Tectonic Evolution of Sundaland: a Phanerozoic Synthesis
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The Sunda Shelf the Continent, People Were Forced to Flee in All Discover Island Sanctuaries from the Directions
Seen&HeArd lying over the Anambas Islands is a lovely sight. Island after island dots the sea with azure blue reefs blending into rainforest mountain peaks. Only 24 of these 238 islands Fare inhabited – a hidden world amidst the bustling South China Sea. I contemplate the spectacular scenery from the window flying overhead and realise that only the mountain tops are peaking up through the waters edge and recall reading about the drowned continent of Southeast Asia called Sundaland. This ancient land of Asia became the South China Sea about 8,000 years ago when the ocean water rose at the end of the last ice age. Once fertile valleys and To The Heights Of lowlands now lie submerged, forests turned into reefs, lagoons and a rolling continental shelf. During these years, as the ocean claimed The Sunda Shelf the continent, people were forced to flee in all Discover island sanctuaries from the directions. Those who lived near mountains would lost continent of Sundaland. have moved upwards, but those living in the valleys By Abigail Alling, President PCRF and far from the mountains were flooded. Thus, these people gathered themselves and became sea nomads, adrift in search of higher land. Many colourful, bustling city with ample supplies and think that these “sea-people” from this ancient gentle, friendly people. Just around the corner, civilization spread north to the Asian continent, on the waters edge in a sheltered bay, is a hotel south to Australia, west to Africa and the Middle located at Tanjung Tebu. There you will find excellent East, and east to Polynesia. -
Geological Society, London, Special Publications
Geological Society, London, Special Publications Australia−SE Asia collision: plate tectonics and crustal flow Robert Hall Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2011; v. 355; p. 75-109 doi: 10.1144/SP355.5 Email alerting click here to receive free e-mail alerts when new service articles cite this article Permission click here to seek permission to re-use all or part of request this article Subscribe click here to subscribe to Geological Society, London, Special Publications or the Lyell Collection Notes Downloaded by on August 5, 2011 © The Geological Society of London 2011 Australia–SE Asia collision: plate tectonics and crustal flow ROBERT HALL SE Asia Research Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: The Sundaland core of SE Asia is a heterogeneous assemblage of Tethyan sutures and Gondwana fragments. Its complex basement structure was one major influence on Cenozoic tec- tonics; the rifting history of the north Australian margin was another. Fragments that rifted from Australia in the Jurassic collided with Sundaland in the Cretaceous and terminated subduction. From 90 to 45 Ma Sundaland was largely surrounded by inactive margins with localized strike- slip deformation, extension and subduction. At 45 Ma Australia began to move north, and subduc- tion resumed beneath Sundaland. At 23 Ma the Sula Spur promontory collided with the Sundaland margin. From 15 Ma there was subduction hinge rollback into the Banda oceanic embayment, major extension, and later collision of the Banda volcanic arc with the southern margin of the embayment. -
Metcalfe 2011 Gond Res Sundaland.Pdf
Gondwana Research 19 (2011) 3–21 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Gondwana Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gr Tectonic framework and Phanerozoic evolution of Sundaland Ian Metcalfe ⁎ Earth Sciences, Earth Studies Building C02, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia National Key Centre for Geochemical Evolution and Metallogeny of Continents (GEMOC), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia article info abstract Article history: Sundaland comprises a heterogeneous collage of continental blocks derived from the India–Australian Received 4 December 2009 margin of eastern Gondwana and assembled by the closure of multiple Tethyan and back-arc ocean basins Received in revised form 23 February 2010 now represented by suture zones. The continental core of Sundaland