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Anotomy of Veins

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Anotomy of Veins NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING NOYAN BATUHAN ARIKAN ŞÜKRÜ YARIMLIER ENGİN İLHAN Blood Vessel Locator (the VESLOC) Supervisor: Dr.Zafer Topukçu [ Graduation Project ] 2013-Lefkoşa DESIGN OF A VESSEL LOCATOR DEVICE (VESLOC) GRADUATION PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE ENGINEERING FACULTY OF NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY by NOYAN BATUHAN ARIKAN SUKRU YARIMLIER ENGIN ILHAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Supervisor: Op Dr Zafer Topukçu LEFKOŞA – 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our sincere thanks to our supervisor Dr.Zafer Topukçu for his valuable suggestions, patience, positive guidance and his great role in the development of this project and help given to us throughout the duration of our project. We would like to express our warm thanks to Dr.Zafer Topukçu for his valuable support during our education. This graduation project was technically supported to the most by AVCAN Elektronik private company with the owner Hüseyin AVCAN. We are grateful for all the supports. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 5 HUMAN ANATOMY.................................................................................................................................. 7 Anotomy of Veins ................................................................................................................................ 7 The Veins of the Upper Extremity ................................................................................................... 9 The Veins of the Lower Extremity, Abdomen, and Pelvis ............................................................. 12 Depth of Veins ............................................................................................................................... 20 Skin Anatomy ..................................................................................................................................... 21 BLOOD ................................................................................................................................................... 26 The Structure and Functions of Blood ............................................................................................... 26 1. Functions of Blood ..................................................................................................................... 26 2. Composition of Blood ................................................................................................................ 27 3. The Oxygenation of Blood ......................................................................................................... 27 4Types of Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) ..................................................................................... 27 Hemoglobin ....................................................................................................................................... 28 Hemoglobin Absorption .................................................................................................................... 32 Wavelength Choice ........................................................................................................................ 33 PHLEBOTOMY ........................................................................................................................................ 34 Venipuncture ..................................................................................................................................... 35 Sizes and Types of Needles ............................................................................................................ 36 Reasons for Drawing Blood ........................................................................................................... 39 Patient Assessment ....................................................................................................................... 40 Appropriate Sites For Phlebotomy ...................................................................................................... 42 Antecubital Fossa .......................................................................................................................... 42 Three Primary Veins .......................................................................................................................... 42 a)Median Cubital ............................................................................................................................... 43 b)Basilic Vein .................................................................................................................................... 43 Hand Veins(Metacarpal Veins) ...................................................................................................... 44 Metacarpal veins................................................................................................................................ 45 Other Veins .................................................................................................................................... 45 Step And Step Injection Or Blood Drawig Process ............................................................................ 45 Veinpuncture ................................................................................................................................. 46 Locating the Vein ........................................................................................................................... 53 Common Vein Disorders .................................................................................................................... 54 What is a telangiectasia? ............................................................................................................... 54 What is a reticular vein? ................................................................................................................ 54 What is a varicose vein? ................................................................................................................ 55 What is Corona Phlebectatica? ..................................................................................................... 56 What is Edema? ............................................................................................................................. 57 What is Stasis Dermatitis? ............................................................................................................. 57 What is Lipodermatosclerosis? ..................................................................................................... 58 POSIBBLE SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME THE DRAWBACKS TO DETECTION OF VEINS ............................ 59 Difficulties and Problems .................................................................................................................. 59 VESLOC DEVICE DESIGN......................................................................................................................... 65 What is SMD LED? ............................................................................................................................. 66 Definition of SMD LED ................................................................................................................... 67 Features of SMD LED ..................................................................................................................... 67 The Applications of SMD LED ........................................................................................................ 68 Power LED.......................................................................................................................................... 68 Resistor .............................................................................................................................................. 69 Units .................................................................................................................................................. 71 Electronic Symbols and Notation ...................................................................................................... 71 An Overview of the 555 Timer .......................................................................................................... 72 Pin Configuration of the 555 Timer ............................................................................................... 74 Inside the 555 Timer ...................................................................................................................... 75 555 Timer Operating Modes ......................................................................................................... 76 Using the Output of a 555 Timer ................................................................................................... 78 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 812 INTRODUCTION Blood is a specialized bodily fluid in human being that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Due to a particular medical problem at some era in the life of every
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