the global impact of these measures is the 1917 JeaJenannentteet tRea Rnaknink isnp sepaekainkgin g pandemic upending our lives has disenfranchisement of eligible vot- WOMEN WIN THE RIGHT frofrmo mth teh bea blcaolcnoyn oyf otfh teh Ne ANWASWAS iAn i1n9 11971. 7. placed unprecedented strain on the ers, especially the poor and racial WTOOM VEONT WE IN TNHEEW R YIOGRHKT courts and other institutions upon minorities. TO VOTE IN NEW YORK PhPohto:t oL:i bLribarya royf oCfo Cnognrgesresss which our freedom and prosperity The greatest, current threat On Nov. 6th New1 Y1o9rk9 1St1a7te7 1920 depend. to voting rights is not manmade, On Nov. 6th New York State 1920 It is fitting that this year’s Law however; it is the pandemic. If we WgWrOanOMtsME wNEoN mW eWnIN tIhN Te HrTigEHh EtR t oIRG vIHoGtTHe,T RATIFICATION OF THE grants women the right to vote, RATIFICATION OF THE Day’s theme is Your Vote, Your are still cloistered in our homes TOTO V OVoTOneET o EIfN tIhN eN NErWsEt Wt oY OdYoOR sKRo.K 19TH AMENDMENT Voice, Our Democracy: The 19th this November, it raises questions one of the rst to do so. 19TH AMENDMENT Amendment at 100. That trans- about whether we can safely and By theO tinOm Nne o Ntvho. e6v .t w6hot Nhm eNewne w’Yso sYruokf rSfkrt aSagtea te 11992200 By the time the women’s suffrage The 19th Amendment is rati ed formative constitutional amend- securely conduct elections for a agmrgaenrantnsd tmws eownmote minse ptnha teshs rei gdrh,i g1th 5tto s ttvoao tvteeos,te, RThAReT A1IT9FtIhIFC AIACmTAeITnOdImONeN On tOF is F Tr aHTtiEHe Ed amendment is passed, 15 states on Aug. 18. After the victory ment, ratified in 1920, guaranteed wide range of positions—from local across the country have on Aug. 18. After the victory onoen oef otfh teh er str stto tdoo d soo s.o. 1is 91acT9coHTm HAp lMAisMhEeNEd,ND thMDe MENANEWNTSTA all women the right to vote. It was school board members to the Presi- across the country have then, and remains today, the largest dent of the United States. It remains ByB tyh teh tei mtiemf utelhl t esh uwef ofwrmaogemene, ’san ns’sud sf fmurfaofgrraeg e is accomplished, the NAWSA full suffrage, and more TcehTaehs e1es9 1 tt9hot Ahexm Aisemtn ebdnumdte mintest n its irsa triatei de d simultaneous enfranchisement in fundamentally unclear whether our amaemnednmdemnhetan ivts e ips pa pasasrtesisdae,l d1s,5u 1 fs5frt asgteaest.es ceases to exist but its have partial suffrage. onrog Anaun Agizu. ag1t.8 i1o. 8nA. f bAteefrtc eotrhm tehe vesi ctvhtiocert oy ry our nation’s history. voting laws and election systems organization becomes the acarocrsos stsh teh ceo cuonutnryt rhya hvaeve nucleus of the League of Women The journey to this watershed can meet the challenge present- is iasc acoccmopmlipslhisehde, dth, teh Ne ANWASWAS A moment began right here in New ed by this unprecedented public fulflu sllu sffurfafgraeg, ea,n adn md omroere nucleus of the League of Women cVeocatesaerss e (tLsoW teoVx )ei—sxtia sb tnu batu tiito sin tsa l civic York at the Seneca Falls Convention health crisis. hahvaev pea prtairatli aslu sffurfafgraeg. e. Voters (LWV)—a national civic orogragnaiznaiztiaotnio btnhe bacteo cimso emfose rtmsh teh de t o of 1848. In fact, New York women As we struggle to determine the organization that is formed to secured the franchise three years right way forward, we can take les- nhuenlcpule cwulesou mosf e otnfh teha Lkee La aeg aulgaeru goeef orW fr oWlmeo emine n help women take a larger role in before it became a federal consti- sons from the past. In 1864, the VpouVtbeolritcse ra(sLf Wf(aLVWir)s—V a)a—ft