comprises a western Sibumasu block Accepted 24 February 2010 and an eastern Indochina–East Malaya block with an island arc terrane, the Sukhothai Island Arc System, Available online 21 March 2010 comprising the Linchang, Sukhothai and Chanthaburi blocks sandwiched between. This island arc formed on the margin of Indochina–East Malaya, and then separated by back-arc spreading in the Permian. The Keywords: – Sundaland Jinghong, Nan Uttaradit and Sra Kaeo Sutures represent this closed back-arc basin. The Palaeo-Tethys is Tectonic framework represented to the west by the Changning–Menglian, Chiang Mai/Inthanon and Bentong–Raub Suture Zones. Phanerozoic evolution The West Sumatra block, and possibly the West Burma block, rifted and separated from Gondwana, along Palaeogeography with Indochina and East Malaya in the Devonian and were accreted to the Sundaland core in the Triassic. -
Hall Morley 2004 Sun
Sundaland Basins Robert Hall SE Asia Research Group, Department of Geology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, U.K. Christopher K. Morley Department of Petroleum Geoscience, Universiti of Brunei Darussalam, Tunku Link, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam The continental core of Sundaland, comprising Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Thai–Malay Peninsula and Indochina, was assembled during the Triassic Indosin- ian orogeny, and formed an exposed landmass during Pleistocene lowstands. Because the region includes extensive shallow seas, and is not significantly elevated, it is often assumed to have been stable for a long period. This stability is a myth. The region is today surrounded by subduction and collision zones, and merges with the India–Asia collision zone. Cenozoic deformation of Sundaland is recorded in the numerous deep sedimentary basins alongside elevated highlands. Some sediment may have been supplied from Asia following Indian collision but most was locally derived. Modern and Late Cenozoic sediment yields are exceptionally high despite a relatively small land area. India–Asia collision, Australia–SE Asia collision, backarc extension, subduction rollback, strike-slip faulting, mantle plume activity, and differential crust-lithosphere stretching have been proposed as possible basin- forming mechanisms. In scale, crustal character, heat flow and mantle character the region resembles the Basin and Range province or the East African Rift, but is quite unlike them in tectonic setting. Conventional basin modeling fails to predict heat flow, elevation, basin depths and subsidence history of Sundaland and overes- timates stretching factors. These can be explained by interaction of a hot upper mantle, a weak lower crust, and lower crustal flow in response to changing forces at the plate edges. -
Undiscovered Petroleum Resources of Indonesia by John Kingston
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Undiscovered Petroleum Resources of Indonesia by John Kingston Open-File Report 88-379 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature 1988 ASSESSMENT OF RECOVERABLE ENERGY RESOURCES The World Energy Resources Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Intends to develop reliable and credible estimates of undiscovered recoverable petroleum resources throughout the world. Initial program efforts have focused on the major producing areas of the world to gain a broad geological understanding of the characteristics of petroleum occurrence for purposes of resource assessment, as well as for analysis of production potential. Investigations of production potential are carried out In cooperation with other U.S. Government agencies; specifically, the studies of the main free world exporting nations, of which this study Is a part, are carried out In cooperation with the Foreign Energy Supply Assessment Program of the Department of Energy. The estimates represent the views of a U.S. Geological Survey study team and should not be regarded as an official position of the U.S. Government. The program seeks to Investigate resource potential at the basin level, primarily through analogy with other petroleum regions, and does not necessarily require, therefore, current exploration Information that Is commonly held proprietary. In conducting the geological Investigations, we Intend to build a support base of publicly available data and regional geologic synthesis against which to measure the progress of exploration and thereby validate the assessment. Most of these Investigations will lead directly to quantitative resource assessments; resource assessment, like exploration, to be effective, must be an ongoing process taking advantage of changing Ideas and data availability the results produced being progress reports reflecting on a state of knowledge at a point In time. -
