Mollusca: Caenogastropoda), Con Una Nueva Propuesta De Clasificación Supragenérica

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Mollusca: Caenogastropoda), Con Una Nueva Propuesta De Clasificación Supragenérica SPIRA 2006 Vol. 2 Núm. 1 Pàg. 41-62 Consideraciones taxonómicas sobre la fami- lia Cypraeidae Rafinesque, 1815 (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda), con una nueva propuesta de clasificación supragenérica JOAQUÍN LÓPEZ SORIANO Marina 119, 3º 1ª, 08013 Barcelona. E-mail: [email protected] Resumen.—Consideraciones taxonómicas sobre la familia Cypraeidae Rafinesque, 1815 (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda), con una nueva propuesta de clasificación supragenérica. En el presente artículo se presentan los nuevos datos relativos a la taxonomía molecular de la familia Cypraeidae descritos en la bibliografía y basados en la secuenciación de dos genes mitocondriales. Se propone en base a ellos una nueva clasificación en 11 subfamilias, incluyendo como novedad Pustulariinae, Pseudozonariinae y Bistolidinae. Se revisa asimismo la filogenia del género Cribrarula, con la propuesta de un nuevo árbol filogenètico en todo el Indopacífico y de una nueva clasificación de los taxones que incluye. Palabras clave.—Cypraeidae, Taxonomía molecular, DNA mitocondrial, subfamilias, Cribrarula. Resum.—Consideracions taxonòmiques sobre la família Cypraeidae Rafinesque, 1815 (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda), amb una nova proposta de classificació supragenèrica. En el present article es presenten les noves dades relatives a la taxonomia molecular de la família Cypraeidae descrites a la bibliografia i basades en la seqüenciació de dos gens mitocondrials. Es proposa en base a aquestes dades una nova classificació en 11 subfamílies, incloent com a novetat Pustulariinae, Pseudozonariinae i Bistolidinae. Es revisa també la filogènia del gènere Cribrarula, amb la proposta d’un nou arbre filogenètic a tot l’Indopacífic i d’una nova classificació dels tàxons que inclou. Paraules clau.—Cypraeidae, Taxonomia molecular, DNA mitocondrial, subfamílies, Cribrarula. Abstract.—Taxonomical consideration about the family Cypraeidae Rafinesque, 1815 (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda), with the proposal of a new suprageneric classification. In this paper, data on the molecular taxonomy of the family Cypraeidae, taken from the literature and based on two mitochondrial gene sequences, are reported. On this basis, a new classification into 11 subfamilies is proposed, including as a novelty Pustulariinae, Pseudozonariinae and Bistolidinae. The phylogeny of the genus Cribrarula is also revised, with the proposal of a new phylogenetic tree for the whole Indopacific and a new classification of included taxa. Key words.—Cypraeidae, Molecular taxonomy, Mitochondrial DNA, Subfamilies, Cribrarula. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCCIÓN fauna fósil conocida. En general, se admite como superada la vieja clasificación en un La familia Cypraeidae Gray, 1824 solo género, Cypraea Linnaeus, 1758, constituye una de las más estudiadas entre propuesta por numerosos autores, todos los moluscos, dada su gran difusión notablemente mantenida incluso en entre los coleccionistas y el notable registro tiempos recientes (Burgess, 1985). fósil existente, además de estar extendida Clasificaciones más recientes, como la de por todos los mares templados del planeta Lorenz & Hubert, seguramente la más con un número elevado de especies. comúnmente aceptada en la actualidad, Tradicionalmente su clasificación se ha distribuyen las especies de esta familia en realizado mediante caracteres diversos géneros, a su vez agrupados en morfoanatómicos, esencialmente de la diferentes subfamilias (Lorenz & Hubert, forma de la concha y la rádula, sumado a 1993, 2000). Muy recientemente, un ciertos aspectos biogeográficos o de la estudio molecular basado en la SPIRA, Vol. 2 (1) 41 Associació Catalana de Malacologia (2006) secuenciación del gen ribosómico 16S y la un total de 234 unidades taxonómicas (de subunidad I de la citocromo oxidasa las cuales 210 eran especies o mitocondrial ha permitido introducir nuevas subespecies reconocidas), incluyendo la consideraciones, algunas ciertamente mayoría de especies y géneros de revolucionarias, en esta clasificación cipreidos actuales, exceptuando algunas de (Meyer, 2003). difícil obtención en estado vivo y, por tanto, pendientes aún de clasificación. Además de divulgar de forma resumida Notablemente, tres géneros reconocidos esta última clasificación, en este artículo se por Lorenz & Hubert (1993, 2000) no fueron propone una actualización de la incluidos en el estudio, con lo que su clasificación supraespecífica y definitiva asignación taxonómica supragenérica en diferentes subfamilias, en permanece pendiente, aun cuando se base fundamentalmente a los criterios puede sugerir su asignación a diversas moleculares, pero