neara n ttiahoteniyoa nwl acoli nvci ictvh ice tutional right. nation was deep in the throes of the public affairs after they won the orirgoghratgn atiozn aivztoiaottenio. tnh taht aits ifso rfomremde tdo to New Yorkers understand that Civil War, yet incumbent President right to vote. the right to vote forms the very Abraham Lincoln was determined hehlpe lwp owmoemne tna ktaek ae laa rlgaregr erro rleo lien in basis of our democracy. It is our to go forward with the scheduled pupbulibcl iacf faafifrasi rasf taefrt etrh tehye wy owno tnh teh e most precious right because it is election that would decide his fate rigrhigth tto tvoo vteo.te. preservative of all other rights. in the White House. Without the right to vote, even the “The election was a necessity,” most fundamental rights would be Lincoln later said, though he had Suffragists casting votes illusory. When constituents elect feared defeat as the young nation Suffragists casting votes their representatives, they affirm engaged in the bloodiest conflict in in New York City after the passage principles of self-governance and its history. He explained: “We can- in New York City after the passage of the 19th Amendment. freedom. not have free government without of the 19th Amendment. The right to vote is held dear in elections; and if the rebellion could PShuoSftfurofa:f grLaiisgbtirssa tcrsya c soatfisn tCgion vngog vtreostse ss Photo: Library of Congress New York, but that is unfortunately force us to forego, or postpone a in iNn eNwe wYo Yrok rCki tCyi tayf taefrt etrh teh pea psasassgaeg e not the case in a growing number of national election, it might fairly of otfh teh 1e9 1t9ht Ahm Aemnednmdemnetn. t. states that are experiencing a voter claim to have already conquered suppression crisis. The assault on and ruined us.” PhPohto:t oL:i bLribarSyao royuf r oCcfeo C:n oAgnsrsgeesrmessbslyman N. Nick Perry, District 58, N.Y., and other sources Source: Assemblyman N. Nick Perry, District 58, N.Y., and other sources That moment in history—at a Timeline compiled and designed by Monika Kozak time when America was so deeply Henry M. Greenberg is a shareholder divided—arguably provided as of Greenberg Traurig. compelling case as » Page 12 SoSuorucerc: eA:s Asessmebmlybmlyamna Nn . NN. iNckic Pke Prreyr,r Dy, iDstirsitcrti c5t8 5, 8N, .NY..,Y a.,n adn odt ohtehr esro suorucercses 12 | FRIday, May 1, 2020 | nylj.com

A unanimous Supreme Court held in Reed v. Reed that the preferences established in favor of males were “the very kind of arbitrary legisla- tive choice forbidden by the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” The remaining hero in the story of Reed v. Reed is then- attorney, now Supreme Court Justice , at right. Reed opened the floodgates for subse- quent Supreme Court decisions that struck down acts of gender discrimination. Below, Women’s Lib- eration March from Farrugut Square to Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C., in 1970. H andschuh D avid A ndrew H arrer /B loomberg

The current 116th Congress set a record with 131 women seated in the House and Senate—nearly a quarter of those serving. Both at the 2019 and 2020 state of the union addresses, above, female members of the congress wore suffragette white—the color of choice referring to a century-old history of women working to gain ground in American politics. This year’s elections are being dramati- cally challenged by the corona- virus outbreak. At left, election workers wearing face masks count z/AP J ulio C orte of C ongress L ibrary ballots outside a voting center in Maryland.