Geographic Variation of Rhinolophus Affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic Subregion of Southeast Asia, Including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra
Environmental Science & Civil Engineering Faculty Works Environmental Science & Civil Engineering 2016 Geographic variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic Subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra Demian A. Willette Loyola Marymount University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/es-ce_fac Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Ith S, Bumrungersri S, Thomas NM, Bates PJJ, Willette DA, Khan FAA, Wonglapsuwan M, Soisook P, Maryanto I, Huang JCC, Furey NM. (2016) Geographic variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic Subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra. Acta Chiropterologica, 18: 141-161. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Environmental Science & Civil Engineering at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Environmental Science & Civil Engineering Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra SAVENG ITH1, 2, 3, 12, SARA BUMRUNGSRI2, NIKKY M. THOMAS4, PAUL J. J. BATES4, DEMIAN A. WILLETTE5, FAISAL ALI ANWARALI KHAN6, MONWADEE WONGLAPSUWAN7, -
Evidence of Sundaland's Subsidence Requires Revisiting Its Biogeography
Evidence of Sundaland’s subsidence requires revisiting its biogeography Laurent Husson, Florian Boucher, Anta-Clarisse Sarr, Pierre Sepulchre, Yudawati Cahyarini To cite this version: Laurent Husson, Florian Boucher, Anta-Clarisse Sarr, Pierre Sepulchre, Yudawati Cahyarini. Evidence of Sundaland’s subsidence requires revisiting its biogeography. Journal of Biogeography, Wiley, 2019, 47 (4), pp.843-853. 10.1111/jbi.13762. hal-02333708 HAL Id: hal-02333708 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02333708 Submitted on 25 Oct 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. untypeset proof Page 6 of 46 Evidence of Sundaland’s subsidence requires revisiting its biogeography Laurent Husson1, Florian C. Boucher2, Anta-Clarisse Sarr1,3, Pierre Sepulchre3, Sri Yudawati Cahyarini4 1ISTerre, CNRS, Universite´ Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France, 2Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France 3LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Universite´ Paris Saclay, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France 4Research Center for Geotechnology, LIPI, Bandung, Indonesia To whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: [email protected]. ABSTRACT It is widely accepted that sea level changes intermittently inundated the Sunda Shelf throughout the Pleistocene, separating Java, Sumatra, and Borneo from the Malay Peninsula and from each other. -
Mesozoic Northward Subduction Along the SE Asian Continental Margin Inferred from Magmatic Records in the South China Sea
minerals Article Mesozoic Northward Subduction Along the SE Asian Continental Margin Inferred from Magmatic Records in the South China Sea Guanqiang Cai 1, Zhifeng Wan 2,3,*, Yongjian Yao 1,*, Lifeng Zhong 3, Hao Zheng 2,3 , Argyrios Kapsiotis 2,3 and Cheng Zhang 2 1 Guangzhou Marine Geological survey, Guangzhou 510760, China; [email protected] 2 School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; [email protected] (H.Z.); [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (C.Z.) 3 Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (Z.W.); [email protected] (Y.Y.) Received: 29 August 2019; Accepted: 27 September 2019; Published: 30 September 2019 Abstract: During the Mesozoic, Southeast (SE) Asia (including South China and the South China Sea (SCS)) was located in a transitional area between the Tethyan and Pacific geotectonic regimes. However, it is unclear whether geodynamic