DOCSLIB.ORG

Gender and Forests in Costa Rica

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gender and Forests in Costa Rica CASE STUDIES ON GENDER AND FORESTS IN COSTA RICA NATIONAL REDD+ STRATEGY Disclaimer This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank developed in collaboration with staff from the Costa Rican Ministry of Environment and Energy. The findings, interpretations, and views expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the governments that they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and permits The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes, as long as full attribution to this work is given. For all other purposes, send an email to: [email protected] Acknowledgements This document was prepared by a team comprising Andrea Quesada-Aguilar, Thais Aguilar, staff of the Costa Rican REDD+ Secretariat (María Elena Herrera, Elena Florian, and Héctor Arce), and World Bank staff (Stavros Papageorgiou). The graphic design was done by Estudio Relativo. The team would like to thank the REDD+ Secretariat for its logistical and financial support for carrying out the field visits, as well as the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) and its donor countries for financing this report. This publication is a component of the Gender Action Plan of Costa Rica’s National REDD+ Strategy, and forms part of the initiatives that the National REDD+ Secretariat has carried out since 2011 to adequately address gender issues in REDD+ related processes. These processes are based on the Gender and REDD+ Roadmap developed by the REDD+ Secretariat in 2016. Through these initiatives, including this work, the REDD+ Secretariat carried out the first analysis of the current situation in the country in terms of forests, gender, and climate change mitigation, including this work. To obtain the information for this work, several field visits were organized during 2018 and interviews were conducted with government officials, members of local communities, and other relevant stakeholders. All of the interviews and photographs contained in this work were obtained with the informed consent of the persons involved, granted during the field visits. The team wishes to express its deep gratitude to the men and women of the local communities who contributed to this work by sharing their experiences. © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development /World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org ACRONYMS EN-REDD+ National REDD+ Strategy INAMU National Women’s Institute REDD+ Reducing Emissions from FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership Facility MINAE Ministry of Environment and Energy Deforestation and Forest FONAFIFO Costa Rica Forest Financing Fund PAM Policies, Actions, and Measures of Degradation GAP Gender Action Plan of the National the REDD+ Strategy PROFOR Program on Forests (World Bank) REDD+ Strategy SINAC National Conservation Areas System Introduction Costa Rica was one of the first developing countries to • Gender analysis of the current situation, including actions to succeed in reversing deforestation and increasing its forest recognize and empower women as relevant stakeholders. cover, transitioning from covering 20% in the 1980s to 53% • Institutional strengthening and sensitization for the of its national territory today. This was possible due to the implementation of a gender-responsive EN-REDD+. implementation of several innovative public policies that • Design of a gender-responsive process for the included restrictions to forest land use change; the expansion implementation of the EN-REDD+. of the National Protected Areas system to include 25% of the country’s land area; and the creation of a consumption tax on The objective of the gender analysis was to improve the fossil fuels that generates revenues to promote programs to understanding of the country’s current situation with regard reduce deforestation and forest degradation, promote forest to forests, gender, and climate change mitigation. To carry conservation and restoration, and improve forest carbon stocks out this analysis, a “bottom up” participatory approach was through Payments for Environmental Services (PES). adopted to complement national data based on the realities, needs, and priorities of rural women in Costa Rica. For this In recent years, the government of Costa Rica has recognized purpose, different communities were visited in priority forest the importance of adequately addressing gender equality conservation and management areas to identify case studies, issues in REDD+1 processes. Since 2011, the REDD+ Secretariat inequalities, opportunities, challenges, and lessons learned in has been working to integrate gender equality into different relation to gender equality and forests. processes associated with the preparation of the National REDD+ Strategy (EN-REDD+), in partnership with gender Documenting the different experiences of women’s experts, civil society organizations, groups of indigenous associations