* [email protected] Sciences, e-mail: Geography, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Ecology andEvolution oftheRAS,e-mail: of Geography Academy oftheMongolian ofSciences University, [email protected] e-mail: Geography, andSoil of LandscapeGeochemistry M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State Moscow State University, [email protected] e-mail: andPleistoceneSediments Paleogeography, Faculty ofGeography, M.V. Lomonosov anomalies, soils, pollution, urban Mongolia. evaluated basedonstandards accepted in soilswas The ecological statusoftheurban identity.depending upontheirfunctional soils geochemical heterogeneity ofurban concentrated onidentifyingspatial efforts specialization ofthecities. The research of thestudyarea andtechnological of background geochemicalconditions including the assessment(Mongolia), of , andErdenet , soils metalsinurban anomalies ofheavy quantitative assessmentoftechnogenic This paperpresents qualitative and 7 6 5 4 3 2 Natalia E. Kosheleva 1 Bazha Geography, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University KEY WORDS: ABSTRACT CITIES OF MONGOLIA POLLUTION OF SOILS IN INDUSTRIAL ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL Ph.D, Research Senior Associate, ofGeography Institute Academy ofMongolian andSoil ofLandscapeGeochemistry Post-graduate student,Department Ph.D. andSoil (geography), Instructor, Senior ofLandscapeGeochemistry Department Ph.D. Research (biology),Senior Associate, ofProblems Institute A.A.Severtsov Academician Academy oftheMongolian ofSciences, Director, Institute Academician oftheRussianAcademy ofSciences, HeadoftheDepartment (geography), ofScience Doctor for Leading Recent Research Laboratory Scientist, Corresponding author 4 , Dmitryi L.GolovanovDmitryi heavy metals, heavy technogenic 1* , Nikolay S.Kasimov 5 , OlgaI.Sorokina 2 the soilsofthree centers majorindustrial pollutantsin(HM) whichare thepriority metalsgeochemical anomaliesof heavy oftechnogenicquantitative characteristics this studywasto establishqualitative and changes [Guninetal., 2003]. ofThe purpose haveof Mongolia undergone significant 90’searly inthecities ofthe20-thcentury economic conditionsthatexisted inthe residents.living conditionsofurban Socio- in thesoilcover, of anddeterioration air andwater, accumulation ofpollutants on theenvironment causedpollutionof its cities. technogenic Increasing pressure a numberofenvironmental problems in population growth andto aggravation of recentduring decadeshasledto urban development inMongoliaIndustrial INTRODUCTION , Dechingungaa Dorjgotov , Dechingungaa 6 , Sandag Enkh-Amgalan , Sandag 3 , Sergey N. , Sergey 7

51 ENVIRONMENT 52 ENVIRONMENT urban settings.urban and ultimately ofenvironmental changein representing goodindicators of pollution 1988;Kasimov, 1995]1990; Glazovskaya, substances [Environment geochemistry, accumulating mediafor thesechemical snow cover, as andvegetation) thatserve in thelandscapecomponents(i.e., soil, and theirassociationswasdetermined Basically, thecontent ofchemicalelements concept.the ecological-geochemical wereThese objectives achieved through • • • herein were to: oftheresearchThe objectives presented 1995]. etal.,pollute theatmosphere [Kasimov brown coalwhosecombustionproducts andgerdistricts. These entitiesuse(TPP) powerassociated plants withthermal sources ofpollutioninallthree citiesare industries. and lightconstruction The ferrous includesprimarily sector metallurgy theindustrial Darkhan, molybdenum). In of non-ferrous metals(copperand processing andprimary of enrichment largestthe Mongolian productioncenter with adiversesector. industrial is capitalbasin. Ulaanbaataristhecountry’s mountainous area intheSelengariver low mountainsoftheHangayn-Hentiyn valleys anddepressions hillsand between These citiesare located inintermontane Erdenet. –Ulaanbaatar,of Mongolia and Darkhan, Mongolia. soils basedonstandards accepted in assessment ofHMpollutiontheurban outenvironmental-geochemical carry zones; and functional features ofsoilpollutionindifferent soilsandspecific composition ofurban transformation ofmicro-elemental assess generaltrends oftechnogenic anomaly inErdenet; including thenaturalgeochemicalore parameters ofsoilsinthestudyregion, backgroundcharacterize geochemical Expedition. Soilsampling Complex BiologicalRussian-Mongolian This studyusedthefindingsofJoint 1 by cluster analysis(Complete Linkage of elementsinthesoilswere identified 2004).Stableassociations (Mathsoft, software processed statisticallyusingStatistica7 were grouped zones and byfunctional The analyticaldataobtainedinthestudy of HMwasestablished. theconcentrations methods indetermining agreement these between A satisfactory Elmer”, (“Perkin and Optima-4300DV USA). usingdevices (VIMS), Materials “Elan-6100” Raw ofMineral at theAll-RussianInstitute (ICP-MS) coupled plasmamassspectrometry andinductively by massspectrometry of soil, brown coal, andashwere analyzed method,quantitative spectral thesamples To oftheapproximate checktheaccuracy defined byroutine methods[Orlov, 1985]. ofthesoilswereand chemicalproperties analyzer RA-915+.Basicphysical mercury ZeemanHg were identifiedbyaportable Elements(IMGRE).ConcentrationsRare of of Chemistry Geochemistry, andCrystal ofMineralogy, oftheInstitute Laboratory Geological andGeochemicalExpedition spectrograph DFS-465SintheAlexandrov methodwithaquantitative spectral byanapproximatesamples wasdetermined W, Ge, Sn,Ga, Ti, Mn, Y, Zr, Sn,andBainthe soil The bulkcontent ofCu, Zn,Pb, Co, Ni, Cr, V, Mo, collected. Environmental Protection were ofMongolia) of oftheMinistry Monitoring Air Quality the TPP-3 (provided bytheCommittee for Baganuur, andChuluut)ofashfrom three depositsnear Ulaanbaatar(Nalaikh, addition,samplesofbrown coalfromIn 500–800minhorizontal direction. at every 1m) from thetop sod-humuslayer (0–10cm) were bythe taken “envelope” method(1m× soilsamples 2007.Mixed (50) inDecember (46),andErdenet Ulaanbaatar (99),Darkhan MATERIALS AND METHODS

