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Species of Thrips Associated with Cotton Flowers D The Journal of Cotton Science 11:186–198 (2007) 186 http://journal.cotton.org, © The Cotton Foundation 2007 ARTHROPOD MANAGEMENT AND APPLIED ECOLOGY Species Of Thrips Associated With Cotton Flowers D. Mailhot*, J. Marois, and D. Wright ABSTRACT hrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) are small insects, Tgenerally 1.5 mm or less in length. Depending Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) flowers are on the species, they range in color from light tan inhabited by many insect species, including com- to dark brown, and they possess primitive wings mon thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Thrips that allow limited flight. Small hairs (setae), which species have been hypothesized to increase the occur on some areas of the body, and the antennae severity of hardlock in cotton, but it was unclear if are characteristics that are useful for identifying their numbers could be managed using insecticide the species. A survey of the literature indicates applications. The objectives of this study were to most thrips of concern in cotton production belong describe the thrips species and other insects found to the genus Frankliniella (subfamily Thripinae). in cotton flowers and to determine how they are Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (tobacco thrips) is a affected by insecticide applications. Population pest of cotton seedlings, peanuts (Funderburk et characteristics of the thrips were also investigated, al., 1998), and other crops (McPherson et al., 2005; including sex ratio, within-season variability, Webb, 1995). Other species, such as Frankliniella predator interactions, and rates of accumulation occidentalis (Pergande) (western flower thrips), in flowers. White, first-day, flowers were sampled Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) (eastern flower thrips), from untreated and insecticide-treated plots in 2 and Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan) (Florida locations from 2003 to 2005. Insecticide treatments flower thrips), occur more often on mature consisted of foliar applications of spinosad and vegetation or flowers. either acephate or lambda-cyhalothrin depending Thrips can vector plant viruses. For example, on location. Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) (eastern F. occidentalis (Sakimura, 1963), F. fusca (Pappu flower thrips) was the most common species, and et al., 1998), and F. bispinosa (Avila et al., 2006) females outnumbered males by approximately 3 are capable of transmitting the tospovirus tomato to 1. Insecticide treatments consistently reduced spotted wilt virus. F. fusca has also been shown to thrips numbers by 20 to 90%. Orius insidiosus (Say) transmit Pantoea ananatis (Serrano), the bacterium (minute pirate bug), a predator of thrips, sometimes responsible for center rot of onion (Gitiatis et al., declined in the floral samples when insecticides 2003). By vectoring the pathogen and establishing were applied. Numbers of thrips and Orius sp. infection sites, thrips can increase the incidence of fluctuated throughout the season in all treatments. corn ear rot, caused by Fusarium verticillioides Sacc. The covariation between thrips and Orius sp. was (Nirenberg) (Farrar and Davis, 1991). further explored and significant correlations were Several flower-inhabiting thrips species are noted. The rate at which thrips enter flowers after present in North Florida. In an 18-month study opening was monitored and varied in both the start- of 37 wild plant species, 78% of the thrips were ing (1000 h) and peak (1400 to 1800 h) number of adults, and 87% of these adults were from the ge- thrips. The average relative humidity from 1700 nus Frankliniella (Chellemi et al., 1994). The most h on the day before to 1000 h of the next day was common species were F. tritici, F. bispinosa, F. oc- negatively correlated to thrips numbers at 1000 h. cidentalis, and F. fusca. The relative contributions It appears thrips numbers in cotton flowers can be of each species fluctuated substantially during the managed while limiting injury to O. insidiosus. study. Cotton flowers were not examined, but during the bloom period of June, July, and August, F. tritici and F. bispinosa were the most common species on D. Mailhot, J. Marois, and D. Wright, North Florida Research wild hosts. The primary influence on Frankliniella and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research spp. populations may be the availability of suitable Rd., Quincy, FL 32351 flowers. Populations of F. occidentalis increased *Corresponding author: [email protected] more rapidly during the spring than other species, MaIlhoT eT al.: SPeCIeS oF ThrIPS aSSoCIaTed WITh CoTToN FloWerS 187 possibly because of its wider plant host range. It is of Orius sp. lambda-cyhalothrin resulted in high an exotic species and was first reported in Georgia mortality, but no sub-lethal effect was observed in in 1981 (Beshear, 1983). survivors. Acephate was not tested in that study, but Thrips numbers are affected by predatory insects it is a broad-spectrum organophosphate that affects and parasites. Orius insidiosus (Say) (minute pirate a large number of arthropods. bug) is a common