and women who contribute to the protection women, and rural smallholder forest producers. and sustainable management of forests was one of the main actions for the gender analysis. This activity was of As part of these efforts, a workshop was organized in 2016 to great importance for the country, since, despite the efforts of define and design a critical roadmap on gender to incorporate certain institutions, much of the information on forest project this issue in the preparation process of the EN-REDD+. Based experiences that have incorporated a gender perspective on this roadmap, the REDD+ Secretariat, with the support of remains undocumented. This documents presents a set the World Bank, commenced a process in April 2018 for the of case studies that were identified during the process of development of the Gender Action Plan (GAP) of the EN-REDD+ development of the EN-REDD+ Gender Action Plan. The which proposes three lines of action and a series of activities aim is that this summary will be the start of a process for for each line. The three lines of action for the development of documenting women’s voices and their contributions to the the GAP are: conservation and sustainable management of forests, and for this document to continue incorporating more and more contributions and success stories nationwide. 1 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation FOREST-RELATED ACTIVITIES Water Cocoa Fires Seeds Organic Farming Ecotourism Indigenous Peoples Agroforestry System Handicrafts Education Forest Management Nurseries Analog Forestry Livestock Payments for Environmental Services FOREST-RELATED ACTIVITIES 1. Women forest owners involved 10. Hojarte produces handicrafts made 17. Autochthonous Seed Protection in the Forest Management and with the seeds of native species. Program and Model Farm “La Libre” Certification Project as an option 11. Women farmers of the of the Sancarleña Network of Rural for the conservation of tropical Guanacasteca Organic Agro Women (Rescamur). forests (MAFOR Project). Association. 18. The Association Commission of 2. Women lead novel ecotourism 12. Co-led forest fire brigades from Indigenous Women of Talamanca initiatives through “Caminos Cerros de Jesús. (ACOMUITA) promotes cocoa de Osa”. 13. Global Alliance for Green farming on agroforestry farms and 3. Water resource management from and Gender Action (GAGGA) ethno-tourism. a gender perspective. of the International Analog 19. Women’s home in Yorkín diversifies 4. Luis Jorge Poveda Álvarez Forestry Network (IAFN) and livelihoods, promotes conservation, Arboretum involves youth in Agroecologic Reserve El Toledo and strengthens culture. environmental education. promote women’s involvement in 20. Traditional indigenous farms are 5. Morpho de Osa Tours offers an analog forestry. agroforestry systems of great economic alternative for women 14. The Protection and Fire Program in importance for women and through ecotourism. the Guanacaste Conservation Area conservation. 6. Women artisans design wood (ACG) involves men and women of 21. Asociación Kátsako (Women products with unique identity. all ages. Defenders of the Land) empowers 7. The Association of Active Women 15. Participation of women and youth women, creates economic of the Biological Corridor Alexander in livestock activities in Santa Cruz, opportunities, and revives Skutch (AMACOBAS) promotes Turrialba. traditional agroforestry practices. organized production and 16. Experiences with Payments for 22. The Indigenous Womens environmental education. Environmental Services Payments Association Cabécar Kábata 8. Female organic farmers of the (PES) and their contribution to Konana brings together women Nicoya Peninsula. women’s development. from different communities to 9. Women-led tree nurseries. promote forest conservation and sustainable management initiatives. 11 14 10 16 15 21 20 22 17 13 19 8 9 5 18 2 12 7 4 6 1 3 OSA PENINSULA 1. WOMEN FOREST OWNERS INVOLVED IN THE FOREST MANAGEMENT AND CERTIFICATION PROJECT AS AN OPTION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF TROPICAL FORESTS (MAFOR PROJECT) This project works with forest owners from the Marketing women forest-owners
Load more

Recommended publications
  • December 2013
    TroPEG Newsletter No. 002 December 2013 CEO: Editing: Editorial Board SAINGE N. Moses SAINGE Rsearch Director: Rsearch ACHAH Robin ARIFIQUE ACHAH NGOH Michael LYONGA NGOH Michael Moses, Libalah Moses B. Design and Presentation: Design and Presentation: Benedictta Jailughe, Sainge N. Benedictta 5) Address 5) Award 6) Grant 4) What we can do 4) 3) Scientific publications: A contribution A 3) Scientific publications: to science 2) Analog Forestry Landscape techniques design 1) HCV assessment for the establishment the for assessment HCV 1) of oil palm plantation (Consultancy) Issues: TroPEG Newsletter No. 002 December 2013 TroPEG Newsletter No. 002 December 2013 Enumeration of some most strategic ofhabitat that could the and earmarked was conserved be 10 of dbh a with species plant all cm and above were measured, recorded