Northern Bald Ibis The Most Threatened Bird of the Middle East THE LAST FLIGHT OF THE ANCIENT GUIDE OF HAJJ 2002 - 2011 NINE YEARS OF CONSERVATION EFFORTS BETWEEN ARABIA AND EAST AFRICA Northern Bald Ibis The Most Threatened Bird Each species is a small universe in its own, different from all the others due to its genes, of the Middle East anatomy, behaviour, vital cycle, role in the ecosystem; a self-sustaining system, created in the course of an evolutionary history, complex beyond our imagination. Each species deserves that researchers devote their careers on it, and poets and historians celebrate it. Nothing even closely similar can be said about a proton or an hydrogen atom. In few words, Reverend, this is the strongest and most transcendent moral argument, provided by science in view of supporting the urgent need to save the Creation. E.O. WILSON (The Creation, 2006) THE LAST FLIGHT OF THE ANCIENT GUIDE OF HAJJ 2002 - 2011 NINE YEARS OF CONSERVATION EFFORTS BETWEEN ARABIA AND EAST AFRICA Committee for Research Syrian General Commission and Exploration for Badia Management and Development Saudi Wildlife Authority CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication was made possible by a grant from the Mohamed Bin Zayed SUMMARY PAG 7 Foundation. Cooperation and support from the Syrian Desert Commission, the Ethiopian Wildlife Society and the Saudi Wildlife Authority were instrumental to 1. BACKGROUND PAG 11 run this long-term conservation project. It was made possible by multi-year funds made available by the Italian Development Cooperation (DGCS) and by several grants from RSPB, Embassies of Finland and Netherlands in Damascus, Monaco 2. THE DISCOVERY IN SYRIA PAG 17 Foundation, National Geographic Society and Mohamad Bin Zayed Foundation. The passion and dedication of Mahmud S. Abdallah, Ahmed K. Abdallah and 3. THE ORIENTAL NORTHERN BALD IBIS PAG 21 Ghazy Al Qaim have been of paramount importance. Lubomir Peske made available his long-term experience in satellite tagging and telemetry with passion 4. BREEDING PROTECTION AND CAPACITY BUILDING PAG 25 and very often as a volunteer. Gianluca Serra served this project as a volunteer for several years. 5. AWARENESS AND EDUCATION PAG 29 CITATION 6. THE DISCOVERY OF THE MIGRATORY ROUTE PAG 33 Serra G. 2017. The Last Flight of the Ancient Guide of Hajj. Self published. Apia, Samoa. 74 pp. 7. IBIS PROTECTED AREA IN SYRIA PAG 37 ONLINE AVAILABILITY 8. THE WINTERING SITE IN ETHIOPIA PAG 43 www.thelastflight.org 9. THE MYSTERY ABOUT THE IMMATURE BIRDS PAG 49 COPYRIGHT © G. Serra 10. THE FLYWAY ALONG WESTERN SAUDI ARABIA PAG 53 DESIGN & LAYOUT 11. SUPPLEMENTATION TRIAL PAG 59 Sebastiano Ranchetti (popdesign.it) 12. RECOMMENDATIONS PAG 63 DISCLAIMER The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of 13. REFERENCES PAG 67 the Mohamad Bin Zayed Foundation, the Syrian Desert Commission, the Saudi Wildlife Authority, the Ethiopian Wildlife Society, the National Geographic Society and the Italian Development Cooperation (DGCS). It is a contribution from the author, as champion and expert of the oriental Northern Bald Ibis, aimed at providing an independent perspective and insight about the 9 years ibis conservation work. Cover photo © Gianluca Serra 6 Summary Summary 7 SUMMARY his is a case study about the 9-year conservation efforts that were put in place between the Middle East and East TAfrica with the aim of preventing the extinction of the last known colony of oriental Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita. The conservation saga spans from the time of the discovery of an unreported relict colony of this species in early 2002 in the Pal- myra desert (Syria) until the political unrest erupted in early 2011. Certainly the rarest in the Middle East, the bird in question is also one of the rarest in the world, listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List since 1994. It used to have significant sym- bolic and cultural values attached in the region. The bald ibises still breeding in Syria, discovered during an extensive biodiversity survey carried out as part of a FAO aid project, were the last liv- ing descendants of those depicted in Egyptian hieroglyphs from 4500 years ago. The decline of this bird species from its original breeding range in the Middle East is part of a large wave of biodiversity loss that has occurred in the region during the past 30-40 years – and that has caused the extinction of several other species of iconic ani- mals and plants. Following the discovery in Syria, a community-based ibis breeding intensive protection program was established in Pal- myra during years 2002-2004, in parallel with an extensive cap- acity building program in the benefit of the local community and Above. One of the three breeding pairs of N. Bald Ibis discovered in 2002 in the Palmyra desert, engaged in a courtship display at the nest, beside their chick and an unpaired adult (© G. Serra, 2002). Aside. View of the breeding grounds of the N. Bald Ibis in the Palmyra desert (© G. Serra, 2009). 