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'Deprived of Their Liberty'
'DEPRIVED OF THEIR LIBERTY': ENEMY PRISONERS AND THE CULTURE OF WAR IN REVOLUTIONARY AMERICA, 1775-1783 by Trenton Cole Jones A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland June, 2014 © 2014 Trenton Cole Jones All Rights Reserved Abstract Deprived of Their Liberty explores Americans' changing conceptions of legitimate wartime violence by analyzing how the revolutionaries treated their captured enemies, and by asking what their treatment can tell us about the American Revolution more broadly. I suggest that at the commencement of conflict, the revolutionary leadership sought to contain the violence of war according to the prevailing customs of warfare in Europe. These rules of war—or to phrase it differently, the cultural norms of war— emphasized restricting the violence of war to the battlefield and treating enemy prisoners humanely. Only six years later, however, captured British soldiers and seamen, as well as civilian loyalists, languished on board noisome prison ships in Massachusetts and New York, in the lead mines of Connecticut, the jails of Pennsylvania, and the camps of Virginia and Maryland, where they were deprived of their liberty and often their lives by the very government purporting to defend those inalienable rights. My dissertation explores this curious, and heretofore largely unrecognized, transformation in the revolutionaries' conduct of war by looking at the experience of captivity in American hands. Throughout the dissertation, I suggest three principal factors to account for the escalation of violence during the war. From the onset of hostilities, the revolutionaries encountered an obstinate enemy that denied them the status of legitimate combatants, labeling them as rebels and traitors. -
Delaware in the American Revolution (2002)
Delaware in the American Revolution An Exhibition from the Library and Museum Collections of The Society of the Cincinnati Delaware in the American Revolution An Exhibition from the Library and Museum Collections of The Society of the Cincinnati Anderson House Washington, D. C. October 12, 2002 - May 3, 2003 HIS catalogue has been produced in conjunction with the exhibition, Delaware in the American Revolution , on display from October 12, 2002, to May 3, 2003, at Anderson House, THeadquarters, Library and Museum of the Society of the Cincinnati, 2118 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, D. C. 20008. It is the sixth in a series of exhibitions focusing on the contributions to the American Revolution made by the original 13 he season loudly calls for the greatest efforts of every states and the French alliance. Tfriend to his Country. Generous support for this exhibition was provided by the — George Washington, Wilmington, to Caesar Rodney, Delaware State Society of the Cincinnati. August 31, 1777, calling for the assistance of the Delaware militia in rebuffing the British advance to Philadelphia. Collections of the Historical Society of Delaware Also available: Massachusetts in the American Revolution: “Let It Begin Here” (1997) New York in the American Revolution (1998) New Jersey in the American Revolution (1999) Rhode Island in the American Revolution (2000) Connecticut in the American Revolution (2001) Text by Ellen McCallister Clark and Emily L. Schulz. Front cover: Domenick D’Andrea. “The Delaware Regiment at the Battle of Long Island, August 27, 1776.” [detail] Courtesy of the National Guard Bureau. See page 11. ©2002 by The Society of the Cincinnati. -
Henry Clinton Papers, Volume Descriptions
Henry Clinton Papers William L. Clements Library Volume Descriptions The University of Michigan Finding Aid: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsead/umich-wcl-M-42cli?view=text Major Themes and Events in the Volumes of the Chronological Series of the Henry Clinton papers Volume 1 1736-1763 • Death of George Clinton and distribution of estate • Henry Clinton's property in North America • Clinton's account of his actions in Seven Years War including his wounding at the Battle of Friedberg Volume 2 1764-1766 • Dispersal of George Clinton estate • Mary Dunckerley's account of bearing Thomas Dunckerley, illegitimate child of King George II • Clinton promoted to colonel of 12th Regiment of Foot • Matters concerning 12th Regiment of Foot Volume 3 January 1-July 23, 1767 • Clinton's marriage to Harriet Carter • Matters concerning 12th Regiment of Foot • Clinton's property in North America Volume 4 August 14, 1767-[1767] • Matters concerning 12th Regiment of Foot • Relations between British and Cherokee Indians • Death of Anne (Carle) Clinton and distribution of her estate Volume 5 January 3, 1768-[1768] • Matters concerning 12th Regiment of Foot • Clinton discusses military tactics • Finances of Mary (Clinton) Willes, sister of Henry Clinton Volume 6 January 3, 1768-[1769] • Birth of Augusta Clinton • Henry Clinton's finances and property in North America Volume 7 January 9, 1770-[1771] • Matters concerning the 12th Regiment of Foot • Inventory of Clinton's possessions • William Henry Clinton born • Inspection of ports Volume 8 January 9, 1772-May -
Siege of Charleston -‐ Conflict & Dates: the Siege of Charleston Took P
