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The Use of Degraded and Shade Cocoa Forests by Endangered Golden-Headed Lion Tamarins Leontopithecus Chrysomelas

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The Use of Degraded and Shade Cocoa Forests by Endangered Golden-Headed Lion Tamarins Leontopithecus Chrysomelas Oryx Vol 38 No 1 January 2004 The use of degraded and shade cocoa forests by Endangered golden-headed lion tamarins Leontopithecus chrysomelas Becky E. Raboy, Mary C. Christman and James M. Dietz Abstract Determining habitat requirements for threat- consistent across groups. In contrast, all groups preferred ened primates is critical to implementing conservation to sleep in mature or cabruca forest. Golden-headed lion strategies, and plans incorporating metapopulation str- tamarins spent a greater proportion of time foraging and ucture require understanding the potential of available eating fruits, flowers and nectar in cabruca than in habitats to serve as corridors. We examined how three mature or secondary forests. Although the extent to groups of golden-headed lion tamarins Leontopithecus which secondary and cabruca forests can completely chrysomelas in Southern Bahia, Brazil, used mature, sustain breeding groups is unresolved, we conclude that swamp, secondary and shade cocoa (cabruca) forests. both habitats would make suitable corridors for the Unlike callitrichids that show affinities for degraded movement of tamarins between forest fragments, and forest, Leontopithecus species are presumed to depend on that the large trees remaining in cabruca are important primary or mature forests for sleeping sites in tree holes sources of food and sleeping sites. We suggest that and epiphytic bromeliads for animal prey. In this study management plans for golden-headed lion tamarins we quantified resource availability within each habitat, should focus on protecting areas that include access to compared the proportion of time spent in each habitat tall forest, either as mature or cabruca, for the long-term to that based on availability, investigated preferences conservation of the species. for sleeping site selection, and determined how golden- headed lion tamarins allocated time to foraging behavi- Keywords Atlantic rainforest, Brazil, Callitrichidae, our in different habitats. Each group preferred to range golden-headed lion tamarins, habitat use, Leontopithecus in certain habitats during the day, yet patterns were not chrysomelas, shade cocoa, Southern Bahia. Introduction Variation in the height of the forest, openness of the canopy, canopy connectivity and diversity, and abun- The dramatic increase in human populations has had dance of resources can affect how a primate uses a a large negative impact on tropical forest (Turner et al., particular habitat. 1990). As a result of shifting agriculture and logging Many species of tamarins and marmosets (Callitri- practices, habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation chidae), small New World primates, use disturbed and threaten the existence of many primate species (Johns, regenerating forests and are often considered ‘edge- 1991). The ability of primates to use degraded forests specialists’ (Terborgh, 1983; Sussman & Kinzey, 1984; varies widely and may depend on body size and the type Rylands, 1986, 1996; Egler, 1992; Passamani & Rylands, and diversity of their diet (Johns & Skorupa, 1987). To 2000). Callitrichids eat fruit, insects, small vertebrates, the extent that the characteristics of forests may differ among primary, secondary, logged or agro- forests, and plant exudates, resources that vary in availability so does a species’ ability to exploit these environments. across habitats and in some cases may be abundant in degraded or secondary environments. In the relatively open canopy of secondary forests light penetrates easily, Becky E. Raboy (Corresponding author) and James M. Dietz Department of leading to a large quantity of fruit, flowers and foliage Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. E-mail: (Blake & Loiselle, 2001). The abundance of small fruits [email protected] may explain why many migrating bird species fre- Mary C. Christman Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of quently use secondary forest (Martin, 1985). However, it Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. is not always clear that secondary forests have more Present address: Department of Conservation Biology, Conservation and fruit available than mature forest, and some suggest the Research Center, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, opposite (Ferrari & Diego, 1995). Other key resources Washington, DC 20008, USA. may influence the success with which callitrichids use Received 11 September 2002. Revision requested 30 January 2003. secondary habitats. The thick undergrowth that is typical Accepted 20 June 2003. of regenerating forests may also provide protection