The numberofsamplesisgiven inparentheses. 1 was conducted in wasconducted concentration (C [1979]. For soils, theurban thecoefficientsof Greenwood [2008]andBowen andEarnshaw theestimatesposition between of used becausetheyoccupyanintermediate Vinogradov’s 1962] [Vinogradov, clarkes were calculated withrespectto theglobal dispersion (CD)ofHMinbackground soils and ofconcentration(CC) The clarkes byacorrelation coefficient( characterized ofHMbehavior was similarity clustering); minimum (orlow)(0< (16 < bythefollowingdescribed valuesof Different levels ofsoilpollutionwere of soilpollution soilswasbasedontheintegralurban index assessmentofthe Ecological-geochemical and thesoilsofrecreational landscapes. Bogdhanuul the soilsofNaturalReserve background conditionswere represented by assumed to bereference; inUlaanbaatar, andErdenet were landscapes inDarkhan of elementsinthesoilsrecreational to theelementsymbols. Concentrations 1,5 andwhosevaluesare next subscribed by aformula thatincludedmetalswithC soilswasdefined specialization oftheurban were calculated. Technogenic geochemical under polluted soilswasdefinedasthe ratio sampling locations, the percent ofarea 2008]. Given arelatively even spacing of Standards andMeasurements [Soilquality, of Nationalagency by theMongolian ofelementsadopted concentrations (MPC) in thesoilswithmaximumpermissible theconcentrationsofelements comparing pollutantswere identifiedby The priority method.IDW soils wereurban compiledusingthe ArcGIS ( (64< heavy where Zc >128). M Zc n < 32); heavy (32< <32);heavy –numberofmetalswith Zc aps onZc inthe distribution = Zc c

) anddispersion(C <128);andmaximum ∑ i = n 1 K c –( Zc Zc n –1), <16);medium < 64); extremely <64);extremely C c d >1[3]. ) ofHM c Zc r > ). : with Fe, andCo ( Mn, of thePaleogene-Neogene depositsenriched and pebbles. Occasionally, there are outcrops loams withinclusionsofbreak stone, gravel, alluvial-proluvial loamy sedimentsandsandy depressions, theparent consistsof material theintermontane basins [Bathishig, 1999].In intheriver valleysandintermontane material with acomplexoflithophylous elementsand rocks (shale rocks). The former are enriched and Carboniferous extrusive-sedimentary granosyenites Devonian ormetamorphosed cases, theparent bedrocks are composedof ( with alowcontent ofmosttraceelements sediments The light-textured Quaternary snow cover andinto theuppersoillayers. elements are gradually deposited into the many toxic substancesintheair. These toxic specifically, ofconcentrations therise creates unfavorable ecological environment, cause temperature inversions inwinter, which weather conditionsinthecities anticyclonic of airtemperatures. The prevailing calm with large annual anddailyfluctuations This region hasaseverely continentalclimate oftheSelengariver.is athird-order tributary river,is located neartheHangalyn-gol which river valley.spread alongtheKharaa Erdenet the Tuul rivervalley. is ofDarkhan The city river. Ulaanbaatarstretches along ofthe riverbasin,thelargestOrhon tributary located. The studyregion belongsto the There, are thecitiesofErdenet andDarkhan with average bottom elevationsof700–1200m. forms ofrelief andbroad valleys intermontane direction. northeasterly This area hasflowing Selenga midlands, where elevationfallsinthe direction,therenorthwestern are Orkhon- the with abs. elevationsof1300–1500m.In basin intheHentiynmountainousregion Ulaanbaatar islocated inawideintermontane Natural conditions of tested area. sites withinthecity elements exceeded MPCto thetotal number of anumbersites where thecontent of OBJECTS OFCHARACTERISTICS RESEARCH CD =1,2÷1,5)represent themainparent CC . of The territory = 1,5÷2,6). In most =1,5÷2,6).In

