C for Programmers

C FOR PROGRAMMERS WITH AN INTRODUCTION TO C11 DEITEL® DEVELOPER SERIES Deitel® Series Page Deitel® Developer Series CourseSmart Web Books CforProgrammers www.deitel.com/books/CourseSmart/ C++ for Programmers, 2/E C++ How to Program, 7/E, 8/E & 9/E Android™ for Programmers: An App-Driven Simply C++: An App-Driven Tutorial Approach Approach Java™ How to Program, 7/E, 8/E & 9/E C# 2010 for Programmers, 3/E Simply Visual Basic® 2010: An App-Driven Dive Into® iOS 6: An App-Driven Approach Approach, 4/E Java™ for Programmers, 2/E Visual Basic® 2012 How to Program JavaScript for Programmers Visual Basic® 2010 How to Program Visual C#® 2012 How to Program, 5/E LiveLessons Video Learning Products Visual C#® 2010 How to Program, 4/E www.deitel.com/books/LiveLessons/ Android® App Development Fundamentals How To Program Series C++ Fundamentals Android™ How to Program C# Fundamentals C How to Program, 7/E iOS® 6 App Development Fundamentals C++ How to Program, 9/E Java™ Fundamentals C++ How to Program, Late Objects Version, 7/E JavaScript Fundamentals Java™ How to Program, 9/E Visual Basic® Fundamentals Java™ How to Program, Late Objects Version, 8/E Internet & World Wide Web How to Program, 5/E Simply Series Visual Basic® 2012 How to Program Simply C++: An App-Driven Tutorial Approach Visual C#® 2012 How to Program, 5/E Simply Java™ Programming: An App-Driven Visual C++® 2008 How to Program, 2/E Tutorial Approach Small Java™ How to Program, 6/E Simply Visual Basic® 2010, 4/E: An App-Driven Small C++ How to Program, 5/E Tutorial Approach To receive updates on Deitel publications, Resource Centers, training courses, partner offers and more, please register for the free Deitel® Buzz Online e-mail newsletter at: www.deitel.com/newsletter/subscribe.html and join the Deitel communities on Twitter® @deitel Facebook® facebook.com/DeitelFan Google+ gplus.to/deitel and LinkedIn bit.ly/DeitelLinkedIn To communicate with the authors, send e-mail to: [email protected] For information on government and corporate Dive-Into® Series on-site seminars offered by Deitel & Associates, Inc. worldwide, visit: www.deitel.com/training/ or write to [email protected] For continuing updates on Pearson/Deitel publications visit: www.deitel.com www.pearsonhighered.com/deitel/ Visit the Deitel Resource Centers that will help you master programming languages, software development, Android™ and iPhone®/iPad® app development, and Internet- and web-related topics: www.deitel.com/ResourceCenters.html C FOR PROGRAMMERS WITH AN INTRODUCTION TO C11 DEITEL® DEVELOPER SERIES Paul Deitel Deitel & Associates, Inc. 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Contents Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 The C Programming Language 2 1.3 C Standard Library 4 1.4 C++ and Other C-Based Languages 4 1.5 Typical C Program Development Environment 5 1.5.1 Phase 1: Creating a Program 6 1.5.2 Phases 2 and 3: Preprocessing and Compiling a C Program 7 1.5.3 Phase 4: Linking 7 1.5.4 Phase 5: Loading 7 1.5.5 Phase 6: Execution 7 1.5.6 Standard Input, Standard Output and Standard Error Streams 8 1.6 Test-Driving a C Application in Windows, Linux and Mac OS X 8 1.6.1 Running a C Application from the Windows Command Prompt 9 1.6.2 Running a C Application Using GNU C with Linux 11 1.6.3 Running a C Application Using GNU C with Mac OS X 14 1.7 Operating Systems 16 1.7.1 Windows—A Proprietary Operating System 17 1.7.2 Linux—An Open-Source Operating System 17 1.7.3 Apple’s Mac OS X; Apple’s iOS® for iPhone®, iPad® and iPod Touch® Devices 17 1.7.4 Google’s Android 18 2 Introduction to C Programming 19 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text 20 2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers 24 2.4 Arithmetic in C 27 2.5 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 31 2.6 Secure C Programming 35 viii Contents 3 Control Statements: Part I 37 3.1 Introduction 38 3.2 Control Structures 38 3.3 The if Selection Statement 40 3.4 The if…else Selection Statement 40 3.5 The while Repetition Statement 43 3.6 Class Average with Counter-Controlled Repetition 44 3.7 Class Average with Sentinel-Controlled Repetition 46 3.8 Nested Control Statements 49 3.9 Assignment Operators 51 3.10 Increment and Decrement Operators 52 3.11 Secure C Programming 55 4 Control Statements: Part II 57 4.1 Introduction 58 4.2 Repetition Essentials 58 4.3 Counter-Controlled Repetition 59 4.4 for Repetition Statement 60 4.5 for Statement: Notes and Observations 63 4.6 Examples Using the for Statement 64 4.7 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 67 4.8 do…while Repetition Statement 73 4.9 break and continue Statements 75 4.10 Logical Operators 77 4.11 Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators 80 4.12 Secure C Programming 81 5 Functions 83 5.1 Introduction 84 5.2 Program Modules in C 84 5.3 Math Library Functions 85 5.4 Functions 86 5.5 Function Definitions 87 5.6 Function Prototypes: A Deeper Look 91 5.7 Function Call Stack and Stack Frames 94 5.8 Headers 97 5.9 Passing Arguments By Value and By Reference 98 5.10 Random Number Generation 99 5.11 Example: A Game of Chance 104 5.12 Storage Classes 107 5.13 Scope Rules 109 5.14 Recursion 112 5.15 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 116 Contents ix 5.16 Recursion vs. Iteration 119 5.17 Secure C Programming 121 6 Arrays 122 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 Arrays 123 6.3 Defining Arrays 124 6.4 Array Examples 125 6.5 Passing Arrays to Functions 138 6.6 Sorting Arrays 142 6.7 Case Study: Computing Mean, Median and Mode Using Arrays 144 6.8 Searching

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