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Bronze Age Funerary Cups of Northern Britain

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Bronze Age Funerary Cups of Northern Britain University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. The Bronze Age Funerary Cups of Northern England Volume I of II D. L. Hallam MPhil UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD 2015 The Bronze Age Funerary Cups of Northern England Volume I of II Deborah Louise Hallam Submitted for the Degree of Master of Philosophy School of Archaeological Sciences Faculty of Life Sciences UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD 2015 Deborah Louise Hallam The Bronze Age Funerary Cups of Northern England Key words: Early Bronze Age / ceramics / funerary ritual / Northern England / barrow / pigmy cups / grave goods. Abstract Around the late third millennium BC small cup-shaped vessels began to appear in burial contexts across the North of England where they were found to be associated with Early Bronze Age funerary practices. Known by the name of incense cups, accessory vessels or miniature cups, their true purpose has been elusive. This study comprises an investigation of cups from Northern England and finds the tradition to be heavily influenced by Beaker culture practices resulting in the earliest cups emulating some attributes of Beaker ceramics. The Northern English Cup assemblage defies the current perception that all Cups are perforated as 63% are not; fabrics are found to be locally sourced and not imported and a review of the typology finds a strong regional adherence to the Food Vessel and Collared Urn tradition. Association in the grave with larger Urns is not as common as once believed and Cups have been found as the solitary ceramic indicating that they were important in their own right. Firing damage such as spalling has been interpreted as use of the funeral pyre for firing vessels prior to deposition with cremated remains and it is suggested that this is a recognisable signature of the cup tradition and therefore the name ‘funerary Cup’ is more appropriate. i An active cross country trade network can be inferred from distributions of metalwork, precious materials and an affinity in some cases to Irish cups. ii Acknowledgements This work has only been possible due to the kind help, generosity and interest from a large number of people. The Museum Curators have been critical to the success of this research by granting access to all their material and giving me their time and assistance. The Commercial Archaeology Units have been equally helpful by providing me with the results of scientific tests undertaken on recent finds. Many private individuals have taken the time to help me locate Cups thought to be lost or located in unusual places. I would like to thank the following: My husband Stephen and daughters Nicola and Sarah for their encouragement, Dr. Alex Gibson for his academic support, generosity and patience, Janet Fletcher for her moral support, Terry Manby for sharing his encyclopaedic knowledge of local prehistoric material, Northern Archaeological Associates Senior Project Officer Greg Speed for the Mitchell Laithes information, Archaeological Services WYAS Project Officer Jane Richardson for allowing access to the Stanbury assemblage and sharing the report, Keith Boughey for the Harden Moor report, David Johnson for his attempts to find the Malham Sheriff Hill Cup, Mr Tom Lord for access to the Hellifield assemblage, Neil Wilkin for access to the Greenwell Collection and his support with the British Museum Science laboratory. In addition I would like to thank the following Curators: Adam Parker, York Museums Trust Tim Padley, Tullie House Museum, Carlisle iii Peter Robinson, Doncaster Museum Paula Gentil, Hull and East Riding Museums Stephen Bull, Preston Museum of Lancashire Life Bryan Sitch, The Manchester Museum Andrew Parkin, Tyne and Wear Museums Gill Varndell and Neil Wilkin, The British Museum Martin Wills, Craven Museum Richard McFarlane, Bankfield Museum, Halifax Helen Harman and Lucy Creighton, Sheffield Museums Chris Yeates, Huddersfield Tolson Museum Katherine Baxter, Leeds Museums Discovery Centre Gavin Edwards, Bradford Museums Sabine Skae, Dock Museum Barrow in Furness Kate Devlin, Alnwick Castle Susan Lord, Bury Museum Ros Westwood, Buxton Museum Rachel Jackson, Clitheroe Castle Museum Spencer Bailey, Derby Museum Erin Beeston, Bolton Museum Emma Heslewood, Preston Harris Museum Karen Snowden, Jennifer Dunne, Julie Baxter, Scarborough Museums Trust ECM Heritage Consulting, Whitby Museum Vinai Solanki, Darwen Library Debbie Allen, Dales Countryside Museum Dr. Alison Sheridan, Trevor Cowie, National Museum of Scotland Seren Griffiths, Manchester Metropolitan University Also Frank Jolley, Emily Fioccoprile and Louise Brown iv Finally there has been a financial cost involved in undertaking this research and thanks are given to the Prehistoric Society, Yorkshire Ladies Council for Education and the Andy Jagger Fund for funding bursaries towards travel expenses. v Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... iii Chapter One: About the study .................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Definitions ......................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Aims and objectives of the study ....................................................................... 3 1.4 Methodology ..................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Data collection .................................................................................................. 5 1.6 Cups in the literature ......................................................................................... 6 Chapter Two: The Northern English Cups ................................................................ 13 2.1 The Classification of Cups .............................................................................. 14 2.1.1 Variation and the Cup tradition ................................................................. 19 2.1.2 Similarities of attributes ............................................................................. 19 2.1.3 Competing form attributes ......................................................................... 21 2.1.4 The Ewanrigg Cup .................................................................................... 22 2.2 Type 1 Biconical Cups .................................................................................... 24 2.2.1 Definition of biconical ................................................................................ 24 2.2.2 Type 1 Biconical Cups with geometric motifs ............................................ 26 2.2.3 Type 1 Biconical Cups – others ................................................................ 35 2.3 Type 2 Miniature Food Vessels and Collared Urns ......................................... 39 2.3.1 Definition ................................................................................................... 39 2.3.2 Type 2 Miniature Food Vessels ................................................................ 40 2.3.3 The Miniature Yorkshire Vase series ........................................................ 42 2.3.4 The Miniature Food Vessels: a regional grouping ..................................... 46 2.3.5 Lidded miniature Food Vessels ................................................................. 50 2.3.6. Type 2 Miniature Collared Urns ............................................................... 53 2.4 Type 3 Fenestrated and stylised Cups ............................................................ 58 2.4.1 Definition ................................................................................................... 58 2.4.2 Definition of fenestration ........................................................................... 59 2.4.3 Fenestrated Cups ..................................................................................... 59 2.4.4 Cups with attributes of high status Cups ................................................... 64 vi 2.4.5 Stylised Cups ............................................................................................ 67 2.5 Type 4 Splayed Wall Cups .............................................................................. 71 2.5.1 Definition ................................................................................................... 71 2.6 Type 5 Thick base simple Cups ...................................................................... 75 2.6.1 Definition ................................................................................................... 75 2.7 Type 6 Oval Cups ........................................................................................... 80 2.7.1 Definition ................................................................................................... 80 Chapter Three: Appearance and Attributes .............................................................. 83 3.1. Groupings ...................................................................................................... 83 3.2 Shared
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