DOCSLIB.ORG

Drinking Water Treatment by Bulgarian Products in Bulgaria and Turkey

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Drinking Water Treatment by Bulgarian Products in Bulgaria and Turkey DRINKING WATER TREATMENT BY BULGARIAN PRODUCTS IN BULGARIA AND TURKEY Christo Dobrev Solvo-Ltd, Mladost 1, bl. 13, Sofia 1784, Bulgaria Galia Bardarska Institute of Water Problems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, str. Acad. G. Bonchev bl.1, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria Goksel Akcin Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey ABSTRACT Drinking water treatment by aluminum sulphate has not only technical disadvantages but also health risks. The recently postulated apparent association between aluminium levels in the brain with Alzheimer’s disease and the distressing aftermath of the Camelford incident, has thrown open the question of the magnitude of any risk from aluminium exposure in drinking water. Doubts have also arisen about the safety, using the flocculents based on polyacrylamide. The reason is its acrylamide monomer content. For these valid reasons the new Bulgarian coagulant OAX-15 has been created in the 1976 (Kungl Patent 77 12594-6-OCH, 1982 and Patent 61018-OCH, 1987). The drinking water station “ Kamchia”, supplied the Black Sea cities Varna and Burgas, first changed the aluminium sulphate by OAX-15. The author of this paper, rendering an account the additional necessity of flocculents or sorbents for some heavy polluted waters, made one new revised Bulgarian product CFS-Solvo (Sanitary certificate, 1995). Jar-tests and physic-chemical treatment in the Bulgarian and Turkey drinking water stations showed the effectiveness of the CFS-Solvo for elimination of turbidity, colour, oxydizability, arsenium, manganese, heavy metals, plankton etc. for water temperature from 10C to 30 0C. The measured value of residual aluminium was from 0,0 to 0,1 mg/l. In the paper are discussed the technological and sanitary priorities of CFS drinking water treatment over the aluminium sulphate treatment. The results are very perspective for quality amelioration of drinking waters on the Black Sea coast. KEYWORDS Drinking water treatment, coagulation, aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride, Coagulant-flocculent-sorbent CFS, INTRODUCTION The coagulation is the basic stage of drinking water treatment. Last century different types of coagulants and flocculents has been used but the most common coagulants are based on inorganic hydrolization salts. Aluminum sulfate is more frequently applicated coagulant of this class. Its drinking water usage is related with very big exploitation disadvantages and higher health risk. The limited working scopes of pH and temperature hamper the creation of stable flocculation particles with necessary dimensions. Very often at the temperature below 10 oC and pH outside of 7 – 8 the bad flocculation process costs a second coagulation into the filters and pipes after the stations. This effect makes drinking water worse and blocks very fast the filter layers. At the drinking water stations with stabilization stage the aluminum sulfate’s coagulation is embarrassed. Health risk – the content of aluminum higher than 0.2 mg/l in the treated water is observed when the optimum conditions are drawed away (Association General des Hygienists et Technicians Municipals, 1987). The recently postulated apparent association between aluminum levels in the brain with Alzheimer’s disease and the distressing aftermath of the Camelford incident, has thrown open the question of the magnitude of any risk from aluminum exposure in drinking water (Holdsworth, 1991). These shortcomings impose the looking for and finding out the polyaluminum chloride as one of the alternative coagulant (Kogyo Yosui,1974). PRODUCTION OF CFS-SOLVO® At the second part of seventeen the production of Bulgarian polyaluminum chloride OAX-15 was done (Patent 77 12594-6-OCH, 1982 and Patent 61018-OCH,1987). Former capacity productions were as follows: factory “Sviloza”, town Svichtov – 5000 t/y and Ecological Technique Center, town Burgas- 2500 t/y. The technology of AOCl-15 production is as follows: in the intern electrolyse conditions a metallic aluminium is dissolved by HCl. 3+ The metallic aluminum is nonstable thermodynamically - transformation into water solution as Al(H2O)6 at salinity acid circle. Different polynuclears aquahydroxoaluminum complex ions are formed as a result of polycodensation processes. The reaction between aluminum and HCl in water circle is very complicated