53 ENVIRONMENT 54 ENVIRONMENT on the right bankoftheriver on theright Tuul, isa ofUlaanbaatar,The centralpart located tripled.the numberofcarshas nearly its populationhasgrown 1.6timesand rapidly for thelast10years, which during Ulaanbaatar hasbeendeveloping more Erdenet is87and80thousand, respectively. and one million;thepopulationofDarkhan thepopulationexceedscenter ofMongolia, cities. zoningofthe Industries andfunctional in theatmosphere. erosion, andto theincrease ofdustcontent to theintensification ofwater andwind leading eventually reduction ofsoilturfness natural vegetation, lossofthesodcover, and of hascausedthedestruction Urbanization meadow-swampy soilsare formed. forests.riparian theoxbow-shaped lakes, In willows and, more rarely, withpoplar-larch covered withmeadowcommunitiesand are thealluvialsod-lapideous-pebblesoils soil horizons [6].Soilsoftheriver valleys content (andevendetrital stoniness) ofall have alowhumus(upto 4%),butasignificant in transitionto theflatland. ofthesoils Most mountainous chernozem andchestnutsoils sparse thinxerophilous grasslands onthe steppesare with gradually replaced bydry meadow-steppe plantcommunitiesthat andby are occupiedbyshrub-dry-steppe Warmer exposure slopesofthesouthern seasonally frozen mountain-sodforest soils. withthedevelopment of sub-taiga) typical (more coldandwet) byforests (often, exposures on theslopesofnorthern widespread. This landscapeismanifested i.e., mountainexpositionalforest steppe, is Central Asia, where auniquelandscapetype, and transitional zone) Siberia ofSouthern The region belongsto theecotone (i.e., has ahighcontent ofAg andRe. molybdenum copper-porphyritic ore deposit Mo, and V [Bathishig, 1999]. The Erdenet content) ofPb,(close to theglobalclarke and Cr( content) ofFe,to theglobalclarke Ti, Cu, Ni, the latter have highconcentrations(relative In Ulaanbaatar, In thelargest industrial CC =1,7÷2,8)andalower content Ulaanbaatar, obtained bytheICP-MS method, of thebrown coalandthe TPP-3 ashin composition Analysis ofmicro-elemental coal, are themainsources ofpollution. The TPPs andgerstoves, brown whichburn are inthecity’s southwest part. basesandranges the uplandslopes. Military on are ofthecity inthesouthwestern part zone.west ofthe industrial The gerdistricts administrative buildingsislocated to the and residential ofmodern districts part gol river, there are sludgepits. The central oftheHangalyn- in thevalleyofatributary facilities.complex ofindustrial Further north two concentrating factory, TPPs, anda plantabutsaminingand the extraction ofthemine, North parts. and northeastern rock dumps, are located initstheeastern andwaste concentrating complex(MCC) oremolybdenum porphyritic miningand ofthecity,industries i.e., acopperand from southwest to northeast. The principal basinthatstretchesin theintermontane Erdenet (aswell asUlaanbaatar)islocated ofthecity. outskirts western, andnorthern occupytheeastern, north. The gerdistricts station andtheelevator is located inthe spur. withitsrailway ofthecity The oldpart byanupland ofthecity the main(new)part plants. zoneThe industrial isseparated from processing, leathertanning, andiron-steel there are the TPP ofthecity, where parts and southeastern zoneindustrial islocated inthesouthern valley forto south. 12milesfrom north The stretches alongtheriverKharaa Darkhan Range. the Baga-Khentei southwestern, foothills andsoutheastern of creeping the city upslopesofsouthern, of surround thecentraldistricts districts parts. andsoutheastern eastern The ger wind bearings, causessoilpollutioninits predominance ofwestern andnorthwestern the city, which,incombinationwiththe TPPs of are located inthewestern part andall enterprises ofitsindustrial Most administrative, andcommercial buildings. many-storeyedplace ofmodern residential,

and the

cement, wood ore-geochemical specializationofthearea of ore-geochemical Sn, Mo, andAg ( were noted onlyfor W ( concentrations accumulation above theclarke ( concentrations for Ge,clarke Co, Y, andNi Zr, Hg, andBa concentrations for Zn,Mn, clarke V, Ti, Cr, metals; theytend to approach theglobal the three citieswere close inrespectto most (Fig. 1,a). The reference for characteristics theirgeochemicalspectra by constructing in thenaturalandrecreational landscapesand chestnutsoils chemical compositionofdark byanalyzing soilswasdetermined the urban technogenic geochemicaltransformation of the majorindustrialcenters. conditions and theirtransformation in Regional soilgeochemical background onhumanhealth. impact atmosphere creating thedirectnegative the solidphaseandare spread into the Pb. These elementsdonotaccumulate in gaseous phase:Se, Sb, Hg, Te, Bi,andpossibly, the ashandthatmay betransitioningto the us to identifyelementsthatare depleted in to theseofthe TPP-3 1) ash(Table concentrationsinthecoals of micro-elemental elements natural radioactive Th andU. The ratio basin. of acoal-bearing in The flyashisrich thegeochemicalspecialization characterize Pb), and W, Be, andMo, i.e., elementsthat of chalcophylic elements(Se, Sb, Cu, Bi, of mostsulfurcoals, have ahighcontent coal depositsnearUlaanbaatar, asinthecase 1). generation(Table thermal The brown landscapesassociated with of theurban revealed awiderangeofcontaminants Table specialization 1.Geochemical ofMongoliancoals andfl RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CD Ulaanbaatar coals Study facilities P- lyahSe TPP-3 fl yash = 1,7÷8,4). In Ulaanbaatar, =1,7÷8,4).In thesignificant (average) CC of lithosphericconcentrations = 1,9÷1,5) in Darkhan. =1,9÷1,5)inDarkhan. The Cd Se based on Vinogradov [12] 4 128 333 Sb are below W Relative to clarkes Sb CC 3,7 100 Cu 13 =1,5),andfor Pb, Be Bi 3,7 12 32 U W Mo 3,1