predator that can consume 12.5 Thrips possess only one mandible that is used thrips per day (Tommasini and Nicoli, 1993). If a for cutting into plant tissue and a stylet through sufficient number ofOrius sp. are present in an area, which food is drawn. This results in open wounds local extinction of flower thrips populations may to the plant, which could allow easier penetration of occur. Orius sp. will remain in the area, feeding on the tissue by pathogens. Females of F. occidentalis extrafloral nectaries or pollen, which is sufficient to have been shown to feed more frequently and in- allow development and oviposition by Orius sp., and tensely than males, resulting in more tissue damage prevent the thrips population from rebounding. (van de Wetering et al., 1998). Pickett et al. (1988) A parasitic nematode Thripinema fuscum (Tip- reported 68% of adult F. occidentalis on cotton ping & Nguyan) infected F. fusca in North Florida. plants occurred on fruiting structures, and most of Among F. fusca found on peanut, as many as 51 these occurred in the flower. This is consistent with and 67% of females on certain sampling dates were the concept that cotton pollen may be preferable infected, which resulted in sterility. T. fuscum infec- to leaves as a food source for some thrips species tion of F. tritici and F. occidentalis was less common, (Agrawal et al., 1999). Pollen provides a source of occurring in only 2% of individuals, suggesting there protein for egg development, resulting in increased is host specificity (Funderburk et al., 2002; Stavisky fecundity (Trichilo and Leigh, 1988). In tomato, et al., 2001). amino acid analysis showed phenylalanine content Sex and species differences have been observed to be associated with thrips numbers (Brodbeck et in thrips behavior. Males of F. occidentalis, F. tritici, al, 2001). Nectar is also an important resource for and F. bispinosa are more mobile among plants than attracting pollinators and predatory insects to cotton females (Ramachandran et al., 2001). Females of F. plants (Wackers and Bonifay, 2004). occidentalis spend more time feeding and produce Thrips are a frequent problem on cotton seed- more feeding-associated scars on petunias than males lings in the United States, resulting in distortion (van de Wetering et al., 1998). on greenhouse-grown of expanding leaves and small discolored spots. pepper plants, movement of F. occidentalis was The most common species are F. occidentalis, F. limited, while F. tritici and F. bispinosa dispersed fusca, and Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) (onion thrips). relatively rapidly (Ramachandran et al., 2001). These Thrips control is usually achieved using a granular species differences in behavior resulted in F. tritici insecticide at planting. In addition, foliar insec- and F. bispinosa being less susceptible to predation ticide applications are used if more than 2 to 3 by Orius sp. than F. occidentalis. thrips are present per plant and damage is observed Thrips species also differ in their response (Sprenkel, 2005). applications of jasmonic acid to to insecticides. F. occidentalis populations have cotton seedlings can reduce thrips feeding by 80%, been shown to increase following applications of although leaf area is also reduced by 28% (Omer et acephate and esfenvalerate, while spinosad causes al., 2001). Thrips feeding is generally not a problem a population reduction (Reitz et al., 2003). Acephate when the plants are more mature; however, severe and esfenvalerate are highly toxic to F. tritici and F. damage was reported in Turkey by Frankliniella bispinosa, while spinosad is less effective. In con- intonsa (Trybom) on mature cotton plants (Atakan trast, Eger et al. (1998) found spinosad to be equally and Ozgur, 2001a). Although more than 350 thrips effective against all three species. The effectiveness were observed per cotton flower, pollination was of insecticides on thrips numbers can be complicated not adversely affected. Elevated thrips numbers by their effect on predators, which probably explains were associated with increased flower shedding, and increases in F. occidentalis (Reitz et al., 2003). feeding by larvae resulted in boll abscission (Atakan Studebaker and Kring (2000) evaluated several and Ozgur, 2001a). insecticides for both lethal and sub-lethal effects on In recent years, there has been increasing inter- Orius sp., which could affect reproduction. Spinosad est by growers in hardlock of cotton. Hardlock is a had no effect, lethal or sub-lethal, on populations failure of the cotton fiber to expand outward from the JoUrNal oF CoTToN SCIeNCe, Volume 11, Issue 4, 2007 188 boll after opening. Affected locules will remain on lected at the Auburn University Gulf Coast Research the plant or be knocked to the ground during harvest. Station located in Fairhope (Baldwin Co.), al. The Fiber quality is not usually affected, but yields can South Carolina samples were collected at the edisto be reduced (Wright et al., 2004). Hardlock is associ- Research and Education Center in Blackville (Barn- ated with the fungus F. verticillioides and is believed well Co.), SC. Flowers were sampled typically at to infect through the flower on the day of bloom mid- to late bloom.
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