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1 Carabid (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Ecology In CARABID (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) ECOLOGY IN AGROECOSYSTEMS OF THE SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS By SARAH LYN DONELSON Bachelor of Science in Biology Cameron University Lawton, Oklahoma 1998 Master of Arts in Fine Art Photography Ball State University Muncie, Indiana 1992 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY July, 2011 1 CARABID (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) ECOLOGY IN AGROECOSYSTEMS OF THE SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS Dissertation Approved: Dr. Kristopher L. Giles Dissertation Adviser Dr. Phillip Mulder Dr. Jack Dillwith Dr. Norman Elliott Dr. Margaret Ewing Outside Committee Member Dr. Mark E. Payton Dean of the Graduate College ii ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I would like to thank my dissertation advisor, Dr. Kristopher L. Giles for his belief in me and this project. His support and guidance has made all the difference in my experience as a graduate student. Many thanks go to the other members of my committee, Dr. Phillip Mulder, Dr. Jack Dillwith, Dr. Norman Elliott, and Dr. Margaret Ewing, for their wise counsel and encouragement. Special thanks go to Dr. Norman Elliott for giving me my start in carabids. My lab mates, Kody Mullins, Casi Jessie, Dayna Collett along with our lab techs, Mpinane Phoofolo, Will Jessie, Nathan Bradford, and Amanda Mead have been invaluable in the completion of this work. They have endured endless hours in the truck, crazy weather, mud up to their knees, fast food, sampling and more sampling. Their good humor, teamwork, and friendship have sustained me. Thanks go to Dennis Kastl, our former lab manager, for all his help and problem solving on this project. I want to especially thank Casi Jessie for hours of dissecting beetles, her deep appreciation for details, and books on CDs. She is an extraordinary woman and scientist. My data would be meaningless without the exceptional work by Sarah2 Rector, our statistician. Her friendship and brilliant sense of humor has kept me sane and laughing. Sarah2 has gained an appreciation of carabid beetles and shares my love of jello blocks. Thanks to Andrine Shufran for showing me the way home to entomology. There are many others who have helped me during this research, thank you to every one of you, this project could not have happened without each of you. My family has been my saving grace forever. They have encouraged my dreams, strengthened me, and loved me unconditionally. I want to thank Lynne and Jeanne Webb for teaching me to believe in possibilities and how to live life with joy. Their love changed my life. Lastly, I want to thank my partner, Connie McKelvey, for loving me and for being my light in the darkness. You are my best friend, my north star; you have been my everything for the past 30 years, thank you. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................10 Research Objectives ...............................................................................................18 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE..................................................................................21 Carabid Morphology, Development, and Biology .................................................21 Metamorphosis .......................................................................................................22 Fecundity and Reproductive Plasticity ..................................................................22 Larval Morphology and Development ...................................................................25 Carabid Diet and Foraging .....................................................................................26 Carabid and Prey Aggregation ...............................................................................27 Carabid Defenses ...................................................................................................28 Dispersal of Adult Carabids ...................................................................................28 Carabids and Agricultural Soil...............................................................................31 Tillage Practices .....................................................................................................33 Importance of Carabidae in Agroecosystems ........................................................35 Use of Stable Isotopes to Elucidate Carabid Dispersal ..........................................37 III. METHODS AND MATERIALS ...........................................................................41 Experimental Design and Carabid Sampling .........................................................41 Pitfall Traps and Activity-Density .........................................................................43 Colonization and Tillage ........................................................................................45 Stable Carbon Isotope Field Study ........................................................................46 Diet Switching and Natal Origins ..........................................................................48 Baseline Feeding Study to Estimate Isotopic Turnover Rates in Carabid Tissues 49 Colonization Data Analysis ...................................................................................51 iv Chapter Page Tillage Data Analysis .............................................................................................52 Stable Carbon Isotope Data Analysis ....................................................................53 Diet Switching and Natal Origins ..........................................................................56 IV. RESULTS ..............................................................................................................66 Weather Condition during 2006 and 2007 .............................................................66 Colonization Results in 2006 .................................................................................68 Colonization Results in 2007 .................................................................................70 Tillage Treatment Effects in 2006 .........................................................................71 Tillage Treatment Effects in 2007 .........................................................................71 Trap Counts and Tillage: 2006-2007 .....................................................................72 Tillage Treatment Effects in No-till Plots and Fallow Sections ............................73 Isotopically Discrete Habitats using SCIRs ...........................................................73 Field Carabid Dispersal Patterns using SCIRs.......................................................75 Mass Balance Equation Calculations used to Clarify Dispersal Patterns .............75 SCIRs in Fallow Sections ......................................................................................77 Baseline Laboratory Isotope Study ........................................................................77 Diet Switching using SCIRs ..................................................................................78 Natal Origins ..........................................................................................................79 V. DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................104 Colonization and Tillage Effects .........................................................................104 Stable Carbon Isotope Movement ........................................................................111 Baseline Laboratory Isotope Study ......................................................................112 Diet Switching Between Alfalfa and Sorghum ....................................................113 Carabid Natal Origins and Larval Habitat Utilization .........................................115 VI. SUMMARY .........................................................................................................117 REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................121 APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................156 APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................174 All images and graphics are by the author unless otherwise indicated © 2011 SLD v LIST OF TABLES Table Page CHAPTER IV 1. Monthly rainfall for Chickasha, Oklahoma during the sorghum growing season in 2006 and 2007, including the 30-year average ....................................79 2. These are the 21 genera trapped during the seven-day colonization study in 2006 and 2007. (BR – brachypterous, DI – dimorphic-wing, MA – macropterous) ................................................................................................................................80 3. The mean number of beetles per trap by treatment by block for 2006. ................81 4. The mean number of beetles per trap by treatment by block in 2007...................81 5. These genera had significant changes in their total counts between 2006 and 2007 .......................................................................................................82 6. These three genera had significant differences in their trap counts between 2006 and 2007 treatment Plot NT1 .......................................................................82
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