These contained an expeditionary force of around Siege of Charleston - Conflict & Dates: 8,500 men. The Siege of Charleston took place from March 29 Siege of Charleston - Coming Ashore: to May 12, 1780, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Shortly after putting to sea, Clinton's fleet was beset by a series of intense storms which Armies & Commanders scattered his ships. Regrouping off Tybee Roads, Clinton landed a small diversionary force in Georgia before sailing north with the bulk of the Americans fleet to Edisto Inlet approximately 30 miles south of Charleston. Unwilling to attempt forcing the · MaJor General BenJamin Lincoln harbor as in 1776, he ordered his army to begin · Commodore Abraham Whipple landing on Simmons Island on February 11 and · 5,500 men planned to approach the city by an overland route. Three days later British forces advanced on Stono British Ferry but withdrew upon spotting American troops. · Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton Returning the next day, they found the ferry · rising to 10,000-14,000 men abandoned. Fortifying the area, they pressed on towards Charleston and crossed to James Island. Siege of Charleston - Background: In late February, Clinton's men skirmished with American forces led by Chevalier Pierre-François Vernier and Lieutenant Colonel Francis Marion. In 1779, Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton Through the rest of the month and into early began making plans for an attack on the Southern March, the British wrested control of James Island colonies. This was largely encouraged by a belief and captured Fort Johnson which guarded the that Loyalist support in the region was strong and southern approaches to Charleston harbor. -
NJS: an Interdisciplinary Journal Winter 2017 107
NJS: An Interdisciplinary Journal Winter 2017 107 Hills, Huts, and Horse-Teams: The New Jersey Environment and Continental Army Winter Encampments, 1778-1780 By Steven Elliott DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14713/njs.v3i1.67 New Jersey’s role as a base for the Continental Army during the War of Independence has played an important part in the state’s understanding of its role in the American Revolution, and continues to shape the state’s image as the “Cockpit of the Revolution,” and “Crossroads of the American Revolution” today. This article uncovers how and why the Continental Army decided to place the bulk of its forces in northern New Jersey for two consecutive winters during the war. Unlike the more renowned Valley Forge winter quarters, neither New Jersey encampment has received significant scholarly attention, and most works that have covered the topic have presumed the state’s terrain offered obvious strategic advantages for an army on the defensive. This article offers a new interpretation, emphasizing the army’s logistical needs including forage for its animals and timber supplies for constructing winter shelters. The availability of these resources, rather than easily defended rough terrain or close-proximity to friendly civilians, led Washington and his staff to make northern New Jersey its mountain home for much of the war. By highlighting to role of the environment in shaping military strategy, this article adds to our understanding of New Jersey’s crucial role in the American struggle for independence. Introduction In early December, 1778, patriot soldiers from Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia arrived at the southern foothills of New Jersey’s Watchung Mountains and began erecting a log-hut winter encampment near Middlebrook. -
AA-32 Baron Dekalb Monument
AA-32 Baron deKalb Monument Architectural Survey File This is the architectural survey file for this MIHP record. The survey file is organized reverse- chronological (that is, with the latest material on top). It contains all MIHP inventory forms, National Register nomination forms, determinations of eligibility (DOE) forms, and accompanying documentation such as photographs and maps. Users should be aware that additional undigitized material about this property may be found in on-site architectural reports, copies of HABS/HAER or other documentation, drawings, and the “vertical files” at the MHT Library in Crownsville. The vertical files may include newspaper clippings, field notes, draft versions of forms and architectural reports, photographs, maps, and drawings. Researchers who need a thorough understanding of this property should plan to visit the MHT Library as part of their research project; look at the MHT web site (mht.maryland.gov) for details about how to make an appointment. All material is property of the Maryland Historical Trust. Last Updated: 06-11-2004 AA-32, Baron de Kalb Monument Anne Arundel County Capsule Summary The monument to Baron de Kalb stands on the south side of the State House grounds in Annapolis. The heroic scale bronze statue of the baron faces south from a granite pedestal, which carries a bronze inscription tablet on the front, a bronze Maryland shield on the west side and a bronze Delaware shield on the east side. The name "DE KALB" is carved in relief on the front of the plinth below the pedestal. The Baron de Kalb Monument is significant for its commemoration of General Johann de Kalb, who led Maryland and Delaware troops of the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War. -
