HISTORY The Mughal Period INTRODUCTION The story so far You have been reading stories about the Indian subcontinent from the earliest times. You read about how people and how numerous little kingdoms These kingdoms fought with each began practicing agriculture started emerging in various other in order to get bigger and all around places. more powerful. You also read about the Then, after 1192, many of the kingdoms However, around 1400 bhogpatis who were in charge were conquered by Turkish sultans, who the sultanate got of the villages and cities and established a vast kingdom, or divided into several could do whatever they felt sultanate. The sultanate remained smaller kingdoms. like. powerful for about 200 years. The story ahead We will now see how the emperors of the Mughal Dynasty (mauga,la vaMSa), who originally came from Afghanistan (Afga,ainastana), built a huge empire. Beginning in 1526, it lasted more than two centuries. The Mughals became one of the most important dynasties of the subcontinent. The splendour and luxury of the courts, the policies of the emperors, and the systems of administration and taxation that the Mughals established have had a deep impact. You will read about all this in the following chapters. You will also read about how European traders came in the 17th century, and how this led to the establishment of British rule. For almost 200 years large parts of the Indian subcontinent were ruled by the British. The policies of the British rulers made very big changes in the lives of the people of India. During this period peasants, workers, adivasis, traders, and educated people of India struggled for a long time to free the country from British rule. You will read about the national movement and how independence was eventually won. 2 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 Akbar the Mughal Emperor (Ruling: 1556-1605) The Beginning of Mughal Rule in India This picture shows a Mughal army ready for battle. The soldiers have several new kinds of weapons that are not seen in the pictures of earlier times. Can you identify them? Such was the army of the Mughal emperor Babar the help of their cannons and guns, Babar’s army (baabar). Babar had been ruling in Afghanistan and dealt a crushing defeat to the Delhi Sultan. he was trying to conquer more lands. At that time Delhi was being ruled by the Afghan king, Sultan After taking a lot of riches from the treasuries of Ibrahim Lodi. In 1526 the armies of Babar and the Indian kings, Babar’s soldiers wanted to return Lodi had a battle at Panipat, north of Delhi. With to Afghanistan. But Babar wanted to stay on and AKBAR 3 establish his rule in Hindustan. The area between river Indus and river Narmada was called Hindustan in the Sultanate and the Mughal period. The territories South of the Narmada river were called the Deccan. After much persuasion Babur was finally able to get his men to stay on to conquer and rule Hindustan. Babar fought many battles against powerful Afghan chiefs and Rajput kings. But in 1530, only four years after the battle of Panipat, Babar died. His son, Humayun, became the emperor. He continued the efforts of his father, but he had to face serious challenges. In 1540 another Afghan sultan, Sher Shah Suri, defeated him and drove him out of Hindustan. However, in 1555 Humayun returned and began to re-establish his empire. But within a year he suddenly died in an accident. His 13 year Babar and his amirs old son, Akbar (Akbar), became the emperor. Emperor Akbar and his Amirs Akbar Becomes the Emperor The Conquest of Malwa and In 1556 Mughal rule had still not taken a firm Garha Katanga (gaZ,a kTMgaa) hold in Hindustan. All around them other kings In those days there were two major kingdoms in and sultans were trying to drive the Mughals away. the area that we now call Madhya Pradesh. One It was at this critical time that Akbar became the was the kingdom of the Sultan of Malwa, Baaz emperor. Bahadur, with its capital at Mandu. Mandu is near Since Akbar was very young, Amir Bairam Khan the city of Indore. The other kingdom was Garha acted as the regent, running the administration Katanga. Its capital was Chauragarh, which was on behalf of the ruler. (In those times, high officials near what is now Jabalpur. Garha Katanga was were called amirs.) Bairam Khan also arranged to under Gond rulers, and during Akbar’s time it have Akbar educated in the duties of an emperor. was ruled by Rani Durgavati. When Akbar turned 17 he took In 1561 Akbar sent his foster brother, Aadham the reins