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Of the Program of Adult Educationand Economic Cooperationsponsored by St DOCUMENT RESUME ED 027 476 AC 003 965 B y Coady, M. M. Masters of Their Own Destiny; The Story ofThe Antigonish Movement of Adult EducationThrough Economic Cooperation. Pub Date 39 Note-177p. EDRS Price MF-$0.75 HC-$8.95 Groups, *Economic Descriptors-CommunityDevelopment,*Cooperatives.Credit(Finance),Discussion Development, Educational Attitudes. Farmers,Fisheries, *Historical Reviews, *LaborEducation, Local Unions, Mass Instruction, Political Power, PowerStructure, Regional Programs, SocioeconomicStatus, *University Extension Identifiers-*Antigonish Movement, Nova Scotia, StFrancis Xavier University The book records the developmentof the program of adult educationand economic cooperationsponsored by St. Francis XavierUniversity in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. The program datesfrom 1853 when a Catholic theologicalschool was established at Arichat. In 1855 theschool was transferred to Antigonish,named St. Francis Xavier, enlarged and convertedinto a liberal arts college.By 1939, the faculty wai known for its interest inthe people of its constituency.S.F.X extension workers organized mass meetingsand small classes enrollingfarmers, miners, and factory workers in economicallyoriented adult education programs.The study clubs proved an adequate meansfor organizing labor and credit unionsand economic cooperatives. Eventually, thepeople owned their own lobsterfactories and marketing cooperatives; economic powerof the masses was being achieved.Basic to the philosophy of the S.F.X. extension program wasthe belief that educationalemphasis should be on the material and economic sothat u;timately the common manwould be free to devote his time and energiesto cultural pursuits.Although the program repudiates Marxism, economic cooperatives areadvocated, since they reward the members according to thepeople's creative .and .productiveability. (The book contains a revisionof statistics correct to the endof 1960.) (se) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. MASTERS OF THEIR OWN DESTINY "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS COPYRI=IAL HAV .EEN GRANTED BY dAt.4-1 1-01;eltrofiGANIZATIONSOPERATING UNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE U.S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION. FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM REOUIRES PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER." t MASTERS OF THEIR OWN DESTINY The Story of the Antigonish Movement of Adult Education Through Economic Cooperation By M. M. Coady Director of Extension St. Francis Xavier University HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS NEW YORK '77 MASTERS OF THEIR OWN DESTINY Copyright, 1939, by Harper GI Brothers Printed in the United States of America All rights in this book are reserved. No part of the book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. For information address Harper & Brothers Nihil obstat H. P. MAcPHERSON CENSOR DEPUTATUS Imprimatur JACOBUS + EP. ANTIGONICENSIS alz-orx47"' M7'r',',F+,Prr^nlrr;,,,'Tn,FFr7)VIIVATLWf'AT7rV',7SMrrrrV.7.,, .tir,r,,,TOMIR7,..,,T, To all those unnamed noble souls who without remuneration are working overtime in the cause of humanity CONTENTS ix FoitEwoRD 1 I. INTRODUCING"ST. F. X." 17 II. THE GREATDEFAULT OF THE PEOPLE 30 III. STARTING WITHMASS MEETINGS 42 IV. THE SPREAD OFADI.ILT EDUCATION 69 V. DEVELOPMENT OFCONSUMERS' COOPERATIVES 81 VI. Tim SIGNIFICANCE OFCREDIT UNIONS 89 VII. COOPERATIVEMARKETING MOVEMENTS VIII. WHY THEECONOMIC APPROACH INADULT EDU''' 1 10 CA TION? 120 IX. COOPERATION INOUR SOCIAL BLUEPRINT 139 X. COOPERATION ANDRELIGION 154 XL THE FUTURE 167 INDEX 11,77:'177-77K.Tm. FOREWORD THIS book tells about an effort to educate the people by assisting them to become masters of their own economic destiny. I record here, as a participant, the development of the program of adult education and economic cooperation spon- sored by St. Francis Xavier University, in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. From eastern Nova Scotia "the Antigonish Move- ment," as it is popularly named, is spreading to all parts of Canada. Numerous citizens of the United States have also been expressing a high degree of interest in our aims and methods. Hence there has been need for a systematic treat- ment of the work in all its aspects. At "St. F. X.," as the professors, students, and the people in the locality call the University, we who are engaged in the extension work have been helping people face their own economic situation. We have assisted them in opening their minds by mass meetings. We have followed these mass meet- ings with the organization of numerous small clubs which have also become discussion circles. Each study club has