Quartering, Disciplining, and Supplying the Army at Morristown
537/ / ^ ? ? ? QUARTERING, DISCIPLINING ,AND SUPPLYING THE ARMY AT MORRISTOWN, 1T79-1780 FEBRUARY 23, 1970 1VDRR 5 Cop, 2 1 1 ’ QUARTERING, DISCIPLINING, AND SUPPLYING THE ARMY FEBRUARY 23, 1970 U.S. DEPARTMENT OE THE INTERIOR national park service WASHINGTON, D.C. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION .................................................... i I. CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO THE MORRISTOWN ENCAMPMENT 1779-1780 .............................................. 1 II. QUARTERING OF THE ARMY AT MORRISTOWN,1779-1780 ......... 7 1. PREPARATION OF THE C A M P ............................. 7 2. COMPOSITION AND STRENGTH OF THE ARMY AT MORRISTOWN . 9 III. DAILY LIFE AT THE ENCAMPMENT............................... 32 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE ARMY OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.............................................. 32 2. ORGANIZATION OF THE CONTINENTAL A R M Y ................... 36 3. HEADQUARTERS: FORD MA NS IO N......................... 38 4. CONSTRUCTION OF THE C A M P ............................... 40 5. LIFE AT THE WINTER QUARTERS......................... 48 6. SOCIAL ACTIVITIES AT THE MORRISTOWN ENCAMPMENT .... 64 7. A MILITARY ENCOUNTER WITH THE E N E M Y ................ 84 IV. DISCIPLINE OF THE TROOPS AT MORRISTOWN.................... 95 1. NATURE OF MILITARY DISCIPLINE ....................... 95 2. LAXITY IN DISCIPLINE IN THE CONTINENTAL AR M Y ............ 99 3. OFFENSES COMMITTED DURING THE ENCAMPMENT ........... 102 V. SUPPLY OF THE ARMY AT MORRISTOWN.......................... 136 1. SUPPLY CONDITIONS PRIOR TO THE MORRISTOWN -
Guide to Canadian Sources Related to Southern Revolutionary War
Research Project for Southern Revolutionary War National Parks National Parks Service Solicitation Number: 500010388 GUIDE TO CANADIAN SOURCES RELATED TO SOUTHERN REVOLUTIONARY WAR NATIONAL PARKS by Donald E. Graves Ensign Heritage Consulting PO Box 282 Carleton Place, Ontario Canada, K7C 3P4 in conjunction with REEP INC. PO Box 2524 Leesburg, VA 20177 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND GUIDE TO CONTENTS OF STUDY 1A: Object of Study 1 1B: Summary of Survey of Relevant Primary Sources in Canada 1 1C: Expanding the Scope of the Study 3 1D: Criteria for the Inclusion of Material 3 1E: Special Interest Groups (1): The Southern Loyalists 4 1F: Special Interest Groups (2): Native Americans 7 1G: Special Interest Groups (3): African-American Loyalists 7 1H: Special Interest Groups (4): Women Loyalists 8 1I: Military Units that Fought in the South 9 1J: A Guide to the Component Parts of this Study 9 PART 2: SURVEY OF ARCHIVAL SOURCES IN CANADA Introduction 11 Ontario Queen's University Archives, Kingston 11 University of Western Ontario, London 11 National Archives of Canada, Ottawa 11 National Library of Canada, Ottawa 27 Archives of Ontario, Toronto 28 Metropolitan Toronto Reference Library 29 Quebec Archives Nationales de Quebec, Montreal 30 McCord Museum / McGill University Archives, Montreal 30 Archives de l'Universite de Montreal 30 New Brunswick 32 Provincial Archives of New Brunswick, Fredericton 32 Harriet Irving Memorial Library, Fredericton 32 University of New Brunswick Archives, Fredericton 32 New Brunswick Museum Archives, -
American Revolution Study Guide Test: Wednesday, December 18Th
Name: _____________________________ Signature: __________________________ American Revolution Study Guide Test: Wednesday, December 18th For this test, you will need to know about the events that took place during the American Revolution, beginning with the Battles of Lexington and Concord until the signing of the Treaty of Paris that ended the war. YOU MUST KNOW THE BATTLES IN ORDER. Specific dates are not needed to be memorized, but locations are. I have tried to underline key words that you need to know are connected to the topic above them. You may have questions on your test that reflect on the causes of the war. Once you learn something and are tested on it, it is fair game to come back up again! ☺ Battle of Lexington and Concord • FIRST BATTLE • Where? small town near Boston • Who Won? colonial militias (Americans) • The British heard that colonists were gathering weapons, so they headed towards Lexington from Boston. Paul Revere and two others warned the militias (minutemen) during his midnight ride. The minutemen were waiting for the British soldiers. Shots were fired, and this became known as the “Shot Heard ‘Round the World” because of the impact in had on other nations around the world. Second Continental Congress • The delegates from the First Continental Congress came back together to meet and decided to create a Continental Army. They named George Washington as Commander-in-Chief. They also decided it would be necessary to declare independence from Britain. Declaration of Independence • Written by Thomas Jefferson • Signed and approved July 4, 1776 • Purpose – to declare the colonies free from England/Great Britain • Listed all of the things the colonists felt that the King did wrong and why he should not rule over the people of America • Signing the Declaration of Independence was a form of treason (crime against your own government) and was punishable by death. -
