Genizah Fragments

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Genizah Fragments To receive Genizah What’s in your suitcase? Fragments, to inquire What do rice, locks, rat traps, a potentially hazardous voyage about the Collection, coconut scraper, several ladles across the Indian Ocean. or to learn how to assist and four bed legs have in Elizabeth Lambourn’s with its preservation common? The foundations of a Abraham’s Luggage: a social life and study, please write Two Ronnies’ sketch? Maybe, of things in the Medieval Indian to Dr Ben Outhwaite, but they are all items that Ocean world mines this text, Head of the Genizah Abraham ben Yijū, the twelfth- and its wider context, as a study HOW YOU CAN HELP YOU HOW Research Unit, at century Jewish trader, packed in material culture. The book is Cambridge University for a journey back across the actually quite remarkable in the The Newsletter of the Taylor-Schechter Genizah Research Unit, Cambridge University Library No. 77 April 2019 Library, West Road, sea from his adopted home of detail it manages to extract Cambridge, CB3 9DR, Mangalore. Abraham, who was from a single Genizah the subject of Amitav Ghosh’s document, one that actually England. celebrated In an Antique Land, came to Elizabeth’s attention More fragments of early Torah scroll come to light made two lengthy sojourns on when she reviewed Mordechai takes on a life in the wider The Library can be the Malabar Coast, before Friedman and S. D. Goitein’s world of scholarship, reached by fax (01223) sailing back across the Indian India Traders for the journal informing areas of inquiry that 333160 or by telephone In 1959 the paleographer Ocean to Yemen for the last South Asian Studies. She might hitherto never have (01223) 333000. Inquiries Solomon Asher Birnbaum time in 1149. These items recognised the Jewish trader’s encountered the unique by email should be published a fragment of a appear, alongside containers list as utterly unique, ‘the only sources of the Cairo Genizah. addressed to the Unit at: Torah scroll which he dated and baskets containing all known document of its type to [email protected] to the eighth century (S. A. sorts of foodstuffs and have survived from the Elizabeth Lambourn, Birnbaum, ‘A Study of an Eighth commodities in a single premodern Indian Ocean’. Abraham’s Luggage: a social Century Synagogue Scroll’, document, T-S NS 324.114, a Abraham’s Luggage therefore life of things in the Medieval Contributions to the Unit Vetus Testamentum 9 [1959], list that Abraham wrote epitomises the second Indian Ocean world are made to the “University pp. 122–29). In 2015 Edna specifying exactly what would fundamental stage of Genizah (Cambridge: Cambridge of Cambridge,” which Engel and Mordechai Mishor be carried on the lengthy and Studies, where the material University Press, 2018) enjoys charitable status for published this fragment, along tax and similar purposes. with an additional piece that they attributed to the same Ben Sira after 120 years In the USA the Collection Torah scroll (E. Engel and M. is supported through Mishor, ‘An Ancient Scroll of the An important new collection scintillating bunch of the world’s (Reymond, Corley) and Ben “Cambridge in America”. Book of Exodus: The Reunion of of papers on Ben Sira has best Ben Sira scholars to examine Sira’s language in relation to For further information Two Separate Fragments’, Israel just appeared, Discovering, the text and its manuscripts Biblical Hebrew (Joosten, Dihi). please contact them on Museum Studies in Archaeology Deciphering and Dissenting: Ben from all angles, including papers 212-984-0960 or see their 7 [2015], pp. 24–69). The first Sira Manuscripts after 120 years. on the early publications of the Aitken, Egger-Wenzel and website: www.cantab.org fragment is MS. London, Jews’ Edited by James Aitken, Renate text (Reif), the codicology of the Reif (eds), Discovering, College 31, and the second is MS. Egger-Wenzel and founding manuscripts (Olszowy-Schlanger), Deciphering and Dissenting: Durham, Duke University, Ashkar director of the Genizah Unit, the Persian glosses (Wright), its Ben Sira Manuscripts after “Cambridge in America” is 2. The two fragments contain a Stefan Reif, it brings together a reception (Aitken), its poetry 120 years (De Gruyter, 2018) recognized by the IRS as text from the book of Exodus. a charitable organization, and contributions for the Although the two fragments A new Masora offering benefit of the Genizah are not consecutive, the authors Research Unit are legally argue that they belong to the Yosef Ofer, one of the in all its aspects, including for Masoretic scholars and deductible for USA same biblical book. They base world’s leading scholars of orthography, ketiv and qere, those with any interest in income tax purposes. this claim on a textual and date, by paleographic means Above: T-S AS 37.1, part of the book of