Additive Chemistry

Performance you can rely on.

Engine Testing and Rating

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01 The need for engine tests

02 Development of lubricant tests

03 Engineering Team support

04 How engines are rated

05 The future of engine testing

Why Run Engine Tests?

In response to Solve field issue Ensuring a Product industry drivers: and verify particular approvals • CO2 reduction durability with performance • Aftertreatment compatibility new level components

Oxidation

Seal Compatibility Conductivity

FUEL CLEANLINESS WEAR ECONOMY

LSPI Corrosion

Ring on liner

Valvetrain WEAR Bearings

Critical area of Adhesive and combustion TDC: abrasive wear • Low speed • High pressure • High temperature

Wear control critical for • Blow-by • Oil consumption

Tappet

Two systems: Adhesive and • Cam over tappet corrosive wear • Rocker arm with roller follower

Critical operating conditions Critical for control • Low speed on valve opening • High contact pressure times and damages

Abrasive and Critical operating conditions corrosive wear, • Low speed cavitation • High contact pressure

Catastrophic engine failure

Oxidation

Seal Compatibility Conductivity

FUEL CLEANLINESS WEAR ECONOMY

LSPI Corrosion

CLEANLINESS

Undercrown

Piston Lands

Cooling Gallery

CLEANLINESS

Good Bad

CLEANLINESS

G O O D

B A D

Oxidation

Seal Compatibility Conductivity

FUEL CLEANLINESS WEAR ECONOMY

LSPI Corrosion

Fuel economy: FUEL • Fuel consumption ECONOMY • Friction torque

Evaluation of component friction contribution via strip-down testing:

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Developing an Engine Test

Not every engine test is a good lubricant test

Engine test development – three targets:

1. 2. 3. Discrimination Repeatability Severity

CEC

Understanding OEM Industry test test

ASTM

Engineering Team support

Objectives Target Test control Data Generated • Quality • PCMO, HDD • Operating conditions • Operational data • Time • OEM • Hardware • Oil analytics • Cost • Generic tool • Reference oil / fuel • Wear measurements • Availability • Measurements • Engine rating • Oil analysis • Result resolution

•Increasing cost and time to develop/acquire data

Field Chassis Fired Motored Motored Bench Testing Dyno Engine Engine Sub Rigs assembly

Diminishing ability to demonstrate REAL performance

Source: Wikimedia Commons

Real world Fuel economy Controlled driving and emission conditions environment measurement

Screening Real-world Global and issue performance approval

Fuel High Eco friendly economy performance throughput

Fuel economy New In-depth and anti-wear formulation analysis technology

WLTC Motored friction rig JC08 development NEDC • Available data used as input Speed and temperature from: • - Chassis dyno • - Field trials

Realistic conditions

Test conditions are chosen to stress the engine and oil - examples

Running condition change Parameter affected

High power and high speed Oil oxidation, oil drain interval

Stop/start, low speed Wear

High EGR Oil degradation, nitration, soot formation Over-fuelling, low boost and Soot formation timing changes Special fuel Sludge formation, acid attack etc.

Increased blow-by Oil degradation, piston deposits

Reference oils for Monitoring to check test monitoring stable operation

Absolute vs relative limits High reference: • Oil known to give good performance Low reference: • Oil known to show problems in the test

Viscometrics Metal Analysis Soot, Oxidation and TAN and TBN • KV100 viscosity Lead, iron, tin, Nitration • Control of acids • • Control of oil aluminium, chromium Control of soot • Oil life thickening • Indicates wear and induced oil thickening corrosion • • Control viscosity loss Combustion quality due to: Calcium, magnesium, • Thermal breakdown • Shearing zinc, phosphorous, boron • Fuel dilution • Checks additive chemistry

How are Engines Rated?

Quantitative Oil Viscosity Oil Properties Fuel Qualitative • Wear KV100 (cSt) change • TAN and TBN Economy Visual rating • Oxidation Weight of • Methodology • Size change (in • Nitration fuel used microns) • Training • Weight loss (in mg) • Judgement • Increase in oil metal • Levels (ppm) • Oil consumption • Secondary indicators

Daimler Sequence Daimler OM501LA X OM646LA

DD13 BMW B48 Scuffing

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved. 30 Performance you can rely on. ASTM D8074-18 DD13 scuffing test WEAR Detroit Diesel DD13 Engine Duration: 200 hours • Stage 1 (30 hours) - 50% load • Stage 2 - 90% load

Parameter: Hours to Scuff (min 31 hrs)

Evaluates: Key facts: Used oil analysis includes: HDD engine oil Uncoated piston rings for • Viscosity ring-liner scuffing wear increased severity • Soot protection performance • Oxidation • Fe content (real time)

Minimal wear Scuffing marks

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved. 32 Performance you can rely on. CEC L-101 Test OM501 LA CLEANLINESS Daimler OM501 Engine Duration: 300 hours • Cyclic speed • Constant speed – Full load, rated speed Parameters: Piston Cleanliness, Bore Polish, Oil consumption, Engine Sludge

Evaluates Key facts Used oil analysis includes HDD engine oil Sensitive to engine • Viscosity cleanliness performance operating conditions • Soot and hardware • Oxidation • ICP wear metals

Land 1

Groove 1

Land 2 Groove 2

Engine Simulation Hybridisation and Electrification Advanced screening Ways of testing will be different • Improved relevance • Testing mix • Reduced time to market • Complex control strategy

Well designed engine tests are realistic and practical oil performance demonstrator

Discrimination Repeatability Severity Environmental OEMs Legislation Specification

Field Performance Bench Field Additive Suppliers Problem Tests Tests Engine New Engine Tests Technology Industry bodies

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