Alstonia Scholaris Botanical Name: Alstonia Scholaris Common Name: Indian Devil Tree Morphological Characteristics: the Alstonia

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Alstonia scholaris Botanical Name: Alstonia scholaris Common Name: Indian devil tree Morphological Characteristics: The Alstonia scholaris is a glabrous tree and grows up to 40 m (130 ft) tall. Its mature bark is grayish and its young branches are copiously marked with lenticels.The upper side of the leaves is glossy, while the underside is greyish.[2] Leaves occur in whorls of three to ten; petioles are 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in); the leathery leaves are narrowly obovate to very narrowly spathulate, base cuneate, apex usually rounded; lateral veins occur in 25 to 50 pairs, at 80-90° to midvein. Cymes are dense and pubescent; peduncle is 4– 7 cm (1.6–2.8 in) long. Pedicels are usually as long as or shorter than calyx. The corolla is white and tube-like, 6–10 mm (0.24–0.39 in); lobes are broadly ovate or broadly obovate, 2–4.5 mm (0.079–0.177 in), overlapping to the left. Growing season and Type: 1) Tree is an elegant evergreen tree, found in most parts of India.The species name scholaris refers to the fact that the timber of this tree has traditionally been used to make wooden slates for school children. 2) Flowers bloom in the month October. The flowers are very fragrant similar to the flower of Cestrum nocturnum. 3) In October small, green yet fragrant flowers appear. All parts of the tree can be considered poisonous. It is a tall elegant tree with greyish rough bark. 4) The tree is really elegant whether it is flowering or not. The slightly rounded, leathery, dark green leaves form whorls of 4-7. And a very regular branching gives the tree a beautiful shape. 1 2 3 1) Flower of Alstonia scholoris 2) Leaf of Alstonia scholoris 3) Alstonia scholaris tree Source: http://www.tropicalfloridagardens.com/tag/alstonia-scholaris/ .

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Alstonia Scholaris R. Br
ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS R. BR. Alstonia scholaris R. Br. Apocyanaceae Ayurvedic name Saptaparna Unani name Kashim Hindi names Saptaparna, Chhatwan Trade name Saptaparni Parts used Stem bark, leaves, latex, and flowers Alstonia scholaris – sapling Therapeutic uses lstonia is a bitter tonic, febrifuge, diuretic, anthelmintic, stimulant, carminative, stomachic, aphrodisiac, galactagogue, and haemo- Astatic. It is used as a substitute for cinchona and quinine for the treatment of intermittent periodic fever. An infusion of bark is given in fever, dyspepsia, skin diseases, liver complaints, chronic diarrhoea, and dysentery. Morphological characteristics Saptaparna is a medium-sized evergreen tree, usually 12–18 m high, sometimes up to 27 m high, with close-set canopy. Bark is rough, greyish- white, yellowish inside, and exudes bitter latex when injured. Leaves are four to seven in a whorl, and are thick, oblong, with a blunt tip. They are dark green on the top, and pale and covered with brownish pubescence on the dorsal surface. 21 AGRO-TECHNIQUES OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS Floral characteristics Flowers are fragrant, greenish-white or greyish-yellow in umbrella-shaped cymes. Follicles (fruits) are narrowly cylindrical, 30 cm × 3 cm, fascicled, with seeds possessing brown hair. Flowering and fruiting occur from March to July, extending to August in subtropical climate. Distribution The species is found in the sub-Himalayan tract from Yamuna eastwards, ascending up to 1000 m. It occurs in tropical, subtropical, and moist de- ciduous forests in India, and is widely cultivated as avenue tree throughout India. Climate and soil The species can be grown in a variety of climatic conditions in India, ranging from dry tropical to sub-temperate.