Genesis. One of thirteen the Biblical Masora (and and manuscripts such as how the text of the Hebrew Contributions are similarly paleographic examination. and on the basis of carbon-14 newly-identified fragments from the same early Torah scroll. not just Tiberian Masora, as the Aleppo Codex, and its Bible has been transmitted deductible in Canada even Mishor notes that a single dating, to the seventh or eighth he’s also written definitively comprehensiveness should down the centuries. if made directly to the column of text from this Torah centuries CE. In the course of on the Babylonian Masora) ensure it takes its place Development Office at the scroll is missing between MS. a survey and classification of has a new book out, The alongside Yeivin’s The Tiberian Y. Ofer, The Masora on London and MS. Ashkar. Torah scroll fragments in the The Genizah Research Unit is grateful for the support of the University of Cambridge. Masora on Scripture and its Masorah as a standard work Scripture and its Methods Cairo Genizah, I identified two British Academy, other smaller or anonymous donations, and Methods. It covers the Masora on the subject. It’s a real treat (De Gruyter, 2019) Engel and Mishor list the unique those made by Friends of the Genizah. features of the scroll, which they continued overleaf Genizah Research Unit Genizah Fragments 77 Cambridge University Library Editor Melonie Schmierer-Lee West Road, Cambridge, CB3 9DR, England Design H2 Associates, Cambridge ON OTHER PAGES: Obituary for Professor Joel L. Kraemer | What’s in your suitcase? More fragments of early Torah scroll come to light continued from page 1 “Aside from Jerusalem, Cambridge to me is the closest place to heaven” An obituary for Professor Joel L. Kraemer fragments which directly Prof. Joel Kraemer was 61–94) and ‘Women Speak join the Ashkar and London intimately familiar with the for Themselves’, in S. C. Reif fragments and completely fill Genizah Collection of (ed.), The Cambridge Genizah the gap between these two. In Cambridge University Library. Collections: Their Contents and addition to these, I identified He received his Ph.D. in Near Significance (2002: 178–216). in the Genizah collections Eastern Studies from Yale, and Some of his works remain to eleven additional fragments taught at the faculties of JTS in be published, including More that, by paleographical criteria, New York, Yale, Tel Aviv Precious than Rubies: Women’s belong to this Torah scroll (I University, and the University Letters from the Cairo Geniza, am grateful to Edna Engel for of Chicago. Kraemer was which is being completed her opinion on this question). distinguished in many fields of by Prof. Renée Levine Quite surprisingly, one of these scholarship, from Talmud to Melammed, and Maimonides’ fragments came to light in the Islamic philosophy. His Epistles and Personal Ashkar Collection itself, but its celebrated publications in Correspondence (in English illegible condition prevented its Islamic and Jewish Studies translation), which I have identification. The discovery of include The Renaissance of Islam been editing. these fragments shows us that and Maimonides: The Life and T-S 12.832 , which the two previously discovered World of One of Civilization’s When I was a Research Kraemer identified fragments, too, originated in the Greatest Minds. A Festschrift in Associate in the Genizah in 1991 as a letter Cairo Genizah. his honour, Adaptations and Research Unit, Kraemer written by Moses Innovations: Studies on the shared with me his musings Maimonides, in The Torah scroll remnants Interaction between Jewish and on CUL and wrote: ‘Aside which the Rambam do not form a completely Above: Renée Levine Melammed with the staff of the Genizah Research Unit. On 17th October 2018, Islamic Thought and Literature from Jerusalem, Cambridge is writing to a local continuous text. Nonetheless, Renée, Professor of Jewish History at the Schechter Institute, Israel, gave the fourth Annual Genizah Lecture from the Early Middle Ages to the to me is the closest place to judge to retrieve many fragments survived in Cambridge. Her lecture, “The World of Women in the Cairo Genizah: 1978–2018”, explored the Genizah Late Twentieth Century, heaven. I mean the library the assets left by a in two concentrations, one sources relating to the lives of women, and reviewed the changing winds of scholarship in recent decades. appeared in 2007. and the collection in the first murdered merchant. is Gen. 44–Exod. 3; and the It was very well attended. place, but also the natural second, Exod. 8–17. The scroll Kraemer spent extended beauty of the place and its ‘Do your utmost to oldest Torah scroll in the world Hebrew manuscripts Cambridge, T-S AS 37.22 periods in Cambridge and tranquillity.’ summon the litigants גוויל) is written on leather Gevil – a form of skin made from of which such considerable as a whole, and especially to — Gen.