processes in the SE Asian continental margin were controlled by Tethyan or paleo-Pacific Ocean subduction. Herein, we report ~124 Ma adakitic granodiorites and Nb-enriched basalts from the Xiaozhenzhu Seamount of the SCS. Granodiorites have relatively high Sr/Y (34.7–37.0) and (La/Yb)N (13.8–15.7) ratios, as well as low Y (9.67–9.90 µg/g) and Yb (0.93–0.94 µg/g) concentrations, typical of adakites. Their Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N values coupled with their 87 86 relatively low initial Sr/ Sr ratios (0.70541–0.70551), relatively high K2O contents (3.31–3.38 wt%), high Th/La ratios (0.33–0.40), negative " t) values ( 3.62 to 3.52), and their variable zircon " (t) Nd( − − Hf values ( 3.8 to +5.2) indicate that these rocks were formed by melting of subducted oceanic crust and − sediments. -
Sumatra Forest Ecosystems Sundaland Biodiversity Hotspot
Ecosystem Profile Sumatra Forest Ecosystems Of the Sundaland Biodiversity Hotspot Indonesia final version december 11, 2001 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 THE ECOSYSTEM PROFILE 3 BACKGROUND 4 PRIORITIZATION OF SUMATRA WITHIN THE HOTSPOT 4 LEVELS OF PROTECTION FOR BIODIVERSITY 6 SYNOPSIS OF THREATS 7 DECENTRALIZATION 8 ILLEGAL AND LEGAL LOGGING 8 OIL PALM PLANTATIONS 8 ILLEGAL HUNTING AND WILDLIFE TRADE 9 ROAD CONSTRUCTION 9 MINING 9 CIVIL CONFLICT 9 SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT INVESTMENTS 10 MULTILATERAL DONORS 10 GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 11 NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 12 CEPF NICHE FOR INVESTMENT IN SUMATRA 15 CEPF INVESTMENT STRATEGY AND PROGRAM FOCUS 16 ENHANCE STEWARDSHIP OF FOREST RESOURCES AT DISTRICT LEVEL AND BELOW 17 EMPOWER CIVIL SOCIETY TO ORGANIZE IN FAVOR OF CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY 17 BUILD ALLIANCES AMONG CONSERVATION-MINDED GROUPS IN CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR 17 ASSESS IMPACT OF CONSERVATION INTERVENTIONSAT DISTRICT LEVEL AND BELOW 17 SUSTAINABILITY 18 CONCLUSION 18 2 INTRODUCTION The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is designed to better safeguard the world's threatened biodiversity hotspots in developing countries. It is a joint initiative of Conservation International (CI), the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. CEPF provides financing to projects in biodiversity hotspots areas with more than 60 percent of the Earth’s terrestrial species diversity in just 1.4 percent of its land surface. A fundamental purpose of the Fund is to ensure that civil society is engaged in efforts to conserve biodiversity in the hotspots. An additional purpose is to ensure that those efforts complement existing strategies and frameworks established by local, regional and national governments. -
Silurian Continental Distributions, Paleogeography, Climatology, and Biogeography
Tectonophysics, 40 (1977) 13-51 13 0 Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam - Printed in The Netherlands SILURIAN CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTIONS, PALEOGEOGRAPHY, CLIMATOLOGY, AND BIOGEOGRAPHY A.M. ZIEGLER ‘, KS. HANSEN l, M.E. JOHNSON l, M.A. KELLY l, C.R. SCOTESE 2 and R. VAN DER VOO 3 ’ Department of Geophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. (U.S.A.) 2 Department of Geology, The University of Illinois, Chicago Circle, Chicago, Ill. (U.S.A.) 3 Department of Geology and Mineralogy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. (U.S.A.) (Received November 2, 1976) ABSTRACT Ziegler, A.M., Hansen, K.S., Johnson, M.E., Kelly, M.A., Scotese, C.R. and Van der Voo, R., 1977. Silurian continental distributions, paleogeography, climatology, and bio- geography. In: M.W. McElhinny (editor), The Past Distribution of Continents. Tectono- physics, 40: 13-51. Continental orientations during the Silurian Period have been determined using paleo- climatic in addition to paleomagnetic data. The influence of climate on lithology is partic- ularly marked during periods like the Silurian when epeiric seas were widespread and sedimentation was dominantly autochthonous (evaporites, carbonates, reefs, authigenic minerals) and therefore reflective of climate at the depositional site. During such times, with few large land areas in low latitudes, one would expect climatic patterns to have been more zonal than cellular, and also that long river systems (capable of transporting elastic sediments from wet to dry belts) would not have existed. Therefore, even allochthonous deposits, particularly thick sequences of coarse elastics can be added to the list of paleoclimatic indicators. Silurian northern hemisphere atmospheric circulation can be modeled on present patterns in the southern hemisphere because of the lack of significant land influence on climate. -