The extent of The extent 2,1 Sr Be 13 3 the Co Bi 2 Mo 6,5 3 allowed Sn Th 1,8 global 1,8 6,5 Pb Pb As5 1,6 1,7 (Fig. 1, soilsof HMaccumulationintheurban istheothermainsource activity Industrial Ag (CC =8,2÷2,8). manifested inhighcontents ofMo, Cu, and the Erdenet copper-molybdenum depositis Darkhan (Cr Darkhan capacity.with alowsorption Soilpollutionin and thepredominance oflight-textured soils to thediversification ofthecity’s industry formationwas formed. may beattributed Its concentrations (Ag geochemical anomalywithrelatively lowclarke due to thedifferences inthenaturaland showed theirconsiderablevariability the HMassociationsin three cities forming elements. of Comparison associationsincludecomplex- the fourth for barrier Ba. the sorption The third and whichhydroxidesincludes Mn, represent humus horizons. The secondassociation conditionsthataccumulate inthealkaline inneutralandelements ofpoormobility combines cationgenicandchalcophylic and Cr–Ga, Y–Zr. The firstassociation the parent Cu–Zn–Pb, material: Mn–Ba, ofreflect geochemicalcharacteristics stable associationsofelementswhich analysis, thereference soilshave themost According to theresults ofthecluster and Ge. brown coalcontaininghighcontent ofSn andthecombustionproductsof and Mo withCu blown bythewindandenriched elements are theMCC rock waste dumps Mo production. The soilsofErdenet accumulated tanning, goldmining, power andthermal inleather specialization,primarily industrial for world coals ( Pb Relative to theaverage 23 2,2 Sb y ashfrom the TPP-3 W Cu 16 5 ash ( Th Se b 1,8 ). In Ulaanbaatar, In ). amulti-elemental 4,2 4,2 Sn U Cu b 2 ) [13] 5,0 Cu 1,5 3,6 а Hg Bi Ge 1,7 ) andcoal 2,3 ( 3,1 b Ni 1,5 3,0 )– W 1,3 . The sources ofthese Pb ( 3,0 а 2,4 )Sb ) indicates itsnarrow Sn 2,1 Hg to TPP-3 fl to TPP-3 3,4 Se 1,9 Relative 2,6 Ge Hg 1,7 2,5 Zn y ash Bi 1,8 1,7 Te W 1,6 1,5 )