tion (not constitutionally required) 1970s, then-attorney Ruth Bader women to equality under the law demic has not run its course by Acosta was imposed. The deadline, once Ginsburg led the legal team who are among these rights. DiFiore the scheduled primary and gen- extended, expired in 1982 with only convinced the Supreme Court While the ERA has yet to be eral election dates. If current « Continued from page 10 35 of the requisite 38 states having that women were entitled to equal incorporated into the U.S. Con- « Continued from page 9 social distancing policies are still years later, ratification of the 19th voted for ratification (supra). This protection under the law. Reed v. stitution, 25 states have adopted to elect competent national and in effect in November, it may be Amendment added the following past January the ERA reached the Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971). Yet, 14th their own amendments. New York local leaders who will be charged dangerous to have voters stand- provision to the U.S. Constitution: 38-state ratification threshold when Amendment precedents are not a was one of the first states to ratify with guiding our nation’s recov- ing on lines at polling stations or “The right of citizens of the United Virginia voted to ratify the amend- substitute for an ERA. They have the proposed federal ERA in 1972, ery and implementing safe, smart interacting with poll workers at States to vote shall not be denied ment. The Department of Justice, applied a lower level of scrutiny to but has yet to pass a state ERA. and effective policies to restart close quarters. We must prepare or abridged by the United States however, has taken the position sex-based discrimination than is Given the uncertain future of the our stalled economy and prevent contingency plans now and iden- or by any State on account of sex.” that the post-deadline votes of Vir- applied to discrimination based on ERA as an amendment to the U.S. future outbreaks of this devas- tify any amendments in the laws, This passage contains the only ref- ginia and two other states (Nevada race. See Twentieth Annual Review Constitution, women’s rights need tating virus. We must make good rules and voting procedures that erence to women (albeit indirectly in March 2017 and Illinois in May of Gender and The Law: Annual to be protected under the New York choices, of course, but more will be necessary to ensure reli- by using the word “sex”) in the U.S. 2018) do not count. Memorandum Review Article: Single-Sex Educa- Constitution. importantly we must make sure able alternative voting methods Constitution. for the General Counsel National tion, 20 Geo. J. Gender & L. 509 Governor Cuomo recently that our elections are free from in the event that in-person voting With the voting barrier finally Archives and Records Adminis- (2019). Further, the viability of even announced a broad proposal to foreign interference, that every is not practicable. broken in 1920, one might have tration, Ratification of the Equal Supreme Court precedents protec- pass “the first-in-the-nation inclu- person will be able to exercise This year of celebration of the expected that acknowledgement Rights Amendment (Jan. 6, 2020). tive of women’s rights are depen- sive Equal Rights Amendment to his or her right to vote and 100th anniversary of the 19th of equal rights for women would To further complicate the issue, dent on the evolving composition establish sex, ethnicity, national that our election systems will Amendment is likely to be remem- not be far behind. Any such expec- five states (Kentucky, Nebraska, of the Court. Notably, no lesser origin, age, disability, sexual ori- be in a position to count every bered as the year of the coronavi- tation was sadly misplaced. Just as Idaho, Tennessee and South Dako- authority on originalist interpreta- entation and gender identity as pro- vote cast. rus pandemic, which has caused the passage of the 14th and 15th ta) have purported to rescind their tion than Justice Scalia argued that tected classes.” Governor Cuomo In the coming weeks and unprecedented societal and eco- amendments did not mark the end earlier ratification votes. Supreme the Constitution does not prohibit Unveils 20th Proposal of 2020 State months, members of our legal nomic disruption. Our ability to of racial discrimination, the pas- Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg discrimination on the basis of sex of the State: Passing the First-in- profession will be called upon to recover from this shock and sage of the 19th Amendment did has opined that efforts to add the and that outlawing discrimination the-Nation Inclusive Equal Rights play a very urgent role—ensur- quickly and safely return to the not herald a new era of equality ERA to the Constitution should must be done through the legisla- Amendment (Jan. 3, 2020). Amend- ing that Americans are not dis- normalcy we all crave will require among the sexes. start anew, given the uncertain- tive branch. Max Fisher, Scalia Says ing the Constitution requires that enfranchised during the ongoing wise leadership and sound, fact- Although first proposed to Con- ties created by the post-deadline Constitution Doesn’t Protect Women the amendment be passed by two public health emergency which based policy action on the part gress in 1923, the Equal Rights ratifications and rescissions. From Gender Discrimination, The consecutive legislatures and then potentially could disrupt our of our elected leaders. It will also Amendment (ERA) was not sent Marcia Coyle, RBG’s Remarks on Atlantic (Jan. 4 2001). approved by the electorate. That election schedule. While states require smooth and effective elec- to the states for ratification until Equal