been asked to consider projects or types of action. The result has been that considerable action followed the study. The people have organized numerous credit unions, cooperative fish- packing plants, stores and farmers' marketing associations. Many persons have had placesix of leadership in beginning , FOREWORD and.carrying on the extension program atSt. Francis Xavier and in the field. In the text thatfollows I am able to mention many, but ithas obviously been impossible to noteall of them. One of the gloriesof the movement has been the way it has literally thrown upleaders. For special assistancein my preparationof this book, I wish toacknowledge my in- debtedness to A. A. MacLellan,Professor of Education at St. Francis XavierUniversity, Wilfrid Garvin,Professor of Economics, and Peter Nearingof the Extension Staff. Miss Kay Thompson, Miss IdaGallant and Miss Zita O'Heam, of the Extension Staff,rendered valuable service incollecting, arranging and typing the material. I also wish to thank the GeneralEducation Board of New York for a grant that madepossible the writing of thisbook. It is understood, of course,that the author alone is respon- sible for the opinions hereinexpressed. M. M. CoADY Antigonish, Nova Scotia. mow X mow. 17111777.2.cw,f17.4",v,-13w1rMkT1377,747, REVISION OF STATISTICS IN THE BOOK CORRECT TO THE END OF 1960 Page 47This cooperative fish plant is in the process of being reorganized. Page 48This organization has been replaced by the Isle Madame Fisher- men's Cooperative Limited at Petit de Grat. Page 51With the trend towards amalgamation and large scale opera- tion, this plant is no longer in operation. The group is now part of the Antigonish Cooperative Fishermen. Page 54Canadian Livestock Shipping Club is now known as Maritime Cooperative Services, Moncton with assets of $2,536,508 and a vol- ume of business of $15,625,686 in 1959. Page 59Nova Scotia has 221 Credit Unions with a membership of 59,993, assets of $14,111,896, and loans of $10.1 million for the year 1959. New Brunswick has 159 Credit Unions, membership of 79,766, assets of $15,079,299, loans of $64,922,000 for 1959. Prince Edward Island has 58 Credit Unions, membership 9,453; assets of $1,567,332 and loans of $882,713.00 for 1959. Page 64Travelling Libraries have spread over most of Nova Scotia. The Tompkins Memorial Library was opened at Reserve on November 21, 1951. Page 67Fisheries Grant is now $51,700 for 1959. Page 77Housing projects on the cooperative principle have spread all over Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick. Page 109Cooperative Stores are now linked up with Eastern Cooperative Services Limited with plants in Sydney, Antigonish, Port Hawkes- bury and Stephenville, Newfoundland. The plant in Sydney has a modern processing plant, egg and vegetable grading station, cold storage facilities and a grocery wholesale. This organization in turn is linkedwith Maritime Cooperative Services Limited. A central cooperative lobster plant for New Brunswick is expected to be in operation by 1961. United Maritime Fishermen have assets of $1,303,680.00 and a business of $4,168,617.00 for 1959. mom. xl limorm Chapter I INTRODUCING "ST. F.X.' THE adult educationmovement sponsoredby St. Francis Xavier University hasbeen describedfrequently, and not inaccurately, as "educationof the masses." It maybe so de- scribed because it isbased on the principlethat an educa- tional program, if it is toyield permanentbenefits, must be shaped to fit the needsof specific groups, eachhaving many common interests.The Antigonish Movementis founded on the idea that the learneris most importantin the educative process. Theeducator must take menand groups of men where he finds them,and work with theirbackground, inter- ests and capabilities. As here used, the term"masses" refers only tocertain vocational interests. Itincludes all those who, onthe farm, in the mine or factory, onthe sea, in the forest, orin the various from the service occupations,derive their daily sustenance performance of those taskswhich a somewhat perverse com- mon parlancetends to designate as"jobs" rather than as "professions," "positions," or"business enterprises."Accord- ing to the 1931Canadian census, thevocational groaps in which we are particularlyinterested here constituted ap- proximately 84 per centof all gainfully occupied personsin the Maritimes. Itwould be a seriousmistake to assume that the St. Francis Xavierprogranypromoting or encouraging class strife, or thatit would deny thesocial usefulness of I4111100M MASTERS OF THEIR OWN DESTINY persons not included in this definition of "the masses." On the contrary, we appreciate the contributions that persons in the professions and business have made, and continue to make, to the economic and cultural welfare of society. We would
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