and identified. - - - the Research Director of Tropi cal Plant Exploration Group – TroPEG, Mr. Sainge N. Moses and supervised by Proforest. Illor Balondo, Ngumu, Dibonda, Ngumu, Balondo, Illor and Ekumbako. in Working this zone was really a good platform for the training of some TroPEG members on data collection and plant identi fication, because TroPEG activities. en oriented field courages The entire exercise was led by - - - - - area and Ndongore Forest area, of villages the to closed precisely forest ecosystem. The work took work The ecosystem. forest Korup of zones the around place forest area, Rumpi Hills Forest explore the rich and vast diver sity of the Guinea-Congolian within Tropical Forest Ecosys tem. As the TroPEG name im plies, this was an opportunity to sity conservation,priority assessment of important areas through of conservation values TroPEG’s objectives of fundrais of objectives TroPEG’s biodiver to contributing and ing (HCV) assessment in the month 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Revitalising Kenya's Forests
    Journal of the International Tree Foundation Autumn 2017 VOLUME 74 £3.95 FREE TO MEMBERS Białowiez• a Europe’s primeval forest threatened by logging Revitalising Kenya’s Forests Bringing the benefi ts of conservation to vulnerable communities in Madagascar African farmers driving their own development Planet friendly plant-based diet ENTREPRENEURS OF THE SAHEL TREE POWER AND MORE NEWS FROM THE UK In this Issue In this issue of News from Supporter 4 the UK 5 Stories Catch up on ITF’s work, including Inspirational fundraising stories Tree Power for schools and Fruit-full - from small and creative to wild Communities. and wonderful! Agroecology 6 vs. the ‘Green Revolution’ Innovative and sustainable farming practices across Africa are proving that expensive technologies and synthetic fertilisers are not the answer to hunger. Examples from Ethiopia, Mali, Kenya and South Africa. Against 16 Poverty, 20 Million For Nature 8 Trees for Kenya’s Forests Madagascar has lost over 80% of its natural forests. ITF partner Ny ITF’s Centenary Campaign expands Tanintsika believe that wellbeing to the North of Mount Kenya. and environmental conservation Aiming to restore 900 hectares to go hand in hand - and they are natural forest on three sites, the supporting the most vulnerable project will help 2,000 farmers populations to plant endemic trees. © A. Wajrak increase their income as they care for the young trees. Fairytale 12 Forest in Peril Despite threats of legal action and fines from the European Commission, the Polish government continue to log Europe’s last primeval forest. Full Contents 3 Foreword 8 20 Million Trees 16 Against Poverty, For Nature 4 ITF News from the UK 11 Entrepreneurs of the Sahel 18 Plate Up for the Planet and Africa 12 Bialowieza 20 Analog Forestry 5 Supporter Stories 15 Nkhata Bay Natural Way 23 How to Help 6 Agroecology vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Analog Forestry As a Conservation and Development Approach: Lessons Learned from the International Analogue Forestry Network
    Analog Forestry as a Conservation and Development Approach: Lessons Learned from the International Analogue Forestry Network Christopher M. Jones University of California, Davis IAD 200N, Fall 2001 ABSTRACT The persistent alarming rate of tropical deforestation has lead governments, NGOs and academics to rethink approaches that seek to protect and revitalize the planet's dwindling forest resources. Whereas previous conservation efforts have been top- down, focusing on protecting lands from human intrusion, recent initiatives recognize the importance of integrating, and even catering to, the needs of surrounding local populations that may otherwise provoke forest degradation. There has been, in effect, a shifting paradigm away from a focus on preservation, which is seen as both impractical and potentially detrimental to local economies, towards integrated conservation and development projects that address both socio-economic and environmental concerns. This paper will focus on one such approach, the innovative natural restoration system called Analog (or Analogue) Forestry designed by Dr. Ranil Senanayake, founder of the International Analogue Forestry Network. Analog Forestry seeks to restore degraded forest lands, often replacing inefficient slash and burn agriculture or cattle ranching, with highly productive and biologically diverse regenerated forests capable of meeting the extractive needs of local populations (e.g. firewood, fodder, fruits, nuts, subsistence crops, timber) while supplying them with a supplemental income and an ecologically stable environment. With hundreds of successful demonstration sites around the world, this approach offers a promising solution to recuperate lost biodiversity while addressing human development needs. However, successful implementation requires extensive planning, management, and a high level of commitment by landholders and may not be appropriate where these assets are not available.