Rights Amendment Are Used To be sure, there are state and means you voters. have flexibility to move back tions in November. As members 1972. Its key provision set forth a Against Advocates in Court, NYLJ, federal statutes prohibiting sex So, allow me to end with a simple their primary election dates of the Bar who swore an oath to simple, but fundamental, propo- Feb. 24, 2020 at 2, col 1. discrimination, but they can be but fervent word of advice to men (New York has already done uphold the Constitution, we have sition: “Equality of rights under Some have questioned the need repealed or narrowly construed. and women of this great state (but so to June 23, 2020), the 20th an obligation to lead the way in the law shall not be denied or for the ERA in light of Supreme Some rights are too fundamental especially women) on the 100th Amendment to the United States preserving the cherished right abridged by the United States or Court precedents that did, even- to a just society to be left to the birthday of the 19th Amendment: Constitution provides very little to vote in the midst of the ongo- by any state on account of sex.” tually, apply 14th Amendment vagaries of shifting courts and leg- You have the right to vote. Use it. flexibility to do so for the national ing public health emergency. By A seven-year deadline for ratifica- protections to women. In the early islatures, and certainly the rights of The future is in your hands. election. committing ourselves to this vital Now is the time for our law- goal, we will help our nation get makers and boards of elections back to normal and honor the to develop reliable plans to carry suffragettes who fought so long eligibility could not possibly vio- as a bridge too far. It was more than ourselves in the midst of an unprec- out our elections on time in the and hard to secure the precious Garry late the Constitution of the United 70 years after the Seneca Falls Con- edented pandemic, the response event that the coronavirus pan- right to vote. States. Over her attorney’s objec- vention that women nationwide to which has required extensive « Continued from page 10 tion, the judge directed the jury to finally won this precious right. coordination and extraordinary licly in every corner of her county find Anthony guilty. She refused And even after the ratification of leadership by our government offi- about her arrest and women’s dis- to pay the penalty imposed, and the 19th Amendment, legal and cials at every level. We pause dur- The 19th Amendment gave satisfaction with a government that was released by the court. See practical impediments such as Jim ing these challenging and uncer- Scheinkman women the right to vote, which treated them as one “half of people Great American Trials, [Edward Crow laws and citizenship restric- tain times to celebrate women’s was critical in the advancement left wholly at the mercy of the other W. Knappman, Editor] [1994]). It tions have prevented many people suffrage as one of the pillars of « Continued from page 10 of women’s rights, but did not, by half.” It was determined that her was 45 years later, in 1917, that of color and indigenous persons our democratic way of life, and a The reasons for the slow and itself, bring about complete gen- advocacy had “prejudiced” all New York finally granted women from voting. Although we have critically important milestone on unsteady progress toward the der equality. Civil rights legisla- potential jurors and the trial was the right to vote. Susan Anthony theoretically achieved universal our continuing journey toward a goal of equality over the past 172 tion on the federal, state and local moved to Canandaigua. At the and her many friends and sup- suffrage, obstacles to voting have more just and equal society. When years are complex, but it appears levels has created enforceable trial, the United States District porters never got to see their persisted. These include issues we must look to the government that certain persisting attitudes rights and has led to recompense Attorney simply presented proof wishes met. related to voter identification to navigate dire circumstances, about gender roles are a contrib- for discriminatory acts that have that she had voted, and that she Today, the notion that the fran- rules, the right of formerly incar- it serves as a dramatic reminder uting factor. The expectation that occurred; regular, consistent judi- was a woman, and rested his case. chise is a fundamental right and cerated persons to vote, racial of why our foremothers fought so women will assume most or all of cial enforcement of those rights Anthony’s attorney raised the one of the most important ways gerrymandering tactics that dilute mightily to be represented, and for the responsibility for raising chil- has undoubtedly served to deter injustice inherent in accusing a to participate in and transform our the electoral impact of certain com- their right to participate fully in dren and performing household at least some from perpetuat- woman of a crime that she could society seems so obvious that it munities, and other such laws and society. Our rights and freedoms, chores has not entirely disap- ing such acts. The adoption of not commit if she happened to be may be surprising to read that so policies put in place to limit the and our shared sense of commu- peared. Although the opportuni- remedial legislation, as well as a man. The judge held that the many Americans, including for- ability of individuals to partici- nity, will be a source of strength ties for women to pursue careers the appointment and election of right to vote arose from the State ward-thinking women at the fore- pate in the electoral process and as we come together through this in