Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 7006 Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science LNAI Series Editors Randy Goebel University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Yuzuru Tanaka Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Wolfgang Wahlster DFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany LNAI Founding Series Editor Joerg Siekmann DFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany Joscha Bach Stefan Edelkamp (Eds.) KI 2011:Advances in Artificial Intelligence 34th Annual German Conference on AI Berlin, Germany, October 4-7, 2011 Proceedings 13 Series Editors Randy Goebel, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Jörg Siekmann, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany Wolfgang Wahlster, DFKI and University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany Volume Editors Joscha Bach Humboldt-University of Berlin Berlin School of Mind and Brain Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Stefan Edelkamp University of Bremen Faculty 3, Mathematics and Computer Science P.O. Box 33 04 40, 28334 Bremen, Germany E-mail: [email protected] ISSN 0302-9743 e-ISSN 1611-3349 ISBN 978-3-642-24454-4 e-ISBN 978-3-642-24455-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-24455-1 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011936978 CR Subject Classification (1998): I.2, H.4, F.1, H.2.8, I.2.6, H.5.2 LNCS Sublibrary: SL 7 – Artificial Intelligence © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by Scientific Publishing Services, Chennai, India Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface The yearly German Conference on Artificial Intelligence is the premier forum for German research in artificial intelligence, and attracts numerous international guests, too. KI 2011, the 34th event of the series, reflected a long-standing tra- dition, and continued to mirror the trends and developments of the science. The 2011 conference took place in Berlin during October 4–7, in co-location with INFORMATIK 2011, the 41st Annual Meeting of the Gesellschaft f¨ur Infor- matik, and MATES 2011, the 9th German Conference on Multi-Agent System Technologies. Since its inception, artificial intelligence has been at the vanguard of computer science, and today, its applications and methods have become so widespread and ubiquitous that most people simply take them for granted. Its contributions have so thoroughly permeated the fabric of our digital lives that they have become almost invisible. Artificial intelligence has become a mainstay, and is integrated everywhere from entertainment electronics and Internet technologies to transport and industry applications, from finance to agriculture, from art to electronic reading, from cognitive science to medicine. KI 2011 reflected this by its focus on advances “Towards a Smart World—Evolving Technologies in Artificial Intelligence.” This volume contains the technical papers of KI 2011. For the technical pro- gram, we received 81 submissions, of which the Program Committee accepted 32 after a rigorous review (25 of these as full papers, and 7 as short papers, lim- ited to five pages). The volume also includes three programmatic contributions corresponding to invited talks of KI 2011: “Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Planning (But Were Afraid to Ask)” by J¨org Hoffmann, “Why We Need Evolutionary Semantics” by Luc Steels, and “General Game Playing in AI Research and Education” by Michael Thielscher. A fourth invited talk by Sven Koenig concerned “Making Good Decisions: Case Studies in Planning and Coordination.” On the first day of the conference, PhD students presented and discussed their work in a doctoral consortium, which ended in a panel discussion on meth- ods, practices and philosophy of artificial intelligence, held by Bernhard Nebel, University of Freiburg; Franz Baader, TU Dresden; Ulrich Frank, University of Duisburg-Essen; and Ingo J. Timm, University of Trier. The 1st German Open in General Game Playing (GO-GGP) was organized by the competition chairs Peter Kissmann and Tim Federholzner. VI Preface In addition to the main program, KI 2011 featured seven workshops with many additional research presentations: – 5th Workshop on Emotion and Computing—Current Research and Future Impact. Chair: Dirk Reichardt. – 6th Workshop on Behavior Monitoring and Interpretation (BMI 2011). Chairs: Bj¨orn