Recommended publications
  • Toolkit for Genizah Scholars: a Practical Guide for Neophytes
    EAJS SUMMER LABORATORY FOR YOUNG GENIZAH RESEARCHERS Institut für den Nahen und Mittleren Osten, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, 6–7 September 2017 Toolkit for Genizah Scholars: A Practical Guide for Neophytes Compiled by Gregor Schwarb (SOAS, University of London) A) Introductory articles, general overviews, guides and basic reference works: Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd edition, vol. 16, cols. 1333–42 [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/genizah- cairo]. Stefan REIF et al., “Cairo Geniza”, in The Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World, vol. 1, ed . N. Stillman, Leiden: Brill, 2010, pp. 534–555. Nehemya ALLONY, The Jewish Library in the Middle Ages: Book Lists from the Cairo Genizah, ed. Miriam FRENKEL and Haggai BEN-SHAMMAI with the participation of Moshe SOKOLOW, Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute, 2006 [Hebrew]. An update of JLMA, which will include additional book lists and inventories from the Cairo Genizah, is currently being prepared. Haggai BEN-SHAMMAI, “Is “The Cairo Genizah” a Proper Name or a Generic Noun? On the Relationship between the Genizot of the Ben Ezra and the Dār Simḥa Synagogues”, in “From a Sacred Source”: Genizah Studies in Honour of Professor Stefan C. Reif, ed. Ben Outhwaite and Siam Bhayro, Leiden: Brill, 2011, pp. 43–52. Rabbi Mark GLICKMAN, Sacred Treasure: The Cairo Genizah. The Amazing Discoveries of Forgotten Jewish History in an Egyptian Synagogue Attic, Woodstock: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2011. Adina HOFFMAN and Peter COLE, Sacred Trash: The Lost and Found World of the Cairo Geniza, New York: Nextbook, Schocken, 2010. Simon HOPKINS, “The Discovery of the Cairo Geniza”, in Bibliophilia Africana IV (Cape Town 1981).
    [Show full text]
  • The Last Watchman of Old Cairo by Michael David Lukas
    The Last Watchman of Old Cairo by Michael David Lukas A college student receives a mysterious package that ignites a historical investigation that exposes incredible aspects of his family history and its ties to the Ibn Ezra Synagogue in Old Cairo. Winner of the American Library Association’s Sophie Brody Award, the National Jewish Book Award, and the Sami Rohr Prize for Jewish Literature. Also by Michael David Lukas: The Oracle of Stamboul Raised by a carpet merchant father and resentful stepmother after a prophesied birth, Eleonora is recognized as a prodigy before stowing away to Stamboul, where she charms the eccentric Sultan Abdulhamid II and changes the course of history during the last days of the Ottoman Empire. FURTHER READING: Sacred Treasure, The Cairo Genizah: The Amazing Discoveries of Forgotten Jewish History in an Egyptian Synagogue Attic by Mark Glickman This accessible, comprehensive account of the astounding discovery of nearly 300,000 early and medieval manuscripts explores why this enormous collection was amassed, how it was discovered, the many lessons to be found in its contents, and how Schechter’s find forever transformed our knowledge of the Jewish past, Muslim history and much more. Sacred Trash: The Lost and Found World of the Cairo Geniza by Adina Hoffman and Peter Cole This tale of buried communal treasure weaves together unforgettable portraits of Solomon Schechter and the other modern heroes responsible for the collection’s rescue with explorations of the medieval documents themselves. Presenting a pan­oramic
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Between Egypt and Yemen in the Cairo Genizah Amir Ashur Center
    Between Egypt and Yemen in the Cairo Genizah Amir Ashur Center for the Study of Conversion and Inter-religious Encounters, Ben Gurion University, the Interdisciplinary Center for the Broader Application of Genizah Research, University of Haifa, and the Department of Hebrew Culture, Tel Aviv University [email protected] Ben Outhwaite University of Cambridge [email protected] Abstract A study of two documents from the Cairo Genizah, a vast repository of medieval Jewish writings recovered from a synagogue in Fusṭāṭ, Egypt, one hundred years ago, shows the importance of this archive for the history of medieval Yemen and, in particular, for the role that Yemen played in the Indian Ocean