55 ENVIRONMENT 56 ENVIRONMENT industrial zones.industrial For thesesectors, the residential blocks, and recreational and many-storeyedtraditional gerdistricts, compositionarefunctional thehighways, the territories. The mainelementsofthis of identity associated withthefunctional soilsisheterogeneity oftheurban of theurbansoils. The spatialgeochemical heterogeneity areasurban 2). (Table anthropogenic conditionswithinthe estimated tothe withrespect Vinogradov’s clarkes; thecoefficients ofconcentration (Cc) anddispersion and technogenic(b). The clarkes ofconcentration (CC) anddispersion(CD) inthebackground soilswere Figure specialization 1.Geochemical ofthesoilsinUlaanbaatar, andErdent: Dakhan, background (a) (Cd) were tothebackground estimated withrespect soils. Geochemical highways andmany-storeyed residential is confinedto thesoilsnearmajor accumulation ofmany elements-pollutants Ulaanbaatar,In thehighestlevel of pollutants inthesoilsofthesezones. concentrations ofmetals–thepriority were plotted. Table 3provides average were definedandgeochemicalspectra addition,theassociationsofelementsIn wereparameters ofvariability calculated. average concentrationsofHMand the traffic zones(83) Residential, industrial, and traffic zones (42) Residential, industrial, and Background, recreational (8) Cu, Ag, Ge, Ge, Ag, Cu, Background, recreational (8) traffic zones (39) Residential, industrial, and Zn, W, Ge, Mo, Sn,andCu (C where highconcentrationsofPb, Hg, Ag, (Fig. ofthecity blocks intheoldpart 2), Table 2.Associations ofHMintheupperhorizons ofbackground andurbansoils the city’s area. commonin ofvalleysandterraces material reflect geochemicalfeatures oftheparent associationsmainly andthefifth fourth upon theheterogeneity ofsoiltexture. The fractions. fine-silt depend Their variations elements thataccumulated intheclay and second andthethird associationsinclude sources, from motor primarily vehicles. The combines elementsfrom theanthropogenic Cr–V, Mn–Ti, andBa–Zr. The firstassociation arezones ofthecity Cu–Zn–Pb, Ni–Co–Ga, traced inthesoilsofalmostallfunctional The moststableassociationsofelements brown coalusedfor gerheating. the productsofincomplete combustionof noticeable accumulationofPb andGefrom of development intheseareas, there isa of thecity. Despitearelatively young age ontheslopesinoutlyingparts districts height. The leastpolluted areas are theger pipes to theatmosphere ataconsiderable dispersion ofemissionsreleased from the about 0,5unitslower dueto alarger area of zone, theindustrial present. theC In akrud erainl(0 Cu Background, recreational (10) (number ofsamples) Types oflandscapes Cr, V (0,73);Mn, Ti, Y (0,44–0,64);Sr, Ba,Zr(0,56–0,59) Cu, Zn,Pb, (0,57–0,83);Ni, Sn,Ga V, B, Co, Ti (0,35–0,75); Cr , V, Ba(0,89); (0,91–0,96);Mo, Ga Sn(0,73);Mn, Cu, Ag, (0,76–0,92);Pb, Mo V, B, Ge, Ga, Zn(0,28–0,66); Ni, Co, Ba, Ni, Li(0,63–0,84);Mn, Ti, Y, Zr, Sn(0,29–0,77) Cu, Co, Zn,Pb (0,59–0,72);Ni, B(0,48-0,81); Ga, Mo, W, Ge(0,74–0,85);Zr, Y, B(0,33–0,63) Cr, Co (0,78–0,92);Mn, Ga, Li,Ni, Y, Zr, Ba(0,85–0,97) Ti, Y, Zr(0,68–0,87) c Association, correlation coeffi =3÷1,5)are Darkhan Erdenet Zn, Pb (0,78–0,9); , Pb, Zn, V, Sn,B(0,68–0,88); c Ulaanbaatar is (W ofelements-pollutantsspectrum thewidest thesoilsofDarkhan, In Sn (seeFig.traditional gerdistricts 2),where technogenic anomalyisconfinedto the theErdenet soils,In themost contrasting pollution. can beexplainedbythepointnature of did notform stableassociations, which most hazardous metals, i.e., Cr, Ag, andHg, origin from thearea-source pollution. The three associationsare ofthetechnogenic Y–Ba, Ni–V, andCo–Ti. Undoubtedly, thefirst Zr–which are: Cu–Zn–Pb, Sn–Ga, Mo–W–Ge, in elementalassociations, themoststableof soilsismanifested transformation ofDarkhan soils ofnewresidential areas. Geochemical accumulation of W elements-pollutants wasnot identified, For thetrafficzone, theaccumulationof residential blocksaccumulated Ge Cu zoneSoils oftheindustrial accumulated W of technogenic geochemicalspecialization: have thefollowingthe gerdistricts formula zonethe industrial (seeFig. 2). The soilsof 9,1 2,6 1,8 15 Zn Ge Cr Mo 1,8 8,8 cient ( 2,4 1,5 Mo Hg Zn , whilesoilsofthemany-storeyed 2,6 1,7 1,7 r Ge Cu Hg No ) 1,6 1,9 1,5 Mo Mo Ag, Mo, Hg, Cr, Ag, Mn, . There isanoticeable W, Co, Hg, r ,H 0,34 Cr, W,Hg 8,6 association Hg, Li Sn, Li 1,5 Ag, Mo, Hg, 1,9 Li, B Hg Zr were accumulating. Ti, Sr 2,7 1,5 Ge ) wasfound in 1,5 Zn Signifi ( Р 1,5 =95%) 0,63 0,28 0,31 0,71 inthe 2,2 cant Zn 2,0 r

.

57 ENVIRONMENT 58 ENVIRONMENT

Table 3. Average concentrations (mg/kg of soil) and MPC for HM [11] in the upper (1–10 cm) soil horizons in diff erent functional zones in Ulaanbaatar. Darkhan. and Erdenet

Class of hazard of elements Number Functional zone of I II III samples Sn Hg Zn Pb Ni Co Cr Cu Mo W Mn V Ulaanbaatar Background 5 0.058 52.0 27.0 29.0 8.40 66.0 42.0 1.20 1.00 660 84.0 2.80 Recreational 5 0.080 42.0 19.4 23.0 6.80 60.0 36.0 1.14 3.00 520 78.0 2.40 Highways 9 0.170 82.2 55.6 31.1 8.44 70.0 60.0 1.96 3.67 544 91.1 4.22 Industrial 23 0.120 60.4 69.1 27.0 7.39 54.4 47.4 1.65 3.17 478 71.7 4.14 Ger districts 23 0.081 59.6 35.2 24.8 7.57 60.4 42.8 1.29 1.35 509 79.1 3.00 Many-storeyed residential areas 31 0.185 105 59.4 30.6 8.23 72.6 56.5 1.66 3.94 519 85.5 4.17 Darkhan Background 3 0.022 50.0 28.3 30.0 8.00 80.0 46.7 1.50 0.50 500 93.3 3.67 Recreational 3 0.083 56.7 40.0 23.3 5.67 80.0 40.0 1.93 3.67 400 80.0 3.00 Highways 25 0.056 63.6 29.2 32.0 8.92 704 50.8 2.78 7.48 560 104 3.24 Industrial 7 0.034 91.4 45.8 34.3 10.0 98.6 52.9 2.50 4.57 557 104 4.57 Ger districts 7 0.058 75.7 34.3 27.1 7.43 98.6 47.1 1.24 4.29 500 100 3.29 Erdenet Background 6 0.080 65.0 22.5 34.2 11.0 81.7 243 9.03 1.67 850 107 2.17 Recreational 3 0.037 76.7 21.7 30.0 9.33 60.0 96.7 1.50 1.67 533 103 2.33 Highways 18 0.101 62.2 24.7 35.0 11.9 113 450 13.6 0.889 822 98.3 2.33 Industrial 10 0.071 109 30.5 39.0 13.1 88.0 381 13.2 0.50 760 111 5.60 Ger districts 8 0.062 128 32.5 37.5 10.5 100 95.0 4.31 1.25 625 115 2.75 MPC. sandy soils 0.5 100 70 60 30 60 60 2 – – 100 30 MPC. loam soils 1.0 150 50 100 40 100 80 3 – – 130 40 MPC. clay soils 2.0 300 100 150 50 150 100 5 – – 150 50 Figure 2.HMconcentrations intheuppersoilhorizons ofdifferent zones inUlaanbaatar, functional Darkhan, and Erdenet.Darkhan,