from © 2004 FFI, Oryx, 38(1), 75–83 DOI: 10.1017/S0030605304000122 Printed in the United Kingdom 75 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.219, on 25 Sep 2021 at 05:06:55, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605304000122 76 B. E. Raboy, M. C. Christman and J. M. Dietz predators and structural support that facilitates travel Theobroma cacao. Cabruca has relatively few lianas and a (Rylands, 1996). Additionally some callitrichids, such as reduced subcanopy, substrates that are commonly used the genus Callithrix, have a specialized dental structure by callitrichids. Prior to this study, it was not clear how that enables them to easily consume gums obtained from successfully lion tamarins were able to use this habitat. trees and vines (Sussman & Kinzey, 1984). These special- In this study we examine the extent to which golden- izations allow for efficient exploitation of disturbed headed lion tamarins L. chrysomelas use available habi- forest when fruit is not available (Ferrari & Diego, 1995). tats. In particular, we determine resource density within Lion tamarins (Leontopithecus spp.) are presumed to each habitat and compare patterns of habitat use to avail- depend on mature forests for two principal resources ability, including whether golden-headed lion tamarins that may be less abundant in secondary forests (Rylands, have preferences for the location of sleeping sites. In 1989, 1996). The first is tree holes for sleeping (Rylands, addition, we look at patterns of foraging behaviour in 1993). Although some species of Callithrix (Rylands, 1982, each of these habitats, consider the impact that cabruca 1986) and tamarins from the genus Saguinus (Terborgh, and regenerating forest have on lion tamarin ecology, 1983) occasionally sleep in tree holes, Leontopithecus and highlight the importance of these habitats for spp. are the only callitrichids studied that habitually do successful conservation of the species. so (Coimbra-Filho, 1978). Secondary forests are thought to have fewer tree holes of adequate size, especially in younger forests comprised of trees of small diameter Methods (Coimbra-Filho, 1978; Rylands, 1993). The second re- We conducted our study in and near Una Biological source is epiphytic bromeliads, sites where lion tamarins Reserve in Southern Bahia, Brazil (Fig. 1). Points mapped frequently forage for animal prey. Lion tamarins have with a global positioning system, ground surveys, his- long, slender hands, relative to other callitrichids, that aid in manipulative foraging (Rylands, 1993; Bicca-Marques, torical records of land-use and aerial photographs were 1999). For three of the four species of Leontopithecus, used to create a map outlining mature, secondary, bromeliads are a preferred foraging microhabitat for swamp and cabruca forest. Swamps were classified as locating prey (Rylands, 1982; Peres, 1986; Prado, 1999; a distinct habitat type, regardless of whether they con- Raboy, 2002). tained mature or secondary forest. Mature forest was Irrespective of potential habitat preferences, lion tama- characterized by a canopy at 25–35 m height, an abun- rins are forced to use degraded forest because of the dance of epiphytes and vines and a relatively open widespread destruction of mature forest (Rylands et al., understory. Cabruca had a similar height and presence 1996). Lion tamarins are endemic to the Atlantic forest (Rylands et al., 1996), one of the most threatened tropical forests in the world (Mittermeier et al., 1982). This forest is now a mosaic of primary and secondary forest, and agricultural lands (Stallings & Robinson, 1991), with only 2–8% remaining forest (Mallinson, 2001; Saatchi et al., 2001). Leontopithecus spp. are categorized as either Endangered (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) or Critically Endangered on the 2002 IUCN Red List (L. rosalia, L. chrysopygus and L. caissara; IUCN, 2002). An understanding of the habitat requirements of lion tamarins is important for the design of conservation strategies. Plans incorporating metapopulation structure require discerning the potential of different habitats to serve as corridors for movement between larger tracts of forest (Lidicker & Koenig, 1996). Given the rapid degra- dation of Brazil’s Atlantic forest, understanding how lion tamarins use regenerating forests and agricultural land is essential for prioritizing areas for conservation. For example, much of the eastern part of the range of golden- headed lion tamarins has been converted into agro- forests known as cabruca. Cabruca is a system of shade Fig. 1 The eastern coast of Brazil, indicating the location of Una cropping in which the middle and understory trees of Biological Reserve; the inset indicates the location of the main intact forests are removed and replaced with cacao trees figure (map courtesy of Paulo de Cordeiro). © 2004 FFI, Oryx, 38(1),
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