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Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Some Natural Oils Against Acinetobacter

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Some Natural Oils Against Acinetobacter istry and em L h a C b l o a r Journal of Clinical Chemistry and c a i t n o i r l y C M Sonbol et al., J Clin Chem Lab Med 2017, 1:1 f o e l d a i c Laboratory Medicine n i r n u e o J Research Article Open Access Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Some Natural Oils against Acinetobacter Species Fatma Sonbol1, Tarek El- Banna2, Ahmed Abd El-Aziz2 and Nermin Gouda3* 1Professor & Chairman of Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Egypt 2Professor of Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Egypt 3Pharmacist at Aswan University Hospital, Egypt *Corresponding author: Nermin Gouda, Pharmacist at Aswan University Hospital, Egypt, E-mail: [email protected] Received date: November 02, 2017; Accepted date: November 14, 2017; Published date: November 22, 2017 Copyright: ©2017 Sonbol F, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract The in vitro activities of 18 natural oils and 14 antimicrobial agents against 72 Acinetobacter isolates isolated from 1000 patients in Aswan University hospital over 18 months obtained from urine cultures, burn swabs, sputum, wound swabs and endotracheal swabs were studied. MICs were determined by an Agar dilution method. The antimicrobial activity of plant oils has been recognized for many years. However, few investigations have compared large numbers of oils using methods that are directly comparable. In the present study, 18 plant oils were investigated for activity against Acinetobacter isolates, using an agar dilution method. Cinnamon, thyme, tea tree, rosemerry, peppermint, clove and lavender, inhibited all organisms at concentrations of ≤ 6 mg/ml. Four oils did not inhibit any organisms at the highest concentration, which was 6 mg/ml oil for tea, camphor, caraway and Nigella staive. Variable activity was recorded for the remaining oils. These results support the notion that plant essential oils and extracts may have a role as pharmaceuticals and preservatives. Good activity against Acinetobacter isolates was demonstrated for imipenem, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin. Most of isolates were susceptible to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and the aminoglycosides but were resistant to ampicillin and older cephalosporins. Keywords: Acinetobacter; MIC; Antimicrobial activity; Natural plant latter. A. baumannii can survive on the human skin or dry surfaces for oils weeks. Epidemiologic evidence indicates Acinetobacter biofilms play a role in infectious diseases such as periodontitis, bloodstream Introduction infections, and urinary tract infections, because of the bacteria's ability to colonize indwelling medical devices (such as catheters). Antibiotic Acinetobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the resistance markers are often plasmid-borne, and plasmids present in wider class of Gammaproteobacteria. Acinetobacter species are not Acinetobacter strains can be transferred to other pathogenic bacteria motile and oxidase-negative, and occur in pairs under magnification. by horizontal gene transfer. The ability of Acinetobacter species to Acinetobacter species are a key source of infection in debilitated adhere to surfaces, to form biofilms, and to display antibiotic resistance patients in the hospital, in particular the species Acinetobacter and gene transfer motivates research into the factors responsible for baumannii. Species of the genus Acinetobacter are strictly aerobic, their spread [3]. nonfermentative, Gram-negative bacilli. They show preponderantly coccobacillary morphology on nonselective agar. Rods predominate in The spread of drug resistant pathogens is one of the most serious fluid media, especially during early growth .The morphology of threats to successful treatment of microbial diseases. Down the ages Acinetobacter species can be quite variable in Gram-stained human essential oils and other extracts of plants have interest as sources of clinical specimens, and cannot be used to differentiate Acinetobacter natural products. They have been screened for their potential uses as from other common causes of infection. They are oxidase-negative, alternative remedies for the treatment of many infectious diseases [4]. nonmotile, and usually nitrate-negative [1]. Acinetobacter species are World Health Organization (WHO) noted that majority of the world's widely distributed in nature, and commonly occur in soil. They can population depends on traditional medicine for primary healthcare. survive on moist and dry surfaces, including in a hospital environment. Medicinal and aromatic plants which are widely used as medicine and Some