    [Show full text]
  • Analog Forestry Balancing Nature and Economy
    Analog Connecting people for change forestry balancing nature and economy What is Analog forestry? The benefits Analog forestry is the name for a particular method of Analog forestry is community-based, agroforestry that was originally developed in Sri Lanka. It participatory and very practical restores the productivity of degraded land and provides Outside expertise (for example a technician from an NGO) is new sources of food and income to local people. In essence, often useful in helping farmers to analyse their farm system an analog forest imitates the original native forest and has and the original vegetation of the area. This involves drawing similar (analogous) structures and ecological functions. detailed maps of the farm area and surroundings, delineating Analog forestry adds certain crops and trees which provide existing and future land use, streams, soil conditions, etc. food and marketable products such as pepper, cinnamon, This exercise also gives farmers an opportunity to define mangoes and other spices and fruits. Tea and coffee also their needs and objectives. Ideally the species chosen grow well in the shadow of the trees. for planting should produce a range of products; mulch material, firewood, timber, fruits and medicines. It is also The crops in an analog forest, marketed as Forest Garden important to select a combination of species that can be Products, can easily be processed by local communities. harvested at different phases of the succession. Over time Besides marketable products the analog forest provides the farmers can introduce species with longer life cycles and firewood, fodder, construction materials and medicines. higher demands. Following this a nursery for tree and plant Furthermore, reforesting degraded lands makes the soil species should be established, frequently in the form of a fertile again, and increases water retention and quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Liyanage et al., /Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment Vol. 3, No. 01 (2013) 9-16 An Assessment of the Contribution of an Analog Forest as a Sustainable Land-use Ecosystem for the Development of Rural Green Economy in Sri Lanka W.K.D.D. Liyanage 1,2,3,* , S.N. Gamage 3, G.D.C. Pushpa Kumara 3 and L. Xulong 2 1Forest Department of Sri Lanka, Divisional Forest Office, Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka 2China University of Geosciences, No. 388, Lumo Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R. China 3Land Owners Restore Rainforests in Sri Lanka (LORRIS), Bangamukande Estate, Pitigala, Sri Lanka Date Received: 20-11-2012 Date Accepted: 12-03-2013 Abstract Large scale clearing of natural forests for human settlements as well as in the form of tea, rubber and cinnamon plantations resulted forest fragmentation in most natural ecosystems in the wet zone of Sri Lanka which posed massive threats to both nature and the humans including the loss of biodiversity, environmental hazards and increasing poverty. This paper discusses about the potential to develop rural green economy as a result of consolidating these agricultural lands into analog forests as a sustainable land use practice. Bangamukande Estate, a man-made analog forest in Galle District was selected for this assessment. Participatory rural appraisal methods were used to obtain information on resource utilization by the local community in nearby villages. Secondary data of the long term analog forestry establishment programme were also used for analysis the livelihood changes of the people due to the impacts this system. Various interventions had been made to address the issues such as encouraging local farmers to cultivate timber, fruits, spices and medicinal plants, paying them for the environmental services they render and enhancing their income through green employment.