of the empire Khan, to capture Malwa. Aadham Khan defeated into his own hands. He Baaz Bahadur, the Sultan of Malwa. Though made great efforts to Baaz Bahadur fled Mandu, he kept trying to expand the Mughal win back his kingdom for many years. In the empire by fighting end, however, he was unsuccessful and had to other accept a position in the service of the Mughals. kings, He was made a Mughal official. and he Aadham Khan acquired many valuable treasures was very from Malwa. But he did not hand over all these successful. spoils to Akbar. Instead, he tried to keep as much as possible for himself. When Akbar came to know of this he was furious. He forced Aadham Akbar hunting wild animals Khan to part with what he had withheld. 4 AKBAR Aadham Khan was not the only official to try to Akbar realised that such actions by his amirs might cheat the emperor. At around the same time some day become a big problem for him. He did another amir, Aasaf Khan, attacked the kingdom not want to give them free rein. He thought that of Garha Katanga and defeated Rani Durgavati. if he allowed the amirs to do as they pleased he Though wounded in battle, the queen fought with would not be able to make the Mughal empire as great valour. But upon seeing her army losing, she strong as he wanted it to be. killed herself. Aasaf Khan looted diamonds, other gems, priceless Which kingdoms did Akbar’s amirs conquer? objects of gold and silver and many other things What did these amirs do that made Akbar angry? from Garha Katanga. But out of these vast treasures he sent only 200 elephants to Akbar. Once again Akbar took harsh steps against the disloyalty Conflicts between Akbar and the and dishonesty of an amir. Turani Amirs He forced Aasaf Khan to yield the entire When Akbar became the emperor in 1556 he had treasure. 51 high officials, or amirs, in his court. These amirs were very wealthy. Akbar had divided responsibility for different parts of his empire among them. Each amir kept an army with him, which had to be presented before the emperor whenever it was ordered. In return for all this the emperor granted each amir several villages and towns. This was called their jagir. The amirs kept the revenue that was collected from the villages and towns of their jagirs. The revenue was for their own use as well as for running the administration of the jagirs. Complete the following sentences: Akbar tried to run his kingdom with the support of the amirs. But he was not able to The Turani amirs revolted because ....... get their full backing. Let’s find out why..... To suppress these revolts, Akbar ........ Among Akbar’s amirs, some were from Iran and were known as Irani amirs. But the majority of the amirs had come from an area known as Turan, Akbar Attempts to Recruit Indian which is in Turkestan. The ancestors of the Mughal Muslims (Sheikhzadas) as Amirs emperors had also come from Turan. Many Turani amirs were in fact related to Akbar. A major obstacle in strengthening the empire was that the amirs looked upon themselves as equal to For this reason the Turani amirs considered the emperor and did not want to be under his themselves to be equals of Akbar and had no desire control. to be under his control. They wanted the freedom to administer their jagirs as they pleased. In fact In addition to this, Akbar faced another problem they even wanted to be able to tell the emperor that had slowly become very serious. He himself what to do. had come from Kabul, and his amirs were from Iran and Turan. Those who had come from outside But Akbar did not approve of this at all. He did had difficulty establishing a strong rule in new not want anyone else in the empire to be equal to places because the powerful local people would the emperor. He wanted everyone to be under his oppose them. Akbar realised that so long as the control. He wanted to be the one to decide who powerful Hindustanis did not accept his authority, would become an amir and he wanted to make all Mughal rule would never be secure. the appointments to both high and low posts. He wanted all the amirs to follow his rules and to In those days two kinds of people carry out his orders without any questions. were very powerful in Hindustan: Rajput kings, and Muslim families who had been staying In the above section, underline the four in India for centuries and had sentences that you think are the most acquired land and wealth. important. These Muslims were known as Sheikhzadas. The Turani amirs could not tolerate these Akbar wanted both of policies of Akbar.