and debatabled. In this paper the reaction is described provisionally as follows: 2Al+ 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2 (1) 3+ (3x-y)+ + x[Al(H2O)6] = Alx(OH)y(H2O)2(3x-y)] +yH3O (2) At 1994 on the base of preliminary experience of polyaluminum chloride synthesis the Solvo-Ltd, town Sofia, was beginning the production of very effective coagulant-flocculent-sorbent CFS-Solvo. CFS is done on the base of polyaluminum chloride and its description very generally is : xAl2O3.yHCl.zH2O (x=1, y=0.9-2, z=4-85); M=y/x (3) CFS solution is stable at middle and high concentrations including also the glassy state. After alkalisation or dilution the hydrolic processes begin to leak. As a result are obtained decantabled very small soluble hydroxosalts and aluminum hydroxide. Received hydrolysed products have not only sorbtion ability but also an ability of codecantation of different particles by type and dimension. At 1994 Solvo Ltd, town Sofia, designed and investigated a new apparatus for CFS’s electrochemical synthesis at very high level of process regulation and energy utilisation (Fig. 1). On the base of the first constructed apparatus Solvo Ltd created the module industrial installation for CFS production. Each installed module at open air condition produces 2 t/d CFS. CFS has sanitary permition for treatment of drinking and waste waters (Sanitary certificate,1995). FIG. 1. SCHEME OF TECHNOLOGY FOR CFS’S PRODUCTION: 1- REACTION CHAMBER, 2- HCL TANK AND 3 – CFS TANK DETERMINATION OF CFS DOSES Determination of CFS’s dose is made by the quantity of active product as Al2O3. This method of calculation is obligatory because CFS is nonstechiometric product – without any exact molecule weight. Also, the comparison with aluminum sulfate’s doses have to be done by Al2O3 content. The procedure of CFS Jar-test is as follows: To one liter of simple waters it has to be added different doses of trade product CFS. It’s not preferable a preliminary dilution of CFS by water. The reason is a big damage of CFS’s hydrolization before entering into treated water. Two stages of CFS Jar-test is necessary: ♦ 30 min. slow mixture ( about 20 tours/min); ♦ 30 min decantation. Very good decantated water has to be taken for water analysis. Calculation of CFS’s dose is made on the base of the relation between density, acidity M (M=mol HCl/mol Al2O3) and percentage content of Al2O3 (Fig.2). 2,0 1,25 1,8 CFS 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,1 1,20 1,0 0,9 M 1,15 Density, d, [g/ml] d, Density, 1,10 1,05 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Contains Al2O3 [%] FIG. 2. RELATION BETWEEN DENSITY, ACIDITY AND AL2O3 OF CFS SOLUTION CFS’s application at drinking water stations doesn’t need a preliminary dilution or an intensive mixture. CFS can be used not only alone. It’s possible to combine the CFS with other chemical products. For example, we describe the Jar-test of dam Iskar’s waters by CFS and Al2(SO4)3.18H2O, made at 03.01.1995 to the Laboratory of drinking water station “Pancharevo”, town Sofia. The concentrations and the relatively weights of two products are shown in the Table 1. TABLE 1 CONCENTRATION AND DENSITY OF CFS AND ALUMINUM SULFATE – TRADE PRODUCTS Type of product Concentration [%] Density [g/cm3] Al2O3 Al2(SO4)3 CFS13 13 1.18 CFS10 10 1.14 AS = Al2(SO4)3 6.3 21.1 1.17 Data for applicable doses and purification effects of dam “Iskar” water (pH 7.0, turbidity 3.9 mg/l, color o 22 , oxydability 1.8 mg O2/l and manganese 0.37 mg/l) by Aluminum sulfate and CFS are done in Tables 2,3.. TABLE 2 CALCULATION OF DOSES, CORRESPONDING TO 2.3 mg Al2O3/l No Water test by DOSES Total CFS Al2(SO4)3 ml/l mg/l Al2O3 ml/l mg/l AS Al2O3 Al2O3 (dm/m3) (g/m3) mg/l (dm/m3) (g/m3) mg/l mg/l mg/l 1 CFS13 0.015 17.7 2.30 - - - - 2.30 2 CFS10 0.020 22.8 2.28 - - - - 2.28 3 AS - - - 0.031 36.3 7.67 2.29 2.29 4 CFS10+AS 0.006 6.84 0.68 0.022 25.7 5.42 1.62 2.30 5 AS+ CFS10 0.006 6.84 0.68 0.022 25.7 5.42 1.62 2.30 TABLE 3 JAR-TESTS OF DAM “ISKAR” WATER BY ALUMINUM SULFATE AND CFS AT DRINKING WATER STATION “PANCHAREVO”, TOWN SOFIA Water test by Quality of treated water pH Turbidity Color Oxydability Manganese Value Effect Value Effect Value Effect Value Effect o mg/l % Rubyov % mgO2/l % mg/l % 0 Dam water 7.0 3.9 - 22 - 1.80 - 0.37 - 1 CFS13 7.0 1.1 72 3 86 1.22 32 0.19 49 2 CFS10 7.0 1.4 64 3 86 1.22 32 0.22 40 3 AS 6.9 1.7 56 6 73 1.36 24 0.22 40 4 CFS10+AS 7.0 1.2 69 4 82 1.30 28 0.20 46 5 AS+ CFS10 7.0 1.1 72 3 86 1.22 32 0.22 40 49% elimination effect of manganese is explained by low water turbidity (3.9 mg/l). Former investigations at drinking water station “Pancharevo” created the exact diagram between dam water turbidity and manganese elimination effect (Fig. 3). 100 Manganese 90 80 70 60 50 40 Cleaning effect [%] 30 20 0 5 10 15 20 Water turbidity [mg/l] FIG.3.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Central Regions and the Sofia Agglomeration Area