59 ENVIRONMENT 60 ENVIRONMENT medium level ofpollution. it reaches 27,7whichcorresponds to the from zone 12,6to 14,4,whileintheindustrial theresidential andtrafficzones,In Zc ranges values ofZc were found inthesoilsofDarkhan. concentrations ofsomeHM. The highest dueto enhancedreference(ger districts) fromit varies 1,53(major highways) to 8,2 storeyed residential blocks),whileinErdenet, from 5,6(recreational zone) to 18(many- zones: inUlaanbaatar,functional Zc varies in UlaanbaatarandErdenet are lowinall of theintegral indexofsoilpollutionZc of pollutiontheurbansoil. The ecological-geochemical assessment manifested association. inthePb–Zn (granitoids). pollutionisThe industrial Cu–Ag–Mo (ore body)andMn–Ba–Ti–Y–Zr oftheparentthat reflectthecharacter material: soils. The moststableassociationsare those the geochemicalheterogeneity oftheErdenet zone) associationsofelementscharacterize of theriver valley. Specific(for eachfunctional geochemical environment, i.e., ontheslopes of thehighway system inthetransitional which may to beattributed thelocation Figure 3.Mapsoftheintegral index ofsoilpollutionZc for thesoilsincitiesofUlaanbaatar, The values The Darkhan, andErdenet.Darkhan, 2008] that vary dependinguponsoiltexture 2008] thatvary standardssanitary-hygienic [Soilquality, officialMongolian with theratherstringent concentrations intheuppersoilhorizons theHMwas assessedbycomparing in Ulaanbaatar, andErdenet, Darkhan, The environmental ofsoilpollution risk reaching 200. increases to 64withsomelocalmaximums zonein theindustrial predominantly, Zc i.e. of pollutionislow. part, thesouthern In many-storeyedmodern buildings, thelevel withthe ofthiscity level. thecentralpart In hasamediumsoilpollution some factories withtheresidential blocksand part northern the (Zc Darkhan, reachingger district 37).In several locationsneartheMCC andinthe polluted (Zc <16),withtheexception of thesoilsare(Zc Edernet, less upto 40).In high valuesofpollutionwere identified the city’s center, insomelocations, relatively oflow-polluted soils(Zc <16).In category bulk oftheUlaanbaatarsoilsbelongsto the areaspollution intheurban studied. The demonstrate specificfeatures ofsoil The mapsonZc (Fig. distribution 3) exceptions are: inUlaanbaatar– W ( concentrations ofmosttraceelements. The values with closeto orbelowthe clarke of thesoilsinregion is associated The background1. geochemicalspecialization residential blocks, zones. andindustrial zones are many-storeyed the gerdistricts, zones, whileinErdenet themostpolluted zones andtheindustrial are thegerdistricts themostpolluted Darkhan, Zn (20%).In (71%),Cr(51 Cu (82%),Mo V (24%),and (27 %),Zn(24andPb (13%);inErdenet – Cr(80%), city): (49%),Cu V (60%),Mo are (in%ofthetotal area ofthe Darkhan significant: mosthazardous pollutantsin ismore by pollution(thatexceeds MPC) othercities, two theshareIn ofsoilsaffected andtrafficzones.alike) to theresidential andgerdistricts (modern areas ofsoilpollutionare mostlyconfined (19 %),Zn(15andCu (10%)(Fig. 4). The Mo cases ofCr(on25%theterritory), the MPCvaluesare exceeded onlyinthe (see Table appeared thatinUlaanbaatar, 3).It ( anomaly wasfound inthesoilsofErdenet: Mo The mostpronounced naturalgeochemical Pb, Sn,Mo, Ag, and W ( CONCLUSIONS Figure 4. The assessment ofecological hazard from HMpollutioninUlaanbaatar, andErdenet Darkhan, CC =8,2),Cu (5,2),andAg (2,8). CC (% ofarea withHMcontent insoilsexceeding MPC). = 1,9÷1,5) in Darkhan. =1,9÷1,5)inDarkhan. CC = 1,5) and and =1,5) specialization ofUlaanbaatar–Ag 2. The technogenic geochemical Pb Zc of theanomalieswasnoted inDarkhan: residential blocks. The greatest expression maximum (18,0)inthesoilsofmany-storeyed manifested by Zc values, reaches its technogenic geochemicalanomalies 3. Ulaanbaatar,In themagnitude of onlyfor GeandZn. observed the excess over thereference valueswas area ofmany-storeyed residential blocks, whileinthe in thesoilsofgerdistricts, anomaly ofSn,Ge, Zn,Cu, ispresent andMo coal. The mostpronounced technogenic and molybdenumores ofbrown andburning Erdenet isassociated withminingofcopper inthesoilsofof Mo2,2Cu1,8Sn1,5Ge1,5 W andHg. The anthropogenic accumulation the residential andtrafficzones accumulate the soilsare areas; confinedto theindustrial high levels ofaccumulation W andCrin tanning, goldmining, and TPP. Abnormally of Cr5,0Hg3,1W3,0pollutionfrom leather soilsistheproduct specialization ofDarkhan near themajorhighways. The geochemical of themany-storeyed residential blocksand elements-pollutants ispresent inthesoils of soilpollution. of The widestspectrum the influenceofmany different sources = 17,7 (industrial zone) =17,7(industrial and12,6 2,4 Sn 2,1 Hg 1,9 Ge 1,7 Zn 1,7 W 1,5 –reflects 3,0