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Indigenous Uses of Ethnomedicinal Plants Among Forest-Dependent Communities of Northern Bengal, India Antony Joseph Raj4* , Saroj Biswakarma1, Nazir A
Raj et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:8 DOI 10.1186/s13002-018-0208-9 RESEARCH Open Access Indigenous uses of ethnomedicinal plants among forest-dependent communities of Northern Bengal, India Antony Joseph Raj4* , Saroj Biswakarma1, Nazir A. Pala1, Gopal Shukla1, Vineeta1, Munesh Kumar2, Sumit Chakravarty1 and Rainer W. Bussmann3 Abstract Background: Traditional knowledge on ethnomedicinal plant is slowly eroding. The exploration, identification and documentation on utilization of ethnobotanic resources are essential for restoration and preservation of ethnomedicinal knowledge about the plants and conservation of these species for greater interest of human society. Methods: The study was conducted at fringe areas of Chilapatta Reserve Forest in the foothills of the eastern sub-Himalayan mountain belts of West Bengal, India, from December 2014 to May 2016. Purposive sampling method was used for selection of area. From this area which is inhabited by aboriginal community of Indo-Mongoloid origin, 400 respondents including traditional medicinal practitioners were selected randomly for personal interview schedule through open-ended questionnaire. The questionnaire covered aspects like plant species used as ethnomedicines, plant parts used, procedure for dosage and therapy. Results: A total number of 140 ethnomedicinal species was documented, in which the tree species (55) dominated the lists followed by herbs (39) and shrubs (30). Among these total planted species used for ethnomedicinal purposes, 52 species were planted, 62 species growing wild or collected from the forest for use and 26 species were both wild and planted. The present study documented 61 more planted species as compared to 17 planted species documented in an ethnomedicinal study a decade ago.
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Morphological, Anatomical and Biochemical Studies on the Foliar Galls of Alstonia Scholaris
Revista Brasil. Bot., V.34, n.3, p.343-358, jul.-set. 2011 Morphological, anatomical and biochemical studies on the foliar galls of Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae) SUSY ALBERT1,2, AMEE PADHIAR1, DHARA GANDHI1 and PRIYANKA NITYANAND1 (received: April 23, 2010; accepted: June 30, 2011) ABSTRACT – (Morphological, anatomical and biochemical studies on the foliar galls of Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae)). Morphological, anatomical and biochemical alterations in foliar galls of Alstonia scholaris R. Br. induced by the insect Pauropsylla tuberculata (Psyllidae) are described and quantified. Galls occur isolated or agglomerated on the abaxial surface of the leaf. The insect along with the egg deposits some physiologic fluid which act as a stimulant for the induction of the gall. This stimulus brings about hypertrophy followed by hyperplasia of cells next to the location of the deposited eggs. The psyllid presents three nymphal instars, from eclosion of the egg to the adult. Hyperplasia in the palisade cells is very distinctly noticed. Hypertrophy followed by hyperplasia takes place and brings about elevation of hypodermal and palisade parenchyma which undergoes repeated anticlinal divisions. Neoformation of phloematic bundles were distinctly noticed close to the site of infection. With an increase in the growth of the gall, chlorophyll content in the gall tissue decreases. A steady increase of sugar content is noticed. The immature galled tissue showed almost two fold increases in the protein content. The mature galled tissue showed a very high increase in the proline content compared to the immature galled tissue indicating a stressed condition of the galled tissue. Key words - hyperplasia, hypertrophy, Pauropsylla tuberculata RESUMO – (Estudos morfológicos, anatômicos e bioquímicos em galhas foliares de Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae)).
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Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences
ISSN: 0975-8585 Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences Study Of Soil And Vegetation Characteristics In The Lower Gangetic Plains Of West Bengal Rimi Roy1*, Mousumi Maity2, and Sumit Manna3. 1Department of Botany, Jagannath Kishore College, Purulia -723101, West Bengal, India. 2Department of Botany, Scottish Church College, Kolkata-700006, West Bengal, India. 3Department of Botany, Moyna College, affiliated to Vidyasagar University, Moyna, Purba Medinipur -721629, West Bengal, India. ABSTRACT The Lower Gangetic Plains particularly from Dakhineshwar to Uluberia, West Bengal was investigated for the taxonomic and ecological analyses of its naturalized vegetation. The physicochemical studies of soil were also performed from this site. It was observed mangrove plants prevailed at zones where higher percentage of silt was present, while inland plants were grown where percentage of sand and clay were higher. A total of 95 plant species were recorded and their phytoclimatic study was done and the result revealed that percentage of phanerophytes was maximum among others. From phytosociological study it was observed that mangrove associates such as Cryptocoryne ciliata and Oryza coarctata showed highest IVI values, on the other hand Cynodon dactylon was dominated at non-mangrove site. The present analyses indicated existence of two distinct plant communities in the site with more or less stable vegetation pattern. Keywords: Lower Gangetic Plain, vegetation, diversity, community *Corresponding author May–June 2017 RJPBCS 8(3) Page No. 1558 ISSN: 0975-8585 INTRODUCTION Though India has a wide range of vegetation comprising of tropical rain forest, tropical deciduous forest, thorny forest, montane vegetation and mangrove forest, the Gangetic Plains in India form an important biogeographic zone in terms of vegetation characterized by fine alluvium and clay rich swamps, fertile soil and high water retention capacity.