law and other professions have women to public office, simply Constitution, and that the state’s front of the women’s rights move- achieve meaningful representation. difficult time and when we reach increased, women, more so than would not have happened with- provisions with respect to voting ment, regarded women’s suffrage As I write this article, we find the other side. men, may be required to make out the door to participation choices between advancing their in our democracy having been careers and devoting their atten- opened to women. For that, we tion to their home and family. In have the 19th Amendment to and will not take place until at least have to choose between risking years enacted measures such as this sense, inequality persists. thank. Greenberg early June. their health or exercising a civic early voting intended to make the Even as our efforts to flatten duty. process more accessible. But there « Continued from page 11 the coronavirus curve bear fruit, Wisconsin just provided a cau- is still more to be done, including any for postponing the election. in-person voting continues to tionary tale of what not to do. The allowing for online and same-day suddenly been called upon by But our 16th President would not pose not only public health but nation watched in horror as the voter registration. Whalen these unusual circumstances allow it. He understood that elec- also logistical challenges. One is state conducted an in-person elec- Some election officials have with the opportunity to perform a tions are America’s foundational whether a sufficient number of tion at the height of the pandemic. suggested that switching to an « Continued from page 11 civic duty every day, in all of our concept: the means by which we workers will be available to moni- Those who wished to cast a ballot all-mail voting system in time for low the advice and exercise their actions, simply by staying inside freely govern ourselves. tor polling sites. Another is that were forced to wait on long lines, in the fall elections would be impos- duty as citizens. Instead, as with if we are not performing essential Today, we face another war, traditional polling sites are build- some cases greeted by poll workers sible, because to do so would our democracy, it is vital now work and by heeding the advice this time against an invisible foe. ings that are now closed or restrict- wearing hazmat suits. take years—not mere months. that we each exercise our rights and direction of medical profes- And the resultant disruptions to ed for use—such as schools, Predictably, many poll workers There is no question that there and duties of citizenship to make sionals and government officials. the electoral process are already houses of worship and nursing did not report to their stations. In are significant practical and tech- a difference for ourselves and for While we now have the obligation underway. Fifteen states have post- homes. Milwaukee—the state’s largest nical hurdles. But if our state’s each other. and the opportunity to serve in poned their primary elections as Voters themselves have city with a population of nearly response to the coronavirus has The 19th Amendment passed a unique way, I am sure that we they enforce social distancing to expressed concern about the 600,000—lack of available work- proven anything, it is that we are in the immediate aftermath of two will be happy to return to the slow the transmission of COVID- health risks created by in-person ers necessitated a reduction in strong, innovative and determined major historic events: the end more customary exercise of our 19, and a growing number are voting. According to one survey, the number of polling sites from in the face of adversity. of World War I and the 1918 Flu rights and responsibilities—but moving to reduce health risks nearly 70 percent of registered 180 to just five. As we struggle with fear and Pandemic. We find ourselves, 100 perhaps with a renewed appre- to both voters and poll work- voters said they are in favor of In New York, after several of great unpredictability, one thing years later, again living through a ciation for the necessity of every ers by expanding vote-by-mail postponing primary elections their colleagues tested positive for is clear: Giving up on democracy time of great upheaval and uncer- single one of us to participate in options. due to COVID-19, and a majority the coronavirus, state lawmakers is not an option. If in-person vot- tainty that, in the short term, has civic society in ways large and Gov. Andrew Cuomo has delayed expressed discomfort with the idea changed their own rules to allow ing remains untenable for the already led to societal changes. small. the presidential primary in New of heading to the polls in person. for remote voting on the recently foreseeable future—perhaps all Although we have always had York from April 28 to June 23, to Polls show that these feelings passed budget. They similarly the way into the November gen- periodic opportunities to per- coincide with the congressional are shared across the political could formally change the rules eral elections—we must find a way form certain of our civil rights and state legislative primaries. Vil- spectrum. Rightly so. The virus to make it easier and safer for to ensure every American who is and civic duties, voting every Renew your subscription by phone! lage and school board and library does not discriminate based upon New Yorkers to cast their own eligible to do so can cast a ballot year and attending jury duty per- Call the New York Law Journal elections were also postponed party affiliation. Voters must not ballots. The state has in recent safely and securely. haps every few years, we have at 1-877-256-2472.