trade as both a commercial and administrative hub. The first document is a letter from Aden to Fusṭāṭ, dated 1133 CE, explaining the Aden Jewish community’s failure to raise funds to send to the heads of the Palestinian Gaonate in Egypt. It signals the decline of that venerable institution and the increasing independence of the Yemeni Jews. The second text is a legal document, produced by an Egyptian Jewish trader who intended to travel to Yemen, but who wished to ensure his wife was provided for in his absence. Both documents show the close ties between the Egyptian and Yemeni Jewish communities and the increasing commercial importance of Yemen to Egyptian traders. Keywords Cairo Genizah, history, India trade, al-Ǧuwwa, Hebrew, Judaeo- Arabic, marriage, Jewish leadership, legal contract, Aden, Fusṭāṭ. 1. Introduction The discovery of a vast store of manuscripts and early printed material in the Ben Ezra Synagogue in Fusṭāṭ at the end of the nineteenth century revolutionised the academic study of Judaism and provided a wealth of primary sources for the scrutiny of the Mediterranean world at large in the High Middle Ages and Early Modern period.
    [Show full text]
  • The Documents of the Cairo Geniza As a Source for Mediterranean Social History
    The Documents of the Cairo Geniza as a Source for Mediterranean Social History S. D. Goitein Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 80, No. 2. (Apr. - Jun., 1960), pp. 91-100. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28196004%2F06%2980%3A2%3C91%3ATDOTCG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-O Journal of the American Oriental Society is currently published by American Oriental Society. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/aos.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Muslim-Jewish Relations in the Middle Islamic Period
    © 2017, V&R unipress GmbH, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783847107927 – ISBN E-Book: 9783847007920 Mamluk Studies Volume 16 Edited by Stephan Conermann and Bethany J. Walker Editorial Board: Thomas Bauer (Münster, Germany), Albrecht Fuess (Marburg, Germany), ThomasHerzog (Bern, Switzerland), Konrad Hirschler (London, Great Britain),Anna Paulina Lewicka (Warsaw, Poland), Linda Northrup (Toronto, Canada), Jo VanSteenbergen (Gent, Belgium) © 2017, V&R unipress GmbH, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783847107927 – ISBN E-Book: 9783847007920 Stephan Conermann (ed.) Muslim-Jewish Relations in the Middle Islamic Period Jews in the Ayyubid and Mamluk Sultanates (1171–1517) V&Runipress Bonn University Press © 2017, V&R unipress GmbH, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783847107927 – ISBN E-Book: 9783847007920 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available online: http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISSN 2198-5375 ISBN 978-3-8470-0792-0 You can find alternative editions of this book and additional material on our website: www.v-r.de Publications of Bonn University Press are published by V&R unipress GmbH. Sponsored by the Annemarie Schimmel College ªHistory and Society during the Mamluk Era, 1250±1517º. © 2017, V&R unipress GmbH, Robert-Bosch-Breite 6, 37079 Göttingen, Germany / www.v-r.de All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission from the publisher. Cover image: Ben Ezra Synagogue, Cairo, Egypt (photographer: Faris Knight, 10/12/2011). © 2017, V&R unipress GmbH, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783847107927 – ISBN E-Book: 9783847007920 Contents Stephan Conermann Introduction.................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ben Ezra Synagogue: a Different Side of Old Cairo | Cairo 360 Guide to Cairo, Egypt