Gottfried and Hamid Aghajan. – Third Workshop on Dynamics of Knowledge and Belief—Evolving Knowledge in Theory and Applications. Chairs: Gabriele Kern-Isberner and Christoph Beierle. – 26th Workshop on Planning Scheduling, Configuration Design (PuK 2011). Chairs: J¨urgen Sauer, Stefan Edelkamp and Bernd Schattenberg. – First International Workshop on Algorithmic Intelligence. Chairs: Carsten Elfers, Rune Jensen, Hartmut Messerschmidt and Rasmus Pagh. – Workshop on Visibility in Information Spaces and in Geographic Environ- ments. Chairs: Andreas Henrich, Christoph Schlieder and Ute Schmid. – Workshop on Context-Aware Intelligent Assistance (CAIA 2011). Chairs: Stefan Mandl, Bernd Ludwig and Florian Michahelles. Giorgio Grisetti, Andreas N¨uchter and Alexander Kleiner offered a full-day tutorial on “SLAM to the Rescue: A Hands-On Tutorial on Using State-of-the- Art SLAM Algorithms in Harsh Environments.” Various robotics researchers from Berlin universities provided demonstrations of their work, especially Verena Hafner, Manfred Hild, Clemens Eppner, Daniel Seifert, and their teams. The organization of a conference like this one is only possible with the support of many individuals. First of all, the organizers wish to thank the authors for their contributions. We had a very strong and competent Program Committee consisting of 75 members, which ensured that each submission underwent several thorough and timely reviews. The KI 2011 conference team included: – Co-location: Doris F¨ahndrich (TU Berlin) – Workshop Chair: Bernd Schattenberg (University of Ulm) – Tutorial Chair: Sebastian Kupferschmid (University of Freiburg) – Doctorial Consortium Chair: Ren´e Schumann (University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland) – Industry Liaisons: Roman Englert (T-LABs) We extend our thanks to these and all other people and institutions that made this happening a success, especially the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), the Gesellschaft f¨ur Informatik (GI), the Technologie-Zentrum Infor- matik in Bremen (TZI), the Technical University of Berlin, Springer, and the Elsevier Journal for Artificial Intelligence (AIJ). August 2011 Joscha Bach Stefan Edelkamp Organization General Chair Stefan Edelkamp Universit¨at Bremen Local Chair Joscha Bach Humboldt-Universit¨at zu Berlin Workshop Chair Bernd Schattenberg Universit¨at Ulm Tutorial Chair Sebastian Kupferschmid Universit¨at Freiburg Doctorial Consortium Chair Ren´e Schumann NII, Tokyo Program Committee Klaus-Dieter Althoff University of Hildesheim, Germany Tamim Asfour Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany Amit Banerjee University of Nevada, Reno, USA Sven Behnke University of Bonn, Germany Maren Bennewitz University of Freiburg, Germany Ralph Bergmann University of Trier, Germany Marc Cavazza University of Teesside, UK Daniel Cernea University of Kaiserslautern, Germany Eliseo Clementini University of L’Aquila, Italy Cristobal Curio Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Germany Kerstin Dautenhahn University of Hertfordshire, UK Frank Dylla University of Bremen, Germany Dominik Endres University of T¨ubingen, Germany Florian Eyben Munich University of Technology, Germany VIII Organization Udo Frese University of Bremen, Germany Stefan Funke University of Stuttgart, Germany Johannes F¨urnkranz TU Darmstadt, Germany Christopher Geib University of Edinburgh, UK Bjoern Gottfried University of Bremen, Germany Horst-Michael Gross Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany Jens-Steffen Gutmann Evolution Robotics, Pasadena, USA Martin G¨unther University of Osnabr¨uck, Germany Fred Hamker Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany Malte Helmert University of Freiburg, Germany Dominik Henrich University of Bayreuth, Germany Joachim Hertzberg University of Osnabr¨uck, Germany Otthein Herzog University of Bremen and Jacobs University Bremen, Germany J¨org Hoffmann INRIA, France Gabriele Kern-Isberner Dortmund University of Technology, Germany Peter Kissmann University of Bremen, Germany Alexander Kleiner University of Freiburg, Germany Roman Kontchakov Birkbeck College, UK Oliver Kramer University of Oldenburg, Germany Ralf Krestel Leibniz Universit¨at Hannover, Germany Rudolf Kruse Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany Torsten Kr¨oger Stanford University, USA Bogdan Kwolek Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland Kai-Uwe