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Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized CRIME ANDVIOLENCERAPIDASSESSMENT KISUMU COUNTY KISUMU COUNTY CRIME AND VIOLENCE RAPID ASSESSMENT Cover photo: Kit-Mikayi, a natural rock formation and UNESCO World Heritage cultural site, is located about 29 kilometers west of the city of Kisumu. Credit: Ministry of Tourism, County Government of Kisumu. Design and copy editing: Laura C. Johnson Contents Foreword .................................................v Acknowledgements .........................................vi Acronyms ................................................vii 1 Introduction .............................................1 Crime and Violence Prevention in Kenya ...............................3 Crime and Violence Prevention Training ...............................4 County-Level Crime and Violence Prevention ..........................5 Framework for Analysis .............................................7 Goals of the Rapid Assessment ......................................9 Methodology . .10 2. Background: Crime and Violence Trends in Kenya .............13 Boda-Boda-Related Crime and Violence .............................14 Alcohol and Drug Abuse ...........................................14 Sexual and Gender-Based Violence ..................................16 Violence against Children ..........................................16 Radicalization and Recruitment into Violent Extremism ..................17 3. Rapid Assessment of Kisumu County .......................19 Overview of Kisumu County ........................................19 Cross-Cutting Drivers of Crime and Violence ..........................20 Dynamics of Crime and Violence ....................................25 Interventions .....................................................39 4. Conclusion .............................................43 Risk Factors ......................................................43 Protective Factors ................................................44 References ...............................................47 III Appendixes...............................................53 A Crime and Violence Baseline Rapid Assessment Methodology ..........54 B General Framework for In-Depth Interviews and Focus Group Discussions ....................................................55 Figures 1.1 Kenya’s New System of Devolved Government . 5 1.2 County-Level Security Actors .......................................6 1.3 The Socioecological Framework ....................................7 1.4 Community Crime Prevention Actions................................8 3.1 Crimes Perceived as Common in Kisumu County, 2016 .................26 3.2 Gender Distribution of Sexual Violence Cases Handled by the Gender-Based Violence Centre at Russia Referral Hospital, May–December 2018.............................................31 3.3 Age Distribution of Sexual Violence Cases Handled by the Gender-Based Violence Centre at Russia Referral Hospital, May–December 2018 ............................................31 3.4 Cases of Theft and Housebreaking Recorded by the Kisumu Judiciary Registry, 2018 ...........................................32 3.5 Number of Robbery with Violence Cases Recorded by the Kisumu Judiciary Registry, 2018 ....................................33 3.6 Drunken and Disorderly Cases Recorded bythe Kisumu Judiciary, 2018 ..................................................34 Maps 3.1 Kisumu County Wards and Conflict Hotspots .........................21 3.2 Informal Settlements and Demolition Sites in Kisumu City ..............24 Tables 1.1 Overview of Fieldwork in Kisumu County ............................11 3.1 Kisumu’s Subcounties and Wards...................................20 3.2 Police Records of Crime Incidences in Kisumu County .................27 3.3 KDHS Data on Intimate Partner Physical and Sexual Violence ...........30 4.1 Identified Risk Factors of Crime and Violence in Kisumu County .........44 IV Foreword A rapid assessment was carried out in Kisumu Government, and recently joined by the County, Kenya in January 2019 under the National Crime Research Centre. During its Crime and Violence Prevention Training (CVPT) first five years, the project was sponsored by project of the Kenya Accountable Devolution Open Society Initiative East Africa as part of its Program. KADP is funded by governments of Crime and Violence Prevention Initiative in the Denmark, European Union, Finland, Sweden, region, and it is now sponsored by the World United Kingdom, and United States. Bank through KADP. Coffey International has also been a funding partner. The project has The assessment explored the dynamics evolved over time to equip a wide range of of crime and violence, risk and protective relevant actors at the county level in response factors, and potential for their prevention. to Kenya’s devolved government structure The research sought to inform the CVPT, a since 2013. County assessments now precede month-long course that has been held annu- training courses to contextualize the training ally in Kenya since 2011 as a collaborative curriculum and provide common ground for project between United States International discussion and learning. University-Africa and the Kenya School of V Acknowledgements This report was written by Kennedy Mkutu, It is evident that many are committed to build- Munyae Mulinge, Carol Yogo, Obondo ing their county for the future and creating Kajumbi, Elizabeth Owino, Mark Shiundu, a safer and healthier society for all Kenyans. Phyllis Muriuki, and Elizabeth Atieno. We are Thank you to those who assisted the research grateful for the support for this project from in Kisumu especially our local research assis- the World Bank and to all informants from the tant Violla Audi. various sectors of national and county govern- ment, security, civil society, businesses, and The work was greatly enhanced by the communities who assisted in providing the comments of peer reviewers Prof. Fredrick information in this document. Ogenga, Raymond Kiiru, and Rocio Calidonio. Thanks to all, and thanks lastly to Tessa Mkutu for editing the work. VI Acronyms CPA County Policing Authority CVPT Crime and Violence Prevention Training FGM female genital mutilation IPOA Independent Police Oversight Authority km2 square kilometer VII VIII Photo: Sugar cane plantations, Nyando | Ministry of Tourism, County Government of Kisumu 1. Introduction Across the globe, high rates of crime and The World Health Organization (WHO) violence are undermining growth, threatening (2014: 2) defines violence as: human welfare, and impeding social devel- opment, with the poor and vulnerable partic- “the intentional use of physical force or ularly affected. One in five people worldwide power, threatened or actual, against one- has been the victim of violence or crime self, another person, or against a group or (UN-Habitat 2013). community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, The term crime means different things to psychological harm, mal-development or different people. As Haskell and Yablans (1983) deprivation.”1 point out, to members of the legal profes- sion, a crime is an illegal act, but some social There are various classifications of crime and scientists equate the term with any behavior violence. Crimes can be classified based on injurious to society (Haskell and Yablonsky the potential penalty, such as felonies and 1983). Crime refers to behavior, either by act misdemeanors, or based on subject matter, or omission, defined by statutory or common such as crimes against persons or property. law, that is deserving of punishment. 1. For more on definitions and typologies of violence, see ww.who.int/violenceprevention/approach/definition/en. 1. INTRODUCTION | 1 Violence can be classified based on its agents, by its enactment in violence prevention laws such as gangs, youths, or collective groups; and its promotion as part of an efficient and victims, such as women, children, or minority effective response to the ravages of crime and groups; the relationship between aggressor violence. As other practitioners assert: and victim, such as interpersonal or unrelated; perceived causality, such as psychopathologi- “Crime prevention strategies not only cal, situational, or learned; and type of harm, prevent crime and victimization, but also such as physical, psychological, or sexual.2 promote community safety and contribute to sustainable development of countries. Root causes of crime and violence include Effective, responsible crime prevention rapid urbanization, persistent poverty and enhances the quality of life of all citizens. It inequality, social exclusion, and post-conflict has long-term benefits in terms of reducing cultures. Urban residents, the poor, and those the costs associated with the formal criminal living in marginalized neighborhoods must justice system, as well as other social costs cope with particularly high levels of crime and that result from crime.” (ECOSOC 2002:2) violence. Many African countries are growing increasingly concerned with soaring levels of Crime and violence prevention efforts involve crime and violence, which take a variety of taking a detailed look at both risk and pro- forms, including youth violence; gender-based tective factors. Based on a growing evidence violence; and generally high rates of criminal base, the WHO and its partners have identi- victimization by robbery, assault, and theft fied seven key strategies to
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