    [Show full text]
  • FAO Simpler Forest Management Plans For
    Working Paper 2004 Simpler Forest Management Plans for Participatory Forestry Forestry Policy and Institutions Service Forestry Policy and Information Division Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Rome 2004 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ii Simpler Forest Management Plans for Participatory Forestry iii Foreword Participatory forestry is now a widely accepted concept and many governments have put policies and laws into place to support the local management of forest resources. However, some constraints have appeared which prevent the full realization of the potential offered by the devolution of ownership or management rights to the rural population. As identified in various international fora (International workshop on participatory forestry in Africa, 2002, Forum on the role of forestry in poverty alleviation, 2001), one of these constraints is the unrealistic requirements imposed on rural communities for the preparation of forest management plans. This is in this context that FAO started to look at existing attempts and experiences to solve this problem in various part of the world. This work has resulted in this working paper which has been prepared with the support of a number of persons. The main source of the information on which this working paper is based is a survey conducted by Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Certification of Non-Timber Forest Products
    BEYOND TIMBER: CERTIFICATION OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS Patricia Shanley, Alan Pierce and Sarah Laird with contributions from: Mauricio Almeida, Jenne de Beer, D. Cole, Anthony Cunningham, Andre Freitas, Carmen Garcia Fernandez, Cyril Lombard, Pablo Pacheco, Pierre du Plessis, Philippe Pommez, Silvia Purata, Suzanne Schmitt, Sheona Shackleton, Loana Johansson and Alexandre Dias Souza July 2005 i PREFACE Forest certification is a market-based instrument that aims to encourage sustainable forest management for the multiple values of the forest, beyond timber to include non-timber forest products and services, social and cultural values and future options. To date, there are about forty-six commercial non-timber forest products for which certification standards have been approved and on-going evaluations of over six more evaluations of some of the original products in new countries and forest types. Thus far, the share of certified timber in the marketplace makes up less than 1 percent of the total forest area and less than 3 percent of the total timber trade value, although it is growing significantly. The share of the commercial value of certified non- timber forest products is even less, as NTFP certification is still in its infancy. There have been a range of studies of the status of timber and wood product certification and the issues and challenges for moving forward. However, there is much less documentation of the status of forest certification and non-timber forest products that either look at the impacts of forest certification for the sustainability and harvesting of non-timber forest products or at opportunities and challenges for incorporating certification standards for commercially important products into the various certification schemes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Analog Forestry. Ranil Senanayake Abstract
    Realizing the Value of Photosynthetic Biomass: The Role of Analog Forestry. Ranil Senanayake Abstract: The most critical and valuable material in maintaining the life support system of the planet is its photosynthetic biomass. Yet this material has been conspicuously under appreciated and unvalued to date. The growth of the current carbon market in addressing climate change provides real benchmarks and suggests astounding market opportunities. The Analog Forestry system of farm based environmental restoration, emerges as a promising technology to help capitalize photosynthetic biomass. Keywords : Photosynthetic biomass, ecosystem restoration, Analog Forestry, empowering rural communities The evaluation of the pools of planetary carbon has received great attention as rising concerns of climate change and biomass loss emerge. The global trends are clear--there is an increasing rate of loss in biodiversity and biomass, a trend that commenced about 700 years ago and that loss is accelerating. The loss of biodiversity and biomass signifies a reduction in our biological potential to survive, due to the fact that a large contribution to the biological quality of life is provided by the living component of the environment. This loss is best understood by observations of the importance of terrestrial biomass; this has often been likened to the living skin of the planet. It has been commented that, the physiognomy and well being of our planet depends on its living skin, without which land would become unstable. This ʻliving skinʼ refers to terrestrial biomass which is most valuable when represented by the forest ecosystem, which contains both the largest volume of photosynthetic biomass as well as highest biodiversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Analog Forestry: Creating Productive Landscapes
    4.1 Analog forestry: creating productive landscapes ADAM KABIR DICKINSoN Introduction one of the key challenges in the wake of the Green revolution1 is finding a way for agricultural landscapes to contribute to ecosystem integrity and safeguard biodiversity (scherr and mcneely 2008). in order for restoration and sustainable land management to take hold in forested areas around the world, landscapes must be restored and managed in a way that provides connectivity and environmental services while also maintaining or improving the livelihoods of the people who inhabit those landscapes. This article presents two experiences that provide specific steps to address these challenges. productive landscapes can be created through inclusive, participatory networks, recognition of the diverse land uses that make up mosaic landscapes, and grassroots initiatives combined with regional coordination. These three aspects have distinguished the biological corridors in the colinas bajas model Forest, Dominican republic and in nuevo mundo, Ecuador. initiatives there are further united by their focus on analog forestry as a method for achieving productive landscapes. Analog forestry: a restoration tool for productive landscapes analog forestry (aF) is a landscape-level approach geared to productive landscapes (box 1). it is applied at the local level with individual practitioners and community groups. aF’s key goal is to establish a tree-dominated ecosystem that is analogous in structure and AnAlog forestry systems function to the native forests of the region Are ideAl for smAll-scAle (senanayake and Jack 1998). when applied to agroforestry systems, aF places an emphasis on Agriculture or for single selecting species that are analogous in structure components in A diverse, to species in a natural forest, but that also provide lArger-scAle lAndscApe.