    Maria Shishmanova THE CENTRAL REGIONS AND THE SOFIA AGGLOMERATION AREA Abstract. The research presents central regions in Bulgaria using taxonometric method with relevant conclusions. Each municipality in central regions is particularly examined by the elaborated methodic materials. The developed agglomeration areas are situated in the central regions. Sofia agglomeration area is presented using General Spatial Plan of Sofia municipality and Municipal Development Plan (MDP) of Sofia metropolitan municipality. It is set out the vision of development and its priorities, objectives and measures. Key words: central regions, agglomeration areas, Sofia agglomeration area, General Spatial Plan, Municipal Development Plan. Introduction The Central regions comprise 45 percent of the Bulgarian territory. The agglomeration areas are formed in them. The present study examines the development of the Sofia agglomeration area – a metropolis in the central regions of Bulgaria. The agglomeration areas are formed within the range of the central regions in Bulgaria – 6 agglomeration areas with a center – a large city, 30 agglomeration areas with a center – a medium-sized town. Six of the agglomeration areas are formations with more than three municipalities, five of them are with three municipalities each, ten are with 2 municipalities and the rest 15 are autonomous municipalities with an established core. These areas represent the backbone of the economy and social and human potential of the country. They have the highest degree of competitiveness and attractiveness for investment and innovation. Eighty eight municipalities with a total population of 5885455 people1 are included within the scope of the agglomeration areas, which constitutes 77.4 percent of the population of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • River Names As a Testament of Cultural Heritage
    ONOMÀSTICA 5 (2019): 65–89 | RECEPCIÓ 28.10.2019 | ACCEPTACIÓ 28.11.2019 River names as a testament of cultural heritage (on hydronyms in the Iskar river basin) Anna Choleva-Dimitrova Department of Onomastics Institute for Bulgarian Language, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences [email protected] Abstract: River names are some of the oldest -onyms on record. The article examines 170 river names from the basin of the Iskar river – the largest tributary of the Danube in Bulgaria. The origin and significance of river names emerge through the application of traditional onomastic methods – onomastic (etymological) analysis and onomastic reconstruction. Comparative onomastic data from adjacent and more distant regions in Bulgaria and the Balkans are also drawn on. Conclusions about the relative antiquity of the hydronyms are drawn. Key words: river name, hydronym, Iskar river, Danube river, tributary of a river Els noms dels rius com a llegat del patrimoni cultural (Sobre hidrònims a la conca del riu Iskar) Resum: Els noms dels rius, o topònims fluvials, són uns dels noms més antics de què es té notícia. L’article examina 170 noms de rius de la conca del riu Iskar —el major afluent del Danubi a Bulgària. Tractem d’aclarir l’origen i la significació d’aquests noms a partir de l’aplicació de mètodes onomàstics tradicionals: anàlisi etimològica i reconstrucció onomàstica. També es recullen dades onomàstiques comparatives de regions de Bulgària i dels Balcans, més properes i més llunyanes. Proposem algunes conclusions sobre l’antiguitat relativa dels hidrònims. Paraules clau: nom de riu, hidrònim, riu Iskar, riu Danubi, afluent d’un riu 1 Introduction Hydronymy is one of the most important branches of onomastics.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 I. ANNEXES 1 Annex 6. Map and List of Rural Municipalities in Bulgaria