    Ben Ezra Synagogue: A Different Side of Old Cairo | Cairo 360 Guide to Cairo, Egypt عربي 20/06/2012 Ben Ezra Synagogue: A Different Side of Old Cairo How did a community of over 75,000 Jews vanish from Egypt? After the founding of Israel in 1948 the situation for Jews in the region became impossible and Jews in Egypt were to be forever declared Zionists and enemies of the state as a result of the Suez crisis in 1956. The Jews’ assets were confiscated and they were expelled, while it is believed that around 25,000 left voluntarily. Others were held in prisons such as Abu Zaabal and Tora for a period of up to three years on account of the 1967 war. All of these events led to the eventual and absolute disappearance of a community rich in culture and heritage. Ben Ezra is quite easily accessible from anywhere in Cairo, with the Metro being the most convenient. From the Marc Girgis station, take a left and you’ll find an underground tunnel that leads to a number of heritage sites including Ben Ezra. The synagogue may appear to be quite ordinary but the history behind it is on the contrary, quite extraordinary. Ben Ezra is often referred to as the El-Geniza Synagogue; Geniza being Hebrew for ‘storage room’ and in the 19th century, sacred Hebrew manuscripts were found stored there. The collection, widely known as the ’Cairo Geniza‘, gave significant insight into how the Jewish community dealt with past Islamic https://www.cairo360.com/article/sights-travel/ben-ezra-synagogue-a-different-side-of-old-cairo/[3/5/2017 12:39:22 AM] Ben Ezra Synagogue: A Different Side of Old Cairo | Cairo 360 Guide to Cairo, Egypt leaders, as well as several interpretations of the Torah.
    [Show full text]
  • NEH Application Cover Sheet Humanities Collections and Reference Resources
    NEH Application Cover Sheet Humanities Collections and Reference Resources PROJECT DIRECTOR Naomi Steinberger E-mail:[email protected] Director of Library Services Phone(W): 212-678-8982 3080 Broadway Phone(H): New York, NY 10027-4649 Fax: UNITED STATES Field of Expertise: Technical: Library Science INSTITUTION Jewish Theological Seminary of America New York, NY UNITED STATES APPLICATION INFORMATION Title: Conservation and Digitization of the Cairo Genizah Grant Period: From 5/2014 to 4/2016 Field of Project: Interdisciplinary: Jewish Studies; History: Near and Middle Eastern History; History: Medieval History Description of Project: The Library of The Jewish Theological Seminary proposes to conserve, catalog, and re-house material from its Cairo Genizah collection and, in partnership with The Friedberg Genizah Project, digitize and provide online access to this material for scholars and the public. The Cairo Genizah is a valuable source of information about Jewish and non-Jewish religious, economic, social, and personal life in North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean from the 9th to the 19th century. The Library's Genizah collection is comprised of 43,000 fragments ??? the second-largest in the world. This project will make approximately 6,000 of these fragments that are currently unreadable or too fragile to be handled and digitized widely available for research for the first time, and complete The Library???s part in an ongoing international collaboration. BUDGET Outright Request $272,429.00 Cost Sharing $222,469.00 Matching Request $68,120.00 Total Budget $563,018.00 Total NEH $340,549.00 GRANT ADMINISTRATOR Josie Gray E-mail:[email protected] Director of Institutional Grants Phone(W): 212-678-8048 3080 Broadway Fax: New York, NY 10027-4649 UNITED STATES The Library of The Jewish Theological Seminary Application to NEH Division of Preservation and Access, HCRR Program, July 2013 Implementation Grant for Conservation and Digitization of the Cairo Genizah 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Martinez, Florentino Garcia. the Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: the Qumran Texts in English
    Prof. Scott B. Noegel Chair, Dept. of Near Eastern Languages and Civilization University of Washington Book review: Martinez, Florentino Garcia. The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: The Qumran Texts in English. Wilfred G. E. Watson, trans. Leiden: E.}. Brill, 1994. First Published in: Digest of Middle Eastern Studies 4/4 (1995), 78-85. ~ ) j"a{{1995 ~ ~ 'Roo(~aT/{{%anllscn'pts the more cumbersome scholarly sigla of the officinl publicntion. While the author admits that the lack of notes potentinlly could prevent the student from grasping "the literary, historical, and theological problems" (p. xxviii) which the scrolls present, the benefits ofthis volume to the interested reader will outweigh by far he Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: any drawbacks. Other English versions ofthe seroUspale in compar- The Qumran Texts in English ison (cf. the now out.of-date Gaster [1956] and the incomplete T Vermes [1995J,the latter ofwhich translates only 