manteniendo un categorías supragenéricas con elevada compromiso con las anteriores verosimilitud. clasificaciones, al incluir algunos aspectos de su biogeografía y caracteres Meyer (2003) obtuvo una clasificación morfológicos. Finalmente, se sugiere un molecular en 46 grupos de especies con hipotético modelo de especiación para alto grado de parentesco dentro de cada Cribrarula Strand, 1929, uno de los géneros grupo; de éstos, se podrían inferir 7 más complejos de la familia, con una agrupaciones mayores, que Meyer no eleva revisión de todas sus especies y a categoría de subfamilia, a pesar de que subespecies, sugiriendo para algunas de mayormente concuerdan bien con estas últimas su elevación al rango de anteriores grupos supragenéricos descritos especie. por diferentes autores. Estos grupos supragenéricos fueron descritos con letras CLASIFICACIÓN MORFOANATÓMICA (A-G), tal como se observa en la Tabla 1, DE LA FAMILIA CYPRAEIDAE donde se compara con la clasificación de Lorenz & Hubert (1993). El cladograma En la actualidad, la clasificación de la completo obtenido por Meyer (2003) se ha familia Cypraeidae más utilizada es la de reproducido en la Figura 1. Lorenz & Hubert (1993, 2000), a su vez una modificación de la de Schilder & Schilder Destaca la descripción en el citado (1971). Esta clasificación se basa artículo de tres nuevos géneros fundamentalmente en caracteres (Cryptocypraea Meyer, 2003; morfológicos, notablemente de la concha Palmulacypraea Meyer, 2003; y (incluyendo forma, dentición, Contradusta Meyer, 2003), así como la ornamentación), de la rádula, y del manto recuperación de nueve géneros más (color, forma de las papilas), suplementada anteriormente descritos (Nucleolaria con ciertas aportaciones del registro fósil. Oyama, 1959; Perisserosa Iredale, 1930; Esta clasificación divide la familia en 4 Monetaria Troschel, 1863; Pseudozonaria subfamilias (Erosariinae Schilder, 1922; Schilder, 1927; Ovatipsa Iredale, 1931; Bernayinae Schilder, 1927; Cypraeinae Talostolida Iredale, 1931; Adusta Rafinesque, 1815; y Cypraeovulinae Jousseaume, 1884; Eclogavena Iredale, Schilder, 1927), para un total de 34 1930; y Melicerona Iredale, 1930). géneros. Se ha reproducido una sinopsis Asimismo, Meyer (2003) introduce una de esta clasificación a nivel de género en la nueva tribu, correspondiente a una de las Tabla 1. siete agrupaciones supragenéricas: Bistolidini Meyer, 2003. Algunos géneros En un reciente artículo, Meyer (2003) cambian por completo su ubicación en la introdujo una nueva clasificación de la clasificación (Annepona Schilder, 1930; familia Cypraeidae basada en el análisis Pustularia Swainson, 1840), mientras que molecular por secuenciación de dos genes: para algunos pocos su ubicación resulta la subunidad I de la citocromo oxidasa algo problemática (Ipsa Jousseaume, 1884; mitocondrial, y la subunidad grande del Nesiocypraea Azuma & Kurohara, 1967), ADN ribosomal 16S, también un gen mientras que otros no fueron analizados codificado por el genoma mitocondrial (para (Schilderia Tomlin, 1930; Barycypraea una descripción detallada de estas técnicas Schilder, 1927; Propustularia Schilder, y su utilidad, véase López Soriano, 2004). 1927). En el trabajo de Meyer (2003) se analizaron 42 SPIRA, Vol. 2 (1) Associació Catalana de Malacologia (2006) ? Barycypraea ? BERNAYINAE Ipsa Staphylaea Crytpocypraea Nucleolaria A EROSARIINAE Erosaria Perisserosa Monetaria Umbilia Zoila B ZOILINAE Cypraea Muracypraea Macrocypraea C CYPRAEINAE Leporicypraea CYPRAEIDAE Mauritia Talparia Luria Trona Annepona Chelycypraea D LURIINAE Arestoides Miolyncina Austrocypraea Lyncina Callistocypraea Pustularia PUSTULARIINAE Pseudozonaria Neobernaya PSEUDOZONARIINAE Zonaria E ZONARIINAE Cypraeovula Notocypraea CYPRAEOVULINAE Palmadusta Bistolida Ovatipsa F BISTOLIDINAE Talostolida Cribrarula Purpuradusta Erronea Adusta Melicerona Notadusta Eclogavena G ERRONEINAE Contradusta Blasicrura Nesiocypraea Palmulacypraea Figura 1. Cladograma simplificado obtenido con el análisis molecular de los genes rDNA 16S y citocromo oxidasa I mitocondriales, extraído de Meyer (2003) con ligeras modificaciones. A la derecha se detallan los subgrupos de Meyer (A-G) y las subfamilias sugeridas en el presente artículo. Meyer (2003) llega a dos conclusiones emparentadas entre sí y con de gran transcendencia para la taxonomía representación en todo el Indopacífico, de los Cypraeidae. En primer lugar, el Meyer obtiene una aproximación al origen Índico/Pacífico occidental sería el centro de de las distintas radiaciones evolutivas a radiación de todas las especies de partir de antepasados comunes. Según cipreidos, mientras que el resto de las este autor, una radiación a partir de un regiones tropicales o templadas antecesor común del mar de Tetis es presentarían una fauna relicta o derivada improbable para todos los grupos, aunque de aquélla. Analizando las especies sí podría
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