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54 a Review On: Nyctanthes Arbortristis Linn. Rejuvinating Herbs
International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN: 2455-698X www.pharmacysciencejournal.com Volume 1; Issue 1; March 2016; Page No. 54-62 A review on: Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn. Rejuvinating herbs * Jadhav Santosh, Patil Manojkumar Department of Pharmaceutics, Sahyadri College of Pharmacy, Methwade, Sangola, Solapur, Maharashtra, India. Abstract Ayurveda is one of the oldest systems of medicine that uses plants and their extracts for treatment and management of various diseased states. Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn. (NAT) is well known Indian medicinal plant. Phytochemicals like flavanol glycoside, oleanic acid, essential oils, tannic acid, carotene, friedeline, lupeol, glucose, benzoic acid have been reported for significant, hepatoprotective, antileishmaniasis, antiviral, antifungal, antipyretic, antihistaminic, antimalerial, antibacterial, anti- inflammatory, antioxidant activities. Further investigations exploring possible use of these phytochemicals as pharmacological agents are warranted.Each part of the plant has some medicinal value and isthus commercially exploitable. It is now considered as a valuable source of several unique products for the medicines against various diseases and also for the development of some industrial products. The article reviews is an attempt to compile and documented information on different aspect of Nyctanthes arbortristis pharmacological properties and article published on this plant highlighted the need for research and their potential development. Keywords: Nyctanthes arbortristis, Phytochemicals, Ayurveda, Harsingar Introduction Common name of Nyctanthes arbortristis (sad tree) [1] Nyctanthes arbortristisis also called the “tree of sorrow”, because the flowers lose their brightness during daytime; the Common name Area Common name Area scientific name arbor-tristis also means “sad tree”. The Seri gading Malaysia Seri gading Malaysia flowers can be used as a source of yellow day for clothing.
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Anti-Snake Venom Activity of the Leaves and Stem Bark Extract of Alstonia Venenata R.Br
EAS Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Abbreviated Key Title: EAS J Pharm Pharmacol ISSN 2663-0990 (Print) & 2663-6719 (Online) Published By East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya Volume-1 | Issue-6 | Nov-Dec-2019 | Research Article Anti-Snake Venom Activity of the Leaves and Stem Bark Extract of Alstonia Venenata R.Br. By In Vitro and In Vivo Methods in Swiss Albino Mice S .Venkatesh1 and Sreelakshmi S.S1 1Department of Pharmacology, Devaki Amma Memorial College of Pharmacy, Chelembra, Malappuram, Kerala - 673 634, India *Corresponding Author S.Venkatesh Abstract: Objective: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo Anti-snake venom activity in the leaves and stem bark extract of Alstonia venenata R.Br. Method: Powdered leaves and stem bark materials were extracted with ethanol using soxhlet apparatus. The dried extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis and the extracts were evaluated for acute oral toxicity by OECD guideline No 425. By using the MLD of venom the neutralization activity was found out. Acetylcholinesterase activity was performed to determine the percentage of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by the different dilutions of plant extracts. Phospholipase A2 activity was measured using indirect hemolytic assay to determine the reduction of hemolytic halo by the plant extract when comparing with the venom. Fibrinolytic activity was performed to determine the reduction of fibrinolytic halo by the plant extract when comparing with that of venom. In the both activity the MIHD and MFC was determined. In vivo neutralization activity was performed in mice (n=06). The mice were administered with ethanolic extracts of Alstonia venenata R.Br.
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A Survey of Medicinal Plants Used by the Folk Medicinal Practitioners of Shetabganj Village in Dinajpur District, Bangladesh
196 American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 4(2): 196-203, 2010 ISSN 1995-0748 © 2010, American-Eurasian Network for Scientific Information This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLES A survey of medicinal plants used by the folk medicinal practitioners of Shetabganj village in Dinajpur district, Bangladesh 1Mohammed Rahmatullah, Tabibul islam, Md. Ehasanul Hasan, Rasheda Ahmed, Farhana Jamal, Rownak Jahan, 2Mst. Afsana Khatun, Nusratun Nahar, Shamima Ahsan, Aynun Nahar, Ishtiaq Ahmad 1Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2Dept. of Pharmacy, Lincoln College, Mayang Plaza, Block A, No 1, Jalan SS 26/2, Taman Mayang Jaya, 47301, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Mohammed Rahmatullah, Talibur Rahman, Md. Ehasanul Hasan, Rasheda Ahmed, Farhana Jamal, Rownak Jahan, Mst. Afsana Khatun, Nusratun Nahar, Shamima Ahsan, Aynun Nahar, Ishtiaq Ahmad: A survey of medicinal plants used by the folk medicinal practitioners of Shetabganj village in Dinajpur district, Bangladesh: Am.-Eurasian J. Sustain. Agric., C(C): CC-CC, 2010 ABSTRACT Folk medicinal practitioners (Kavirajes) constitute the first tier for provision of primary health care to the rural population of 86,000 villages in Bangladesh. Their treatment method for most ailments is oral or topical administration of decoctions, or direct application of whole plants or plant parts, or juices obtained from crushing or maceration of whole plant or plant parts. This practice has been going on from ancient periods and the volume of patient satisfaction suggests that the treatments are on the whole serving their purpose. The medicinal plants chosen by the Kavirajes vary considerably even between adjacent villages.