70 manuscripts). This book has many positive attributes. The line numbering Florentino Garcia Martinez informs the reader exactly where words appear in the texts. In addition, we may thank Martinez for keeping restorations to a Translated by Wilfred G. E. Watson minimum, despite the fragmentary nature of many of the scrolls. Excessive restoration of any ancient text almost always leads to a Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994,lxvii, 513 pages. $80 cloth misunderstanding of that text. Compare, for example, the recent (ISBN 90-04-10088-1), $30 paperback (ISBN 90- edition ofsome ofthe seroUsby Eisenman and Wise(1992),wherein 04-100482), LCCN 94-017429. restorations appear far toofrequently and carry too much interpre- tive import.
    [Show full text]
  • England As the Custodian of the Jewish Past
    15 April 2019 England as the Custodian The Norman, Angevin, and of the Jewish Past Early Plantagenet Periods (1066 – 1290) Gary A. Rendsburg Rutgers University Mandelbaum House 14 April 2019 Battle of Hastings as portrayed Coin of William in the Bayeux Tapestry the Conqueror Corpus Christi College, MS 133 (Oxford) Ashkenazi Siddur (Prayer Book) England, c. 1200 Blank pages at the end, written by a Sephardi Jew, recording (in Judeo‐Arabic) debts owed to him by a variety of Christian dignitaries Corpus Christi College, MS 133 List of debtors in Judeo‐Arabic Corpus Christi College, MS 133: List of debtors in Judeo‐Arabic 1 15 April 2019 Corpus Christi College, MS 133 List of debtors in Judeo‐Arabic Valmadonna, no. 1 (MOTB GC 858), 1189 C.E. Torah and Targum, Haftarot, Five Scrolls and Targum Valmadonna, no. 1 (MOTB GC 858) Complete Pentateuch, with Targum, and Five Scrolls fol. 482v Colophon with original date and subsequent Valmadonna, no. 1 (MOTB GC 858), 1189 C.E. various owners Torah and Targum, Haftarot, Five Scrolls and Targum completed on 15 Tammuz 4949 Judeo‐French and Anglo‐Norman = 2 July 1189 glosses for the forbidden birds Leviticus 11 2 15 April 2019 Seal of Jacob the Jew Deed in Latin, recording the sale of land by Jacob the Jew, to Walter de Merton, with summary statement in Hebrew. Merton College, Oxford, established 1262 Merton College Library (oldest library in continuous use) Merton College, Oxford, established 1262 J. R. R. Tolkien, among the translators of the Jerusalem Bible (1966) The seaweed was wrapped about my head at the roots of the mountains.
    [Show full text]
  • The Making of the Encyclopaedia Judaica and the Jewish Encyclopedia
    THE MAKING OF THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA AND THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA David B. Levy, Ph. D., M.L.S. Description: The Jewish Encyclopedia and Encyclopaedia Judaica form a key place in most collections of Judaica. Both works state that they were brought into being to combat anti-Semitism. This presentation treats the reception history of both the JE and EJ by looking at the comments of their admirers and critics. It also assesses how both encyclopedias mark the application of social sciences and emphasis on Jewish history, as well as anthropology, archeology, and statistics. We will consider the differences between the JE and EJ, some of the controversies surrounding the making of the encyclopedias, and the particular political, ideological, and cultural perspectives of their contributing scholars. Introduction: David B. Levy (M.A., ’92; M.L.S., ’94; Ph. D., 2002) received a Ph. D. in Jewish studies with concentrations in Jewish philosophy, biblical The 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia and archeology, and rabbinics on May 23, 2002, from the 1972 Encyclopaedia Judaica form an Baltimore Hebrew University. David has worked in important place in collections of Judaica. the Humanities Department of the Enoch Pratt Public Library since 1994. He authored the Enoch Both works were brought into being to Pratt Library Humanities annotated subject guide combat anti-Semitism, to enlighten the web pages in philosophy (24 categories), ancient and public of new discoveries, and to modern languages (Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, German), and religion. He is widely disseminate Jewish scholarship. Both published. encyclopedias seek to counter-act the lack of knowledge of their generations and wide spread assimilation.