Exhibition Records, 1974-1976
Exhibition Records, 1974-1976 Finding aid prepared by Smithsonian Institution Archives Smithsonian Institution Archives Washington, D.C. Contact us at [email protected] Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Descriptive Entry.............................................................................................................. 1 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 1 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 2 Exhibition Records https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_251838 Collection Overview Repository: Smithsonian Institution Archives, Washington, D.C., [email protected] Title: Exhibition Records Identifier: Accession 99-106 Date: 1974-1976 Extent: 3.5 cu. ft. (3 record storage boxes) (1 document box) Creator:: National Portrait Gallery. Office of Exhibitions Language: English Administrative Information Prefered Citation Smithsonian Institution Archives, Accession 99-106, National Portrait Gallery. Office of Exhibitions, Exhibition Records Descriptive Entry This accession consists of exhibition records pertaining to The Dye is Now Cast: The Road to American Independence, an exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery (NPG) from -
South Carolina in the American Revolution
South Carolina in the American Revolution An Exhibition from the Library and Museum Collections of The Society of the Cincinnati South Carolina in the American Revolution An Exhibition from the Library and Museum Collections of The Society of the Cincinnati Anderson House Washington, D. C. October 21, 2004 – April 9, 2005 his catalogue has been produced in conjunction with the Texhibition South Carolina in the American Revolution on display from October 21, 2004, to April 9, 2005, at Anderson House, Headquarters, Library and Museum of the Society of the Cincinnati, 2118 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C. 20008. The exhibition is the eighth in a series focusing on the eft mainly to her own resources, contributions to the American Revolution made by the original it was through bloodshed thirteen states and the French alliance. L and devastation and the depths Generous support for this exhibition was provided by the of wretchedness that [South Carolina’s] Society of the Cincinnati of the State of South Carolina. citizens were to bring her back to her place in the republic by their own heroic courage Also available: and self devotion, having suffered more, Massachusetts in the American Revolution: “Let It Begin Here” (1997) New York in the American Revolution (1998) and dared more, and achieved more New Jersey in the American Revolution (1999) than the men of any other state. Rhode Island in the American Revolution (2000) Connecticut in the American Revolution (2001) — George Bancroft, (2002) Delaware in the American Revolution History of the United States (1857) Georgia in the American Revolution (2003) Text by Ellen McCallister Clark Front cover illustration: Captain Jacob Shubrick by Henry Benbridge. -
Teaching Immigration and the American Revolution: Lesson Plans and Resources
The Immigrant Learning Center® Grades 5-12 Public Education Institute Social Studies Teaching Immigration Series Teaching Immigration and the American Revolution: Lesson Plans and Resources www.ilctr.org TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 01 Lesson One: 02 Comparing Early and Modern Immigration to North America Lesson Two: 10 Early Immigration Law Student Resource: 19 Foreign-Born Heroes of the American Revolution INTRODUCTION Humans have been migrating throughout every place and time in our history, so in this series we give you the tools to explore immigration through the lens of the history and social studies curricula already being taught. With this resource, we examine the landscape of immigration during the American Revolution with two lesson plans and a student resource. Each of the two lesson plans, “Comparing Early and Modern Immigra- tion to America” and “Early Immigration Law,” is designed to be flexible and adaptable based on the needs of your class. Each has an extension geared toward older students and could cover one or two class periods. The student resource, “Foreign-Born Heroes of the American Revolution,” summarizes the contributions of 10 individuals and is accompanied by discussion questions and extension ideas. Any of these pieces could stand alone or be woven together into the existing scope and sequence. Immigration during this time of formation for the United States is a nuanced and fasci- nating topic, raising many questions. Through the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, waves of Europeans were migrating to settle in the New World, clashing with and pushing out the Native Americans who already lived here. Why would all these settlers make such an arduous journey, with few guarantees of stability once they arrived? At what point could we truly classify them as “immigrants?” What are the parallels to today’s immigration patterns? The lesson plan “Comparing Early and Modern Immigration to America” asks students to tackle these questions.