    I. ANNEXES 1 Annex 6. Map and list of rural municipalities in Bulgaria (according to statistical definition). 1 List of rural municipalities in Bulgaria District District District District District District /Municipality /Municipality /Municipality /Municipality /Municipality /Municipality Blagoevgrad Vidin Lovech Plovdiv Smolyan Targovishte Bansko Belogradchik Apriltsi Brezovo Banite Antonovo Belitsa Boynitsa Letnitsa Kaloyanovo Borino Omurtag Gotse Delchev Bregovo Lukovit Karlovo Devin Opaka Garmen Gramada Teteven Krichim Dospat Popovo Kresna Dimovo Troyan Kuklen Zlatograd Haskovo Petrich Kula Ugarchin Laki Madan Ivaylovgrad Razlog Makresh Yablanitsa Maritsa Nedelino Lyubimets Sandanski Novo Selo Montana Perushtitsa Rudozem Madzharovo Satovcha Ruzhintsi Berkovitsa Parvomay Chepelare Mineralni bani Simitli Chuprene Boychinovtsi Rakovski Sofia - district Svilengrad Strumyani Vratsa Brusartsi Rodopi Anton Simeonovgrad Hadzhidimovo Borovan Varshets Sadovo Bozhurishte Stambolovo Yakoruda Byala Slatina Valchedram Sopot Botevgrad Topolovgrad Burgas Knezha Georgi Damyanovo Stamboliyski Godech Harmanli Aitos Kozloduy Lom Saedinenie Gorna Malina Shumen Kameno Krivodol Medkovets Hisarya Dolna banya Veliki Preslav Karnobat Mezdra Chiprovtsi Razgrad Dragoman Venets Malko Tarnovo Mizia Yakimovo Zavet Elin Pelin Varbitsa Nesebar Oryahovo Pazardzhik Isperih Etropole Kaolinovo Pomorie Roman Batak Kubrat Zlatitsa Kaspichan Primorsko Hayredin Belovo Loznitsa Ihtiman Nikola Kozlevo Ruen Gabrovo Bratsigovo Samuil Koprivshtitsa Novi Pazar Sozopol Dryanovo
    [Show full text]
  • Bulgarianproperties
    Offer: Plot of 1400 decares fertile land in Lukovit Ref. No.: Sf 64237 URL address of the offer: https://www.bulgarianproperties.com/64237 Plot of 1400 decares fertile land Price on request Location: Lukovit For sale Type of property: Land, Agricultural land, Investment land, Building plot with project Area features : In the countryside. , In rural countryside, On a river, In fishing area, In hunting area, Near town Area: 1400000.00 m2 Garden: no Condition: read text Authorised agency Responsible agent Sergey Pelovski Sofia Mobile: +359 882 817 459 Phone: +359 2 425 68 21 Address: 22, Zlaten Rog Str., floor 4, office 7, Sofia 1407 Skype: bulgarianproperties.com Plot for investment with permit for watering and construction of warehouses and house Plot of 1400 decares - fertile land with permit for watering and construction of warehouses and a house. - Unique location; - One plot of land of 1400 decares; - The property falls within the limits of Natura 2000 - a protected ecological area designated by a special European directive; - Suitable for organic farming; - Altitude 120-135 meters; - Flat terrain - suitable for automated production; - Soils - suitable for fruit plantations (nuts, apples, cherries, peaches and other perennials), lavender, vegetables, grass, decorative vegetation - trees, shrubs and others; Page 1 Offer: Plot of 1400 decares fertile land in Lukovit Ref. No.: Sf 64237 URL address of the offer: https://www.bulgarianproperties.com/64237 - The property borders the Iskar River, with a face of over 3500 m; - Ready project
    [Show full text]
  • MEDIANE Media in Europe for Diversity Inclusiveness
    MEDIANE Media in Europe for Diversity Inclusiveness EUROPEAN EXCHANGES OF MEDIA PRACTICES EEMPS Pair: COE 73 OUTPUT BEING A FOREIGNER DOING BUSINESS SUMMARY 1. Exchange Partners Partner 1 Partner 2 Name and Surname Valentin TODOROV Meryem MAKTOUM Job title Managing Editor Freelance Organisation / Media Novi Iskar online Prospettive Altre 2. Summary Our common article ‘Being a foreigner doing business in Bulgaria - mission possible. How is it in Calabria - the southern Italian region?’, is a journalistic attempt to look at the conditions for doing business in Bulgaria and in Region of Calabria (Italy) through the eyes of several businessmen (with an origin of different countries in the world) who are established their small businesses in these two areas - known as of two of the poorest regions in Europe. The approach we chose with my Italian colleague Meriem Maktoum from Italian online media ‘Prospettive Altre’ was to work on the spot - in Bulgarian capital city Sofia and in the Italian town of Lamezia Terme (in Calabria, Italy), and to meet with local businessmen who describe the similar difficulties and advantages of doing business in Bulgaria and in the southern Italian region of Calabria. Our reportage presents different standpoints and positions of businessmen of foreign origin, who telling in the blitz interviews for our duo about their personal experiences in Bulgaria and Calabria, as our interlocutors share their opinions for their work, but also a positive experience doing small business in countries that have become their second home. The article, besides the economic differences between this two EU countries, presents the common human problems that excite these entrepreneurs and the things that are similar between them, and describes how these people are integrated into two different European countries - Italy and Bulgaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulgarianproperties
    Offer: Development land for sale in a quiet village near Elin Pelin in Sofia Ref. No.: Sf 423 URL address of the offer: https://www.bulgarianproperties.com/28820 Development land for sale in a quiet village near Elin Pelin Price € 6 450 Location: Sofia For sale Type of property: Land, Development land Area features : In the countryside. , Near mountain, In rural countryside, In fishing area, In hunting area, Near town Area: 750.00 m2 Garden: no Condition: read text Authorised agency Responsible agent Stefan Abanozov Borovets Mobile: +359 882 817 460 Phone: +359 2 425 68 22 Address: 121, Iskar Blvd, Center Samokov 2000, Bulgaria Skype: bulgarianproperties.bg Plot of land in a rural area with a river and a lake We offer for sale an attractive plot of land, set only 19 km from Elin Pelin and 49 km from Sofia. The area of the offered plot is 750 sq.m. The property borders with water and electricity. It is located in a small and peaceful village, a few meters from a dirt road and from the last houses. The village has shops, a cafe, a church and regular transport. This development land reveals scenic views of the village and the surrounding hills and forests. The region has fresh air and it is located near the lake Ognyanovo and the river Topolnitsa. The area is suitable for rural tourism, mountaineering, water sports, fishing, hunting. Page 1 Offer: Development land for sale in a quiet village near Elin Pelin in Sofia Ref. No.: Sf 423 URL address of the offer: https://www.bulgarianproperties.com/28820 Reference number: Sf 423 Page 2 Offer: Development land for sale in a quiet village near Elin Pelin in Sofia Ref.
    [Show full text]
  • A G R O S T a T I S T I
    REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA Census of Agricultural Holdings in Bulgaria in 2010 Ministry of Agriculture and Food Ministry of Agriculture and With the financial support of Food the European Union No 215 – November 2012 2010 2020020052005 Agricultural Census in 2010 PLEVEN DISTRICT – main results General Characteristics of the District The Pleven District is situated in the North-West Region and is one of the 28 districts in Bulgaria (level A NUTS 3 of the common classification of territorial units for statistics of EU). The total area of the district is 4 653.3 sq. km, which represents 4.2% of the territory of G the country. The number of the settlements is 123, administered in 11 municipalities, the towns are 14, and the villages – 109. According to the population census R in 2011 the population in the district is 269 752 or 3.7% of the population in the country. The total utilized agricultural area (UAA) is 2 912 618.4 dca or 63% of O the territory of the district. STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS The number of agricultural holdings in the Pleven District is 12 924 or 3.5% of the holdings in the country. The utilized S agricultural area (UAA) is 2 912 618.4 dca, allocated in 12 510 holdings. The average value of the UAA for the district is 232.8 dca or 130% above the average value for the country – 101.3 dca. The holdings that do not have UAA are 414. The share of UAA in the municipalities are as follows: 14% in Pleven Municipality, Dolna Mitropolia Municipality and T Nikopol Municipality, 10 % in Knezha Municipality, 9% in Cherven Bryag, 8 % in Gulyantsi Municipality, Levski Municipality and Dolni Dabnik Municipality, 6% in Iskar and Pordim Municipalities and 4% in Belene Municipality.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Released Real Estates in the Administration of the Ministry Of
    List of Released Real Estates in the Administration of the Ministry of Defence, with Private Public Property Deeds (PPPDs), of which Property the MoD is Allowed to Dispose No. of Built-up No. of Area of Area the Plot No. District Municipality City/Town Address Function Buildings (sq. m.) Facilities (decares) Title Deed No. of Title Deed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Part of the Military № 874/02.05.1997 for the 1 Burgas Burgas City of Burgas Slaveykov Hospital 1 545,4 PPPD whole real estate 2 Burgas Burgas City of Burgas Kapcheto Area Storehouse 6 623,73 3 29,143 PPPD № 3577/2005 3 Burgas Burgas City of Burgas Sarafovo Storehouse 6 439 5,4 PPPD № 2796/2002 4 Burgas Nesebar Town of Obzor Top-Ach Area Storehouse 5 496 PPPD № 4684/26.02.2009 5 Burgas Pomorie Town of Pomorie Honyat Area Barracks area 24 9397 49,97 PPPD № 4636/12.12.2008 6 Burgas Pomorie Town of Pomorie Storehouse 18 1146,75 74,162 PPPD № 1892/2001 7 Burgas Sozopol Town of Atiya Military station, by Bl. 11 Military club 1 240 PPPD № 3778/22.11.2005 8 Burgas Sredets Town of Sredets Velikin Bair Area Barracks area 17 7912 40,124 PPPD № 3761/05 9 Burgas Sredets Town of Debelt Domuz Dere Area Barracks area 32 5785 PPPD № 4490/24.04.2008 10 Burgas Tsarevo Town of Ahtopol Mitrinkovi Kashli Area Storehouse 1 0,184 PPPD № 4469/09.04.2008 11 Burgas Tsarevo Town of Tsarevo Han Asparuh Str., Bl.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Energy 1/73 Fifth
    REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA MINISTRY OF ENERGY FIFTH NATIONAL REPORT ON BULGARIA’S PROGRESS IN THE PROMOTION AND USE OF ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES Drafted in accordance with Article 22(1) of Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources on the basis of the model for Member State progress reports set out in Directive 2009/28/EC December 2019 1/73 REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA MINISTRY OF ENERGY TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS USED ..................................................................................................................................4 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ............................................................................................................................5 1. Shares (sectoral and overall) and actual consumption of energy from renewable sources in the last 2 years (2017 and 2018) (Article 22(1) of Directive 2009/28/EC) ........................................................................6 2. Measures taken in the last 2 years (2017 and 2018) and/or planned at national level to promote the growth of energy from renewable sources, taking into account the indicative trajectory for achieving the national RES targets as outlined in your National Renewable Energy Action Plan. (Article 22(1)(a) of Directive 2009/28/EC) ......................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.a Please describe the support schemes and other measures currently in place that are applied to promote energy from renewable sources and report on any developments in the measures used with respect to those set out in your National Renewable Energy Action Plan (Article 22(1)(b) of Directive 2009/28/EC) ..................... 18 2.b Please describe the measures in ensuring the transmission and distribution of electricity produced from renewable energy sources and in improving the regulatory framework for bearing and sharing of costs related to grid connections and grid reinforcements (for accepting greater loads).
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Water Resources in Rivers in the Bulgarian Basins of the Lower Danube
    www.ebscohost.com www.gi.sanu.ac.rs, www.doiserbia.nb.rs, J. Geogr. Inst. Cvijic. 67(1) (11–25) Original scientific paper UDC: 911.2:556.53 (497.2) DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/IJGI1701011I DETERMINATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN RIVERS IN THE BULGARIAN BASINS OF THE LOWER DANUBE Plamen Iliev Ninov*, Tzviatka Ivanova Karagiozova*, Maya Yordanova 1 Rankova* * National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology — BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria Received: December 29, 2016; Reviewed: March 10, 2017; Accepted: March 31, 2017 Abstract: Object of the study is surface water bodies from category “rivers” according to Water Framework Directive 2000/60/ЕС. Surface water assessment is important for number of activities such as: water management in the country, making reports to international agencies, determining the change of the resources in the light of upcoming climate changes. The determination of water resources is based on information of hydrometric stations from the monitoring network system in the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology — Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (NIMH- BAS) in which real ongoing and available water flows that are subject of management are registered. In the study a technology for surface water bodies in the Bulgarian basins of the lower Danube is applied which has been developed in the frame of cooperative project together with the Ministry of Environment and Water. This is absolutely true for the Bulgarian section of the Danube River basin which is expressed in big number and variety of hydrological homogeneous sections. The river flow is characterized with annual and inter-annual variability determined by climatic factors and anthropogenic influences.