    [Show full text]
  • Torah (/ˈtɔːrəˌˈtoʊrə/; Hebrew: הרָוֹתּ, “Instruction, Teaching”)
    Torah Sefer Torah at old Glockengasse Synagogue (reconstruction), Cologne ,Instruction“ ,ּתֹוָרה :Torah (/ˈtɔːrəˌˈtoʊrə/; Hebrew Teaching”), or the Pentateuch (/ˈpɛntəˌtuːk, -ˌtjuːk/), is the central reference of the religious Judaic tradition. It has a range of meanings. It can most specifically mean the first five books of the twenty-four books of the Tanakh, and it usually includes the rabbinic commen- Silver Torah Case, Ottoman Empire Museum of Jewish Art and taries. The term Torah means instruction and offers a way History of life for those who follow it; it can mean the continued narrative from Genesis to the end of the Tanakh, and it can even mean the totality of Jewish teaching, culture and generation to generation and are now embodied in the practice.[1] Common to all these meanings, Torah con- Talmud and Midrash.[2] sists of the foundational narrative of the Jews: their call According to rabbinic tradition, all of the teachings found into being by God, their trials and tribulations, and their in the Torah, both written and oral, were given by God covenant with their God, which involves following a way through Moses, a prophet, some of them at Mount Sinai of life embodied in a set of moral and religious obliga- and others at the Tabernacle, and all the teachings were tions and civil laws (halakha). written down by Moses, which resulted in the Torah we In rabbinic literature the word “Torah” denotes both the have today. According to a Midrash, the Torah was cre- Torah that is ated prior to the creation of the world, and was used as the“ ,תורה שבכתב) five books, Torah Shebichtav -blueprint for Creation.[3] The majority of Biblical schol תורה) written”), and an Oral Torah, Torah Shebe'al Peh Torah that is spoken”).
    [Show full text]
  • The “Golden Age” of Jewish-Muslim Relations: Myth and Reality Mark R
    © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. Prologue The “Golden Age” of Jewish-Muslim Relations: Myth and Reality Mark R. Cohen In the nineteenth century there was nearly universal consensus that Jews in the Islamic Middle Ages—taking al-Andalus , or Muslim Spain , as the model—lived in a “Golden Age” of Jewish-Muslim harmony,1 an interfaith utopia of tolerance and convivencia.2 It was thought that Jews min- gled freely and comfortably with Muslims, Mark R. Cohen immersed in Arabic-Islamic culture, including Professor of Near Eastern Studies at the language, poetry, philosophy, science, med- Princeton University, he holds the Khe- douri A. Zilka Professorship of Jewish icine, and the study of Scripture—a society, Civilization in the Near East. His publi- furthermore, in which Jews could and many cations include Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages did ascend to the pinnacles of political power (Princeton University Press, 1994; re- in Muslim government. This idealized picture vised edition 2008). went beyond Spain to encompass the entire Muslim world, from Baghdad to Cordova , and extended over the long centuries, bracketed by the Islamic conquests at one end and the era of Moses Maimonides (1138–1204) at the other. The idea stemmed in the fi rst instance from disappointment felt by central European Jewish historians as Emancipation-era promises of political and cultural equality remained unfulfi lled. They exploited the tolerance they ascribed to Islam to chastise their Christian neighbors for failing to rise to the standards set by non- Christian society hundreds of years earlier.3 The interfaith utopia was to a certain extent a myth; it ignored, or left unmen- tioned, the legal inferiority of the Jews and periodic outbursts of violence.
    [Show full text]