strains have been isolated from foodstuffs. In drinking water, constitute a major source of natural organic compounds. Essential oils they have been shown to aggregate bacteria that otherwise do not form have been shown to possess antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral aggregates [2]. Acinetobacter is frequently isolated in nosocomial insecticidal and antioxidant properties [5,6]. Some oils have been used infections, and is especially prevalent in intensive care units, where in cancer treatment [7]. Some other oils have been used in food both sporadic cases and epidemic and endemic occurrences are preservation [8], aromatherapy [9] and fragrance industries [10]. common. A. baumannii is a frequent cause of nosocomial pneumonia, Essential oils are a rich source of biologically active compounds. There especially of 'late-onset' ventilator-associated pneumonia. It can cause has been an increased interest in looking at antimicrobial properties of various other infections, including skin and wound infections, extracts from aromatic plants particularly essential oils [11]. Therefore, bacteremia, and meningitis, but A. lwoffi is mostly responsible for the it is reasonable to expect a variety of plant compounds in these oils with specific as well as general antimicrobial activity and antibiotic J Clin Chem Lab Med, an open access journal Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000103 Citation: Sonbol F, El- Banna T, Abd El-Aziz A, Gouda N (2017) Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Some Natural Oils against Acinetobacter Species. J Clin Chem Lab Med 1: 103. Page 2 of 9 potential [12]. Essential oils (also called volatile oils) are aromatic oily DMSO to obtain serials of dilutions and DMSO was used as control for liquids obtained from plant materials (flowers, buds, seeds, leaves, these oils. twigs, bark, herbs, wood, fruits and roots). They can be obtained by expression, fermentation or extraction but the method of steam Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing distillation is most commonly used for commercial production. An estimated 3000 essential oils are known, of which 300 are commercially MIC agar dilution assay important in fragrance market [8]. Essential oils are complex mixers comprising many single compounds. Each of these constituents MIC against all isolates was determined by the agar dilution method contributes to the beneficial or adverse effects. Essential oils such as according to the procedure recommended by the National Committee aniseed, calamus, camphor, cedar wood, cinnamon, citronella, clove, for Clinical Laboratory Standards [24]. eucalyptus, geranium, lavender, lemon, lemongrass, lime, mint, nutmeg, orange, palmarosa, rosemary, basil, vetiver and wintergreen A. Preparation of essential oils containing media have been traditionally used by people for various purposes in different parts of the world. Cinnamon, clove and rosemary oils had shown Muller-Hinton agar (MHA) was used as a basal medium. Sterile antibacterial and antifungal activity [13]; cinnamon oil also possesses Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) was allowed to equilibrate to about 50°C antidiabetic property [14]. Anti-inflammatory activity has been found in a water bath. A series of two fold dilution of each oil in DMSO in basil [15]. Lemon and rosemary oils possess antioxidant property ranging from 0.125 to 6 mg/ml were added to the molten agar prior to [15,16]. Peppermint and orange oils have shown anticancer activity inoculation. A plate containing identical amount of the basal medium, [17,18]. Citronella oil has shown inhibitory effect on biodegrading and but free from essential oil was used as control. Plates were dried at storage-contaminating fungi [19]. Lime oil has shown room temperature for 30 min prior to inoculation. immunomodulatory effect in humans [18]. Lavender oil has shown antibacterial and antifungal activity; it was also found to be effective to B. Preparation of the inoculum treat burns and insect bites [20]. Two or three discrete representative overnight colonies, of each tested isolate were inoculated into 2 ml sterile saline, homogenized by Materials and Methods vortex mixer and diluted to obtain OD values of 0.05 at 600 nm. Aliquot of the prepared suspension of each isolate was transferred by Collection of isolates automatic pipette to a certain well in the seed plate of a sterile multiinoculator according to a configuration of a record key. Each well Isolates were collected from different departments of Aswan in the seed plate was half filled to avoid the carry over problem. University hospitals and these isolates collected from patients after history taking and complete clinical examination then sample collected from different types of samples according to methods
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