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College of Engineering College of Engineering Drexel E-Repository and Archive (iDEA) http://idea.library.drexel.edu/ Drexel University Libraries www.library.drexel.edu The following item is made available as a courtesy to scholars by the author(s) and Drexel University Library and may contain materials and content, including computer code and tags, artwork, text, graphics, images, and illustrations (Material) which may be protected by copyright law. Unless otherwise noted, the Material is made available for non profit and educational purposes, such as research, teaching and private study. For these limited purposes, you may reproduce (print, download or make copies) the Material without prior permission. All copies must include any copyright notice originally included with the Material. You must seek permission from the authors or copyright owners for all uses that are not allowed by fair use and other provisions of the U.S. Copyright Law. The responsibility for making an independent legal assessment and securing any necessary permission rests with persons desiring to reproduce or use the Material. Please direct questions to [email protected] Recent Patents on Nanotechnology 2008, 2, 1-7 1 Recent Patents in Bionanotechnologies: Nanolithography, Bionanocomposites, Cell-Based Computing and Entropy Production Bradley Layton* Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, 151G Curtis Hall, 3141 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Received: December 17, 2007; Accepted: January 9, 2008; Revised: January 10, 2008 Abstract: This article reviews recent disclosures of bio-inspired, bio-mimicked and bionanotechnologies. Among the patents discussed is a nanoscale porous structure for use in nanocomposites and nanoscale processing. Patents disclosing methods for printing biological materials using nanolithography techniques such as dip-pen technology are discussed, as are patents for optimizing drug design. The relevance of these technologies to disease prevention, disease treatment and disease resistance is discussed. The paper closes with a review of cell-based computing and a brief examination of how information technology has enabled the development of these technologies. Finally a forecast of the how these technologies are likely to accelerate global entropization is discussed as well as a new classification of machine types. Keywords: Bionanotechnology, biomimickery, bio-inspired, dip-pen, nanotechnology, printing, information, entropy. INTRODUCTION SURFACE PATTERNING PATENTS In the upcoming years we are likely to see nanotech- Nanolithography nology maintaining the momentum of the recent biology Nanolithography technologies are likely to play a revolution and to enable what Freeman Dyson refers to as prominent role in affecting the rate of drug discovery by “Our Biotech Future” [1]. Much of what has occurred since promoting other technologies such as cell-based sensing e.g. the discovery of the structure of DNA has been enabled by [8, 9] or cell-based computing e.g. [10-16]. The ability to molecular biology, computer technology, computer science, pattern surfaces, especially electrically active surfaces is and advanced imaging methods. Emerging nanotech- nological methods that not only image and measure, but that critical to the success of these technologies, especially as cells of various phenotypes are employed. The following is also synthesize and manufacture are likely to transform an abridgement of several patents that are likely to enable medical technologies and to improve human health. such technologies. A recent patent entitled “Method and Preeminent among the fields of health care to be impacted apparatus for mesoscale deposition of biological materials will be drug discovery, tissue engineering, and human- and biomaterials,” invented by Gregory Marquez, and machine interfaces. Automated gene sequencing tech- nologies and DNA manufacturing technologies, coupled Michael J. Renn [17], describes a method for deposition of an aerosolized biomaterial consisting of an aerosol stream with NMR and protein crystallography results are beginning using a carrier gas that deposits material onto a target surface to elucidate structure-function relationships between genes in a digitized pattern. Aerodynamic focusing of the aerosol and proteins, something that was only proposed fifty years stream attached to a print head deposits patterns with feature ago [2], and which came to be known as the “Central sizes ranging from 5 – 200 m, onto flat or featured targets. Dogma” of biology [3]. As correlations and relationships μ between individual genomes and individual health patterns This method has the advantage of avoiding the use of masks, but its limited feature size places it in a category of devices are established, the rate of discovery and prevention is likely similar to the Nano eNablerTM, available commercially from to accelerate, especially through projects such as the Human BioForce Nanosciences Inc. Potential deposition materials Variome Project [4]. This paper discusses some of the recent are numerous and are listed in the disclosure to include: patents of devices, methods and models that are likely to conductive metal precursors, nanoparticle metal inks, enable the engineering of devices that can interface directly with the human nervous system, alter human behavior by dielectric and resistor pastes, biocompatible polymers, and a range of biomolecules including peptides, viruses, proteina- tailored drug delivery, or even DNA replacement. This will ceous enzymes, extracellular matrix biomolecules, as well as be enabled by machines that directly manipulate either single whole bacterial, yeast, and mammalian-cell suspensions. cells and molecules either rapidly in small batches or in a This type of application is especially valuable for techno- highly parallel manner, replacing traditional flask and stir- logies such as biosensor rapid prototyping and microfa- plate chemistry techniques. Already, novel technologies and techniques are enabling the communication and interrogation brication, lab-on-chip manufacturing, biocompatible elec- troactive polymer development, hybrid BioMEMS, bio- of individual cells and molecules. See for example, advances optics, and microfabrication of biomedical devices. in single DNA manipulation and detection [5-7]. In this technology, fluid viscosity and inclusion size *Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Mechanical dictate the aerosolization mode. For example, biological Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, 151G Curtis Hall, 3141 solutions with viscosities of approximately 1-10 cP require Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Tel: 215.895.1752; ultrasonic transducers or pneumatic nebulizers. Ultrasonic Fax: 215.895.1478; E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 1872-2105/08 $100.00+.00 © 2008 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. 2 Recent Patents on Nanotechnology 2008, Vol. 2, No. 1 Bradley Layton aerosolization is also frequently used for cell wall disruption For example, a 1-mm diameter discharge operating with and could thus be used for an application where this process 5% hydrogen in argon at pressures of 10's of Torr has a is required. For solutions with viscosities of approximately power density of several 100 W/cm3 and the electron/ion 10-1000 cP, pneumatic aerosolization is used. Above 1000 densities are of the order of 1012 cm3 at the low mTorr cP, aerosolization cannot be performed without dilution with pressures and are above 1014 cm-3 in the higher operating an appropriate solvent. Pneumatics and ultrasonic aeroso- pressure regime. Because of tip geometry, smaller diameter lization allow for the generation of droplets or droplet/ discharges are even more intense having power densities of particles with sizes typically in the 1-5 μm size range. One around 1000 W/cm3. However, even while discharge power drawback of this technology is that the pneumatic aeroso- densities are high, because of the small volumes involved, lization process typically requires a carrier gas flow rate that the total absorbed power is low: typical absorbed power exceeds the maximum allowable gas flow rate through the levels are a few watts for short discharges, a few tens of deposition head. To accommodate this need, a “virtual watts for centimeter-long discharges. These devices thus impactor” is frequently used such as in the M3D® process to only require a 25-150 watt microwave power supply. reduce the flowrate of the carrier gas after aerosolization. The authors also employ and “augmented reality The patent also mentions, but does not claim right to use system,” the aim of which is to provide the operator with electromagnetic fields such as generated by a laser to heat, real-time visual dynamic AFM image of the operating evaporate, cross link, sinter thermally decompose, melt or environment. The image is updated locally based on real- photochemically decompose features. This has particular time force information obtained by the AFM tip. Similar relevance for biocompatible culturing targets and can be technologies exist for haptic feedback during AFM used to simultaneously deposit multiple materials through a experiments [23]. In this scheme, the AFM tip acts as a robot single or multiple deposition heads. The deposition mecha- end effecter for manipulation, and a sensing device to obtain nism uses picoliter amounts of biomaterials, depositing them the interaction force between the tip and the environment. A via arrays of microneedles tapered from 50 μm at the base to manipulation
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