61 ENVIRONMENT 62 ENVIRONMENT 13. Yudovich,13. Y.E. andM.P. (2005) Ketris. Toxic traceelementsinfossil Ural coals. Ekaterinburg: 12. Vinogradov, A.P. (1962) The average types content ofchemicalelementsintheprincipal 11. Soil quality. Soilpollutants, concentrations. Na- maximumpermissible (2008)Mongolian Orlov, D.S.10. State (1985)SoilChemistry. Univ. M.:Moscow press, 376p. Kasimov, N.S.,M.Y. D.L. Lychagin, Evdokimova, Golovanov, A.K. and Y.I. Pikovsky. (1995) 9. analysis Kasimov, andmethodsoflandscape-geochemical N.S.(1995)Methodology 8. Gunin,P.D., S.N.Bazha,andM.Sandar. Evdokimova, A.K. (2003)Socialandenvironmental 7. 191p. Nauka, Ground (1984)Moscow: vegetation andsoilsofMongolia. 6. Greenwood, volumes. two N.N.andA.Earnshaw. oftheelements. In (2008)Chemistry 5. ofnaturalandanthropogenic landscapes. Mos- M.A.(1988)Geochemistry Glazovskaya, 4. Nedra,332p. Environmental geochemistry. (1990)Moscow: 3. Bowen H.J.M. oftheElements. (1979)Environmental N.Y.: Chemistry Acad. Press, 333 p. 2. Bathishig, O. ofthe (1999)Soilgeochemicalcharacteristics Tuul Candidate dis- river valley: 1. Mo concentrationsinexcessMo oftheMPC; hasCr, territory 80 %oftheDarkhan V, and cities, thesituationismore dangerous: 50– theothertwo of theUlaanbaatararea. In levels for Cr, Mo, Zn,andCu within15–20% bytheincreasecharacterized over theMPC ecological soilsare conditionsoftheurban reference concentrationsofsomeHM. The exceed thevalueof10dueto theelevated theZcalmost everywhere, valuesdonot 14,5 (residential Erdent, andtrafficzones). In REFERENCES Branch oftheRAS,655p. of igneous rocks oftheEarth’s crust//Geochemistry. №7,pp. 555–472. ofStandards andMeasurements.tional agency Ulaanbaatar. 8p. (Ed.). State Univ. M.:Moscow landscapes,of urban N.S.Kasimov press, pp. 231–248. Ulaanbaatar, basin/Ecogeochemistry energy Intermountain (thermal sector). Mongolia pp. 6–39. landscapes. State ofurban Univ. M.:Moscow areasof urban /Ecogeochemistry Press, areas.problems ethnosinurban oftheMongolian UlaanBaatar–M., pp. 61–95. Binom. Moscow: Education,350p. Higher cow: Ulaanbaatar, abstract. sertation 24p. 2009–2013” (projectП1078). Pedagogical Cadres , ofInnovative Target Program “Research andScientific- 10-05-93178-Монг_а) andbytheFederal Foundation for BasicResearch (RFBR) (project This research wasfundedbytheRussian MPC inErdenet. concentrations ofCu, Mo, andCrexceed the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  N.S. Kasimov, E.M. Nikiforova et al.) on geochemistry of natural and urban soil-plantsystems. ofnaturalandurban N.S. Kasimov, etal.) E.M.Nikiforova ongeochemistry in the “Soil Science” and State Bulletin” University “Moscow magazines(with Geochemical Processes. StudyBook. 150scientificworks. publications: published nearly Main Region Landscape Geochemistry ; 2008(authorandeditor). , 1999 (co-author A.I.Perel’man);, 1999(co-author Nikolay S.Kasimov Natalia E. Kosheleva Ecogeochemistry ofUrbanLandscapesEcogeochemistry Landscapes ofSteppeandDesert Geochemistry author ofabout300scientificworks, including: andaquaticlandscapes. ofurban Heisthe and geochemistry oflandscapes,interests paleogeochemistry, are: geochemistry M.V. Lomonosov State University. Moscow current research His oftheFaculty since1990–Dean Geography; ofGeography at andSoil ofLandscapeGeochemistry of theDepartment landscapes. Since1987,hehasbeenHead steppes anddeserts of of Sciencedegree (1983)inthefieldofpaleogeochemistry offaultzones in1972andhisDoctor landscape geochemistry (Moscow), 2009(Seoul). (Moscow), He isalsotheauthorof compiledatdifferentMongolia scales(1975,1980,1981,2004). ofsoilmaps of asoilclassification(1986)andseries Russian,andEnglishlanguages.in Mongolian, Heistheauthor Academy ofSciences. Hepublishedover 200scientificworks ofGeographyand Director oftheInstitute oftheMongolian degrees in1973and1992,respectively. HeisAcademician in1962. HereceivedUniversity hisPh.D. ofScience andDoctor Biology andSoilScienceofM.V. Lomonosov State Moscow Dechingungaa Dorjgotov problems, landscapes. specificallyonpollutionofurban She focusing herresearch environmental onurban efforts systems. Recently,landscape-geochemical she hasbeing in thefieldofmathematicalmethodsandmodelling of Sciencedegree isareputed in2004.N.E.Kosheleva expert MSU. Shereceived herPh.D. (geography) in1982andDoctor andSoilGeography,Geochemistry theFaculty ofGeography, ofLandscape Leading Research ScientistintheDepartment andCybernetics (1980).Since1995,sheisMathematics of Geography (1976)andtheFaculty ofComputational M.V. Lomonosov State (MSU):theFaculty University Moscow Moscow, Univ. Moscow Press, 1997.109p.; ofpapers aseries received hisPh.D. (geography) studying graduated from Faculties two of Oil andEnvironmentOil ofKaliningrad National atlasofMongolia Modeling of Soils andLandscape- Modeling ofSoils graduated from theFaculty of , 1995(authorandeditor); Landscape , 1988; , 1990