8 Summary Summary 9 staff from the Syrian Desert Commission. Fourteen chicks suc- Ibis along western Saudi Arabia is a well known international mi- cessfully fledged during this period. gratory flyway used by at least 6 other globally threatened and Beside protection and training operations, data on threats 4 declining species of soaring and water-birds, the mentioned and on feeding and breeding ecology were collected in the field. interventions would serve a much broader conservation scope. An Ibis Protected Area was recommended and established. An awareness and education program was also launched and im- plemented - reaching the highest political spheres in Damascus. Two breeding failures occurred in 2005 and 2008 following a change of project management and of ibis protection strat- egy, that took place between 2004 and 2005. Three birds were tagged with satellite transmitters and the migratory route and Aside. N. Bald Ibis adults and juveniles feeding at their breeding wintering site of the colony were discovered in 2006. Three sur- grounds in the Palmyra desert in spring 2003 (© G. Serra). veys were undertaken at the wintering site on the Ethiopian high- Below. View of the ancient ruins of the Temple of Baal seen from with- lands between 2006 and 2009, establishing that no immediate in the oasis of Palmyra (© G. Serra, 2009). threats were present at the site. Thanks to an IUCN project the Ibis Protected Area in Palmyra desert was further developed in 2008-2009 just in time to curb the threats of infrastructure uncontrolled proliferation and heavy oil prospection schemes. Meanwhile it became apparent that only adults were reach- ing the wintering site in Ethiopia and that it was the low survival rate of immature birds outside the breeding range - and thus an insufficient recruitment at the breeding colony in Palmyra - that had been causing the slow and steady decline of the colony from 3 breeding pairs in 2002 to just 1 in 2010. Satellite tracking and surveys conducted in western Saudi Arabia during 2009-2010, with key cooperation of the Saudi Wildlife Authority, suggested that a combination of hunting and electrocution were causing a high mortality rate of dispersing im- mature ibises. This mortality is regarded as the main cause of the low recruitment occurred at the Palmyra colony during the years following the high breeding performance of period 2002-2004 (only 3 recruitment events out of 14 chicks fledged). A supplementation trial could be eventually conducted in 2010 by introducing captive-born chicks into the wild colony in Pal- myra. An ibis captive breeding center was established in Palmyra. Three chicks introduced at the wild colony in Palmyra followed a migrating wild adult for more than 1000 km from Palmyra well into south-west Saudi Arabia. This trial reinvigorated the hopes that the colony could be still saved. Conservation efforts were interrupted in March 2011 due to the worsening of the political situation in Syria. Palmyra trained rangers have continued to protect the breeding birds until 2014-2015. Recommendations for the years to come are provided along. The current status of the rarest bird in the Middle East is highly critical. If action is not taken urgently and effectively, the Middle East will lose this species forever in a few years. Few focused and urgent interventions along the western Saudi Arabia flyway could alone still prevent the extinction in the wild of this iconic bird. Because the migratory route used by the N. Bald 10 Background Chapter 1 11 1 BACKGROUND n international development aid project, based in the millenary oasis of Tadmur (Palmyra), central Syrian steppeland (often also referred as “desert”), was in A 1 operation during the period 1996-2004 . The goal of this project was to assist the Syrian Government in testing ways to halt the desertification of the steppeland through the improved mana- gement of the rangelands (mostly used as pastures for livestock) and the protection of the remnant and threatened biodiversity heritage. The project’s second component envisaged the establishment and development of the first protected area in the country, Al Ta- lila Reserve. For the purpose a long-term survey reconnaissance program of fauna and flora was carried out during the period 2000-2003. Objective of this program was to detect, list and do- cument the key naturalistic and biodiversity assets of the central Syrian desert (where Al Talila was the core of the survey area). A the people who make a living out of it, the Bedouin nomads. The team of locals and government staff was in-service trained du- livelihood of this indigenous people being extensively based on ring the extensive surveying work by an international wildlife ex- the natural resources and services of the steppe ecosystem.