    [Show full text]
  • A Catalogue of the Bulgarian Lepidoptera Species Reported and Collected from the Caves and Galleries in Bulgaria (Insecta, Lepidoptera) 433-448 ©Ges
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Atalanta Jahr/Year: 1996 Band/Volume: 27 Autor(en)/Author(s): Beshkov Stoyan V., Petrov Boyan P. Artikel/Article: A catalogue of the Bulgarian Lepidoptera species reported and collected from the caves and galleries in Bulgaria (Insecta, Lepidoptera) 433-448 ©Ges. zur Förderung d. Erforschung von Insektenwanderungen e.V. München, download unter www.zobodat.at Atalanta (May 1996) 27(1/2):433-448, Würzburg, ISSN 0171-0079 A catalogue of the Bulgarian Lepidoptera species reported and collected from the caves and galleries in Bulgaria (Insecta, Lepidoptera) by Stoyan B es h k o v & B oyan P etro v received 2.11.1996 Abstract: In the “Catalogue” all existing speleological and entomological literature concern­ ing Microlepidoptera and Macrolepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) fauna, found in caves and galleries, are presented together with the results of several years’ studies by the authors. For every individual species, that is extant in every reported cave and gallery, as well as the authors who have made the report, is included. New data, most recently gathered are re­ ported as well. Several species are new for the cave fauna of Bulgaria, some others are all together new to the caves. One species is new for the Bulgarian fauna. The number of the established up until now Lepidoptera species in the caves and galleries in Bulgaria is 32. Introduction For a considerable length of time the Bulgarian cave fauna has been of interest to many researchers, both Bulgarians and foreign. Although considerable data concerning the fauna of Lepidoptera of the caves and galleries in Bulgaria exists, having been published in nu­ merous articles, up until now only one study (Skalski , 1972) concerns the Lepidoptera cave fauna.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 Black Sea International Immunology School
    3rd Black Sea International Immunology School (14÷16 October 2016, Lukovit, Bulgaria) Program and Speakers The following speakers (in alphabetical order) have accepted to animate 3rd BSIIS 2016: 1. Assoc. Prof. Andrey Tchorbanov, PhD, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria 2. Assoc. Prof. Dobroslav Kyurkchiev, MD, DSc, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria 3. Assoc. Prof. Ivaylo Alexiev, PhD, National Reference Laboratory of HIV, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria 4. Assoc. Prof. Joseph Prechl, PhD, Dept. Immunology, University L. Eotvos, Budapest, Hungary 5. Prof. Maria Nikolova, MD, DSc, National Reference Laboratory of Immunology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria 6. Assoc. Prof. Massimo Amicosante, PhD, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy 7. Prof. Matthias Mack, PhD, University Hospital Regensburg, Internal Medicine II, Regensburg, Germany. 8. Assoc. Prof. Radostina Alexandrova, PhD, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria 9. Assoc. Prof. Roumen Roussev, MD, PhD, Specialized hospital for active treatment in gynecology and assisted reproduction “Dr Malinov”, Sofia, Bulgaria 10. Assoc. Prof. Stoyan Shishkov, PhD, Sofia University “St. K. Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria 14 October 11:00 – 14:00 Registration; Opening The immune system against viruses 14:00 – 14:40 R. Alexandrova, Bulgaria The mystery of endogenous retroviruses 14:45 – 15:25 S. Shishkov, Bulgaria TBA 15:30 – 16:10 M.Amicosante, Italy Genetic diversity and epitope variation of EBOLA virus: insight and lessons from the 2014-2015 epidemic 16:15 – 16:40 Coffee break 16:40 – 17:20 I. Alexiev HIV Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology 17:25 – 18:05 M.
    [Show full text]