    [Show full text]
  • Compatibility of Analog Forestry and Conservation Agriculture As Strategies for the Sustainable Management of Forest Resources in Bui, NW Cameroon
    EJFOOD, European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences Vol. 2, No. 3, June 2020 Compatibility of Analog Forestry and Conservation Agriculture as Strategies for the Sustainable Management of Forest Resources in Bui, NW Cameroon Tsi Evaristus Angwafo, Kemkia Christian Danernyuy, and Mvo Denis Chuo bulk of their fuel supplies and fodder from the forest Abstract—This study entitle compatibility of analog surrounding their communities. The collection of forest forestry (AF) and conservation agriculture (CA) as products is an important source of employment and income, strategies for the sustainable management of forest especially during the periods when other opportunities are resources was carried out in Bui, NW Cameroon. The almost non-existent” [4] (Wettenhall and Penna, 2013). In objective of the study was to examine the management many surveyed, forest have declined in both areal extent and schemes adopted by communities and compatibility productivity, with significant increases in the number of between analog forestry and conservation agriculture people per unit area of forest[5] (Senanayake and Jack, that make them better strategies for forest resource 1998). Much of this decline is due to extensive utilisation. management. Qualitative and quantitative designs were Sometimes new production methods are not compatible with used during data collection. Data were analyzed traditional uses of the resource; for example, commercial descriptively and inferentially using statistical package forestry may prevent the gathering of other forest products, for social sciences, cross tabulation and Microsoft excel. and new management structures may exclude certain groups Result revealed that AF and CA are 80% compatible for from forest access [6] and [7].
    [Show full text]
  • Domestic Forests: a New Paradigm for Integrating Local Communities’ Forestry Into Tropical Forest Science
    Copyright © 2007 by the author(s). Published here under license by the Resilience Alliance. Michon, G., H. De Foresta, P. Levang, and F. Verdeaux 2007. Domestic forests: a new paradigm for integrating local communities’ forestry into tropical forest science. Ecology and Society 12(2): 1. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss2/art1/ Research, part of a Special Feature on Sustainability in tropical forests Domestic Forests: A New Paradigm for Integrating Local Communities’ Forestry into Tropical Forest Science Geneviève Michon 1, Hubert de Foresta 2, Patrice Levang 3, and Francois Verdeaux 1 ABSTRACT. Despite a long history of confrontation between forest agencies and forest people, “indigenous” or “local” practices are increasingly considered as a viable alternative of forest management. This paper is a synthesis derived from various long-term research programs carried out by the authors in Southeast Asia and Africa on forests managed by farmers. These researches looked at local practices and underlying science, including their social, political, and symbolic dimensions. They also addressed evolutionary trends and driving forces, as well as potential and limits for forest conservation and development, mitigation of deforestation, biodiversity conservation, and poverty alleviation in a context of global environmental, political, and social change. We discuss how forest management by local communities, contrary to the unified models of professional forest management, exhibits a high historical and geographical diversity. The analysis we draw from the various examples we studied reveals several invariants, which allows proposing the unifying paradigm of “domestic forest.” The first universal feature concerns the local managers themselves, who are, in their vast majority, farmers.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Reforestation and Forest Rehabilitation in the Perspective Of
    1/31/2014 TROPICAL REFORESTATION AND FOREST UTRECHT REHABILITATION IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF LARGE UNIVERSITY SCALE IMPLEMENTATION MSc Thesis by Berlo, M. van (Martijn) Supervised by Marijke van Kuijk Contents Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 2 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Forest cover changes .................................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Reforestation and forest rehabilitation........................................................................................ 5 1.3. The potential of large scale reforestation and forest rehabilitation ............................................ 7 2. Reforestation and forest rehabilitation methods ............................................................................... 8 2.1. Ecological reforestation or forest rehabilitation .......................................................................... 9 2.1.1. Implications for biodiversity and ecological functioning..................................................... 10 2.1.2. Benefits to climate change mitigation ................................................................................ 10 2.1.3. Financial or economic implications ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]