63 ENVIRONMENT 64 ENVIRONMENT and Factors oftheirDestabilization R. I. Miklyaeva, Tateishi, andCh.Dugarjav Regions Processes oftheBaikal intheMongolianPart Basin . Kluwer Acad.. Kluwer Publ. 2003.p. 157–177;GuninP., E. Vostokova, S.Bazha,A.Prischepa, Sergey N.Bazha Dmitryi L.Golovanov Dmitryi OlgaI.Sorokina Gunin, P.D. andS.N.Bazha 2003. Ulaanbaatar-Moscow. Publ. Rosselkhozacademic 96p.; Problems of S.N.Bazha,andM.Saandar. Evdokimova, A.K. degradation, andecological mapping. publications:GuninP.D., Main focused onecological risks, environmental pollution,plant-soil researchhis Ph.D. interests primary are inecology2002.His Ecology andEvolution oftheRAS,Moscow, where hereceived forSenior Research Institute Associate attheA.N.Severtsov March of1998,hebecameResearch Assistant andin2002– postgraduate ofEconomics, studiesattheInstitute Moscow. In of Agricultural Sciences, 1993,hefinished , in1989.In Yamnova, I.A.,M.P. Verba, andE.I.Pankova). on arid andsalinizedon arid soilsinthe “Soil Science” magazine(with of UrbanLandscapes publications: geochemical assessment.Main covers genesis, geography, andmappingofsoilsecological- ofMongolia. deserts arid The area ofhisscientificinterest was devoted soil-forming to processes oasis-type inextreme Senior Lecturer. Hereceived hisPh.D. in2004;hisdissertation sincethattime. Currently,department heholdsapositionof inthis State in1984 andhasbeingworking University Moscow andSoilGeography ofM.V.Landscape Geochemistry Lomonosov and urban ecogeochemistry. and urban oflandscapes The area ofherscientificinterest isgeochemistry (Ulaanbaatar, citiesofMongolia industrial andErdenet). Darkhan, has beeninvolved inresearch onecological situationin efforts Ph.D. thelastthree During years, degree she inthisdepartment. towardsState in2010.Sheiscurrently her University working andSoilGeography ofM.V.Geochemistry Lomonosov Moscow . CEReS,ChibaUniversity. Japan.2006.139p. Mongolian Ethnic Community Mongolian EthnicCommunity .

Present-Day Basin River Ecosystems oftheSelenga graduated from the Department ofLandscape graduated from theDepartment graduated ineconomicsfrom theUniversity (1995, with co-authors); a series ofpapers aseries (1995, withco-authors); /Monograf . graduated from the Department of graduated from theDepartment

Ecological ofDegradation Assessment Conserving Biodiversity in Arid inArid Biodiversity Conserving in UrbanizedTerritories. Social andEcologicalSocial Ecogeochemistry Ecogeochemistry

Sandag Enkh-Amgalan Sandag author ofapproximately 70scientificpublications. geoecology, medicalgeography, andruralecology. Heisthe research interest isinthefieldsofgeography, socialgeography, zone inMongolia” of thedesert-steppe “Ecological conditions oflivestock managementonpasture lands Bachelor degree Ph. D. wasentitled (1989).His dissertation graduated with from NationalUniversity theMongolian Geography Academy oftheMongolian ofSciences. He isSeniorResearcher of oftheInstitute (2000). The area ofhis

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