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Progress Report - 2 2012
Rufford Small Grant: Progress Report - 2 2012 Project Title: Assessing the diversity of national red listed vascular plants and hotspots identification at Rema- Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh Project leader: Md. Qumruzzaman Chowdhury Project summary Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary (RKWS) is one of the most critical protected areas (PA) in Bangladesh where a large number endemic plant and animal species have already disappeared due to severe anthropogenic disturbances. Therefore, assessment of red listed species diversity and identification of biodiversity hotspots are important in conservation management. Hence, the general objective of the work is to develop baseline information on the occurrence and diversity patterns of the national red listed vascular plant species in the PA to foster conservation of these threatened components of nature. Specific objectives (I) Quantification of red listed species diversity and exploration of their distributional patterns in different habitats. (II) Identification of hotspots within the PA. Results Diversity of Red Listed Vascular Plants We found a total of 66 red listed vascular plants of 35 families and 55 genera in the Rema- Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary (Table 1). Plantation forest consists of 47 species of 42 genus and 28 families. Natural forest has 17 unique species. Highest richness value (18) was found in plot 2 of natural forest and lowest value was observed in sample plot 4 (Figure 1a). Out of 50 plots in 1 Rufford Small Grant: Progress Report - 2 2012 plantation forest 4 plots did not have any red listed species. Richness value ranged from 0 to 14 with a mean value of 5.32. In terms of alpha diversity, mean values were 1.64 and 1.07 for natural and plantation forests, respectively (Figure 1b).
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3-Seema Chauhan
T REPRO N DU The International Journal of Plant Reproductive Biology 10(2) July, 2018, pp.119-126 LA C P T I F V O E B Y DOI 10.14787/ijprb.2018 10.2. I T O E I L O C G O S I S T E S H Reproductive biology of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. (Apocynaceae) T Seema Chauhan* and Nisha Department of Botany, School of Life Science , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra-282002, India *e-mail:[email protected] Received: 03.04.2017; Revised: 07.12.2017; Accepted: 01.01.2018; Published online: 01.06.2018 ABSTRACT Reproductive biology of Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae) a medium to large evergreen ornamental tree was studied. It is commonly known as saptaparna or devils tree. Flowering commenced in September and continued till the end of January with the maximum was during the months of November to December. Flowers were protandrous and large amount of pollen and nectar attracted a wide variety of insects during the entire flowering period. Honeybees (Apis dorsata and Apis indica), small bees (Mellipona spp.), butterflies (Danaus genutia, Eurema laeta, and Parantica aglea), black ant (Componotus compestris), wasps (Polistes hebraeus and Vespa spp.), beetle, moth (Achoria grisella) and white and yellow spiders forage either for both nectar and pollen or nectar alone. Apis dorsata, A. indica and Mellipona were the main pollinators of this ornamental tree as they obtained both pollen and nectar by their frequent inter-plant movements to facilitate cross-pollination. The other insects were nectar thieves. Fruit formation started in December and mature fruits dehisced in February.