Chrysomelidae of the Lesser Sunda Islands: Wallace’S Line and the Crossing of Worlds
Chrysomelidae of the Lesser Sunda Islands: Wallace’s Line and the crossing of worlds Plate 3–26 Mohamed S. Mohamedsaid1 Abstract. Th e Lesser Sunda Islands (LSI) is a chain of islands consisting of Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, and Timor. Based on published records combined with results from present survey, Chrysomelidae from LSI are represented by 144 species, including 59 new records and 63 endemics (44%). Th e new records represent an in- crease of 69% from the previous 85 recorded species. LSI has strong affi nity with the Oriental biogeographic Region with 41% of its fauna are derived from the Region. Although LSI is part of the Australasian biogeographic Region, the representation from Australia and New Guinea is very small, about 3%. Th e fi ve major subfamilies present in LSI are the Galerucinae (30%), followed by Alticinae (24%), Eumolpinae (15%), Cassidinae (15%) and Hispinae (6%). Species richness of the islands in LSI de- clines from west to east and further from the mainland (Sundaland). Th e same is true with the Oriental Region representatives; they decline in abundance from west to east further away from Wallace’s Line, a biogeographic demarcation between the Oriental and Australasian Regions. But decline of the Oriental elements is compensated by an increase in species endemism. Th e Wallace’s Line appears to be a faunal barrier, where a large number of genera and species, particularly from the Galerucinae are restricted to Sundaland, a subregion of the Oriental Region. Th e following six genera are not represented in Sundaland: Cleoporus and Dematochroma ( Eumolpinae), Paropsis and Paropsisterna ( Chrysomelinae), and Calomicrus and Paraplotes ( Galerucinae). -
From Southeast Asia Received: 26 April 2018 Ivan N
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A new genus and tribe of freshwater mussel (Unionidae) from Southeast Asia Received: 26 April 2018 Ivan N. Bolotov 1,2, John M. Pfeifer3, Ekaterina S. Konopleva1,2, Ilya V. Vikhrev1,2, Accepted: 21 June 2018 Alexander V. Kondakov1,2, Olga V. Aksenova1,2, Mikhail Yu. Gofarov1,2, Published: xx xx xxxx Sakboworn Tumpeesuwan4 & Than Win 5 The freshwater mussel genus Oxynaia Haas, 1911 is thought to be comprised of two geographically disjunct and morphologically variable species groups but the monophyly of this taxon has yet to be tested in any modern cladistic sense. This generic hypothesis has important systematic and biogeographic implications as Oxynaia is the type genus of the currently recognized tribe Oxynaiini (Parreysiinae) and is one of the few genera thought to cross several biogeographically important barriers in Southeast Asia. Morphological and molecular data clearly demonstrate that Oxynaia is not monophyletic, and the type species and its allies (O. jourdyi group) belong to the Unioninae, and more specifcally as members of the genus Nodularia Conrad, 1853. Therefore, neither Oxynaia syn. nov. nor Oxynaiini Starobogatov, 1970 are applicable to the Parreysiinae and in the absence of an available name, Indochinella gen. nov. and Indochinellini trib. nov. are described. Several combinations are proposed as follows: Indochinella pugio (Benson, 1862) gen. et comb. nov., Nodularia jourdyi (Morlet, 1886) comb. res., N. gladiator (Ancey, 1881) comb. res., N. diespiter (Mabille, 1887) comb. res. and N. micheloti (Morlet, 1886) comb. res. Finally, we provide an updated freshwater biogeographic division of Southeast Asia. Integrative taxonomic studies are of substantial practical importance to conservation stakeholders as accurate information on the systematics and distributions of biodiversity forms the foundation of taxon- and habitat-based conservation eforts.