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Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) Categories Approved by Recommendation 4.7 of the Conference of the Contracting Parties
Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) Categories approved by Recommendation 4.7 of the Conference of the Contracting Parties. 1. Date this sheet was completed/updated: FOR OFFICE USE ONLY. 28 January 2002 DD MM YY 2. Country: Nepal Designation date Site Reference Number 3. Name of wetland: Beeshazar and associated Lakes 4. Geographical coordinates: 27° 37'04.6" N, 84° 26' 11.3 E 5. Elevation: (average and/or max. & min.)286 m 6. Area: (in hectares) 3200 ha 7. Overview: (general summary, in two or three sentences, of the wetland's principal characteristics) Forested wetlands having finger-like projection with series of associated lakes, meadows, swamps and marshes present. Rainwater impoundment and additional water supplied from Khageri Dam. The canal runs diagonally through the Tikauli forest which is a wildlife corridor for the animals moving from the Siwalik hill range to the Mahabharat mountains. 8. Wetland Type (please circle the applicable codes for wetland types; in the present document, the “Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type” is found on page 9) marine-coastal: A• B• C• D• E• F• G •H• I • J • K• Zk(a) inland: L • M• N• O• P • Q• R •Sp• Ss• Tp Ts•U•Va• Vt•W•Xf• Xp •Y•Zg•Zk(b) human-made:1•2•3•4•5•6•7•8•9•Zk(c) Please now rank these wetland types by listing them from the most to the least dominant: Inland Wetlands : O, M, N, P, Xf, Tp, Ts Human made: 9, 6, 2 9. Ramsar Criteria: (please circle the applicable Criteria; the Criteria for Identifying Wetlands of International Importance are reprinted beginning on page 11 of this document.) 1•2•3•4•5•6•7•8 Please specify the most significant criterion applicable to the site: 1 and 2 10.
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Acrobat Distiller, Job 4
Final Report Habitat Restoration in Royal Bardia National Park (Scaling up Effort to Conserve the Wild Tiger Population in and around Nepal’s Royal Bardia National Park) (Project #: 2000-0182-017) Submitted to Save the Tiger Fund, US Submitted by King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation July 2002 Prepared by Shant Raj Jnwali, PhD Abstract The report highlights activities and achievements of Habitat Restoration Program implemented in Royal Bardia NP’s southwestern buffer zone and adjacent areas, mainly in Thakurdwara and Suryapatuwa VDCs. The overall field activities were implemented through KMTNC’s Bardia based Bardia Conservation Program and the financial support was made available from Save the Tiger Fund US. The objectives of the program were to restore potential but seriously degraded habitats for tiger and its prey base and provide economic incentives to the local communities inhabiting southern peripheral areas of the park through ICDP aimed at developing local guardianship in conserving tiger and its prey base in their natural habitats. Over all activities were implemented in direct collaboration with the Royal Bardia National Park, Buffer Zone Development Council, Users Committees, Women Environment Groups, Village Development Committees and local government institutions. An effective linkage was also maintained among the line agencies such as Buffer Zone Development Project, Terai Arc Landscape and Participatory Conservation Program. The current security situation prevailed in the western part of the country hindered the implementation of field activities to a greater extent. Despite this, overall activities were successfully implemented and satisfactory results have been obtained. The main activities undertaken during March 2001 – June 2002 in Thakurdwara- Suryapatuwa area include community forestry program, wildlife monitoring, training to naturalists, micro-enterprise development, community health services, wildlife damage control, conservation education and alternative energy program.
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Alstonia Scholaris R
Alstonia scholaris R. Br. Apocynaceae white cheese wood, shaitan wood, pulai, chatiyan wood LOCAL NAMES Bengali (satiani,chattin,chatium); Burmese (lettok); English (white cheesewood,birrba,milkwood pine,milk wood,milky pine,black board tree,devil's tree,dita bark); Filipino (dita,dalipoen); Gujarati (satuparni); Hindi (chatian,satni,satwin,saitan-ki-jhad); Indonesian (rite,pulai,pule); Javanese (pule); Lao (Sino-Tibetan) (tinpet); Malay (pulai,pulai linlin); Nepali (chhatiwan,chhataun); Sanskrit (saptaparna); Tamil (elalaipalai,palegaruda,pala); Thai (sattaban,teenpet,teenpethasaban); Trade name (pulai,shaitan wood,chatiyan wood,white cheese wood); Urdu (chatiana); Vietnamese (caay suwxa,caay mof cua) Alstonia scholaris (Chongrak Wachrinrat) BOTANIC DESCRIPTION Alstonia scholaris is a medium to large tree, to about 40 m high with a somewhat tessellated corky grey to grey-white bark. The boles of larger trees are strongly fluted to 10 m. The outer blaze is cream to yellowish in colour with abundant, milky latex that flows rapidly when cut. Leaves in whorls of 4-8 in the upper axils; leaf stalks 1-1.5 cm long, the lamina obovate to elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate, glabrous or sparsely hairy, tapering towards the base, 11.5-23 x 4-7.5 cm. Upper surface is dark green, the lower green-white with 25-40 pairs of lateral veins on each side of the midrib and 2-6 mm apart. The tip of the leaf is rounded or shortly pointed, tapering towards the base. The inflorescence is a much-branched terminal panicle, up to 120 cm long; flowers 7-10 mm long white, cream or green; the tube hairy; lobes sparsely or densely pubescent, 1.5-4 mm long, the left margins overlapping; strongly perfumed.
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