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Status and Habitat Ecology of the Yellow Monitor, Varanus Flavescens, in the Southeastern Part of Kanchanpur District, Nepal

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Status and Habitat Ecology of the Yellow Monitor, Varanus Flavescens, in the Southeastern Part of Kanchanpur District, Nepal Herpetological Conservation and Biology 9(2):387−393. Submitted: 29 June 2013; Accepted: 13 May 2014; Published: 12 October 2014. STATUS AND HABITAT ECOLOGY OF THE YELLOW MONITOR, VARANUS FLAVESCENS, IN THE SOUTHEASTERN PART OF KANCHANPUR DISTRICT, NEPAL 1,2 3 HEMANT R. GHIMIRE AND KARAN B. SHAH 1Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal 2Corresponding author: [email protected] 3Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan University, Swoyambhu, Kathmandu, Nepal Abstract.—The Yellow Monitor, Varanus flavescens, is protected in most of its range, but there are few studies and little is known of its ecology. We studied Varanus flavescens in the southeastern part of Kanchanpur District in Parasan Village Development Committee to gather information on status and habitat ecology of this species. We assess the distribution, threats, and habitat characteristics of V. flavescens, and its habitat separation from the Bengal Monitor, Varanus bengalensis, using field observations and information from local people. Varanus flavescens was found to be distributed throughout the study area. We document new global records for total length (TL: 952 mm) and weight (1450 g) for the species. Indiscriminate killing is a major threat for survival of the species and most of the killing we found was done by children in agricultural land. Our study suggests that habitat modification might not be as serious a threat as first thought and the species seems to be able to tolerate habitat modification by agriculture. Ground cover was preferred by the species as compared to trees and the species was found to be associated closely with the shrub Impomoea carnea. The habitats of V. flavescens and V. bengalensis were found to be partially separated, with V. flavescens mostly associated with wetter areas and few large trees, whereas V. bengalensis was closely associated with large trees. As V. flavescens does not prefer forests with large trees, conservation programs focusing only on forest protection may not help conserve this species. Key Words.—Bengal Monitor; conservation; distribution; habitat separation; threat; Varanus bengalensis INTRODUCTION t,%20Rules%20adn%20Policies_1334465970.pdf [Accessed 13 May 2014]) and most of the countries in Reptiles are decreasing worldwide (Gibbons et al. its range; India (Ministry of Law and Justice. 2006. 2000) and are more threatened than birds and the The Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act. percentages threatened are comparable with mammals Governement of India. Available from in numbers (Bohm et al. 2013). Nine species of http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/WildLifeAm monitor lizards are reported from Asia (Lauprasert and edmentAct2006%20.pdf [Accessed 13 May 2014]), Thirakhupt 2001) among the 46 species worldwide Pakistan (Government of Pakistan. 1971. The Pakistan (Bennett 1995). However, only two species of Wildlife Ordinance. Available from monitors, Bengal Monitor (Varanus bengalensis) and http://www.falcons.com.pk/Wildlife_acts_and_rules.p Yellow Monitor (Varanus flavescens) have been df [Accessed 13 May 2014]), and Bangladesh reported from Nepal (Shah and Tiwari 2004). (Ministry of Law, Justice, and Government Affairs. Varanus flavescens (Fig. 1) is a carnivorous lizard 1973. The Bangladesh Wildlife (Preservation) Order. and its food ranges from insects to small mammals Available from (Shah and Tiwari 2004). The monitor has been http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/pdf/452___Schedule.pdf categorized as Lower Risk/Least Concern in IUCN [Accessed 13 May 2014]), although not in Bhutan Red Data List (World Conservation Monitoring (Royal Government of Bhutan. 1995. The Forest and Centre. 1996. Varanus flavescens. In IUCN, 2012. Nature Conservation Act of Bhutan. Available from IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version http://www.nationalcouncil.bt/wp- 2012.2. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org content/uploads/2011/02/Forest_Nature_Conservation [Accessed 18 June 2013]) but listed in Appendix I of _En_95.pdf [Accessed 13 May 2014]). However, the CITES (CITES. species has low consideration in research and Convention on International Trade in Endangered conservation in its entire range, including Nepal. In Species. 2013. Appendices I, II and III valid from 12 addition, V. flavescens is a poorly known species June 2013. Available from: (Auffenberg et al. 1989) and its assessment has not http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php been updated since 1996 in the IUCN Red Data List [Accessed 19 June 2013]). In addition, it is a legally (IUCN 2012 op. cit.). Both V. flavescens and V. protected species in Nepal (Government of Nepal. bengalensis use almost the same resources; they both 1973. National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act. live in burrows and their food resources overlap. Available from Based on ecological principles, it is expected that these http://www.mfsc.gov.np/downloadfile/NPWLC%20Ac two species are partitioning their habitats. We assess Copyright © 2014. Hemant Ghimire. All Rights Reserved. 387 Ghimire and Shah.—Status and Ecology of Varanus flavescens FIGURE 1. The Yellow Monitor (Varanus flavescens) found in the Parasan Village Development Committee (VDC) of Kanchanpur District, Nepal. (Photographed by Hemant R. Ghimire). distribution, threats, and habitat ecology of V. Besaram (Impomoea carnea) are major floral species flavescens in a study area of Kanchanpur District, of the study area. Besides the two species of monitors, Nepal, through observations and interactions with the Marsh Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), pythons locals. (Python sp.), Sarus Crane (Grus antigone), porcupine (Hystrix sp.), otter (Lutra sp.), Chital (Axis axis), Wild MATERIALS AND METHODS Pig (Sus scrofa), Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus), and large cats are important faunal species that inhabit Study sites.—Our study area was the Parasan or visit the study area. Pyara Tal (lake) of the VDC Village Development Committee (VDC) of provides habitat for six species of turtles and is the Kanchanpur District, Nepal (see Ghimire and Phuyal only reported habitat for the Crowned River Turtle 2013; Fig. 2). The VDC lies in southeastern part of (Hardella thurjii) in Nepal (Aryal et al. 2010). the district (28°37'30"N and 80°30'0"E) with an average elevation of 160 m. The study area has a Field methods.—We conducted the study during tropical monsoon-dominated climate with June-September 2011 and spent more than two months temperatures ranging from 2.5 °C in winter to 44 °C in in the field. We used visual encounter survey (VES) summer and average annual rainfall of 210 cm for observations because it is cost effective and does (Ghimire and Phuyal 2013). The VDC has higher not disturb the habitat of the subject species (Doan central land and lower land in both northern and 2003; Flint and Harris 2005). We studied distribution southern sides with an altitudinal range of about 15 m. using randomized VES (Campbell and Christman The slope on the northern side is gentle but on the 1982) and habitat separation by using intensive time southern side it is steep. The Jana Jagaran Community constrained VES (Crosswhite et al. 1999). We Forest (CF) is the only community forest in the VDC surveyed all of the VDC by walking and observing with the major part in the central high land of the likely habitat for the species to assess the distribution. VDC. The CF extends along the entire southern slope We conducted the survey for nine hours per day during as a thin line with width ranging from 20 m to 100 m. four days in July and three days in August (63 survey The Doda River flows along the northern side of the hours total). VDC. Agricultural land exists between the CF and the For the habitat separation study, we visually Doda River, and includes barren land and a sandy identified three habitats; the main CF, the northern shore. The eastern boundary of the VDC is connected floodplain, and the southern slope (Fig. 2). The main with Dudhwa National Park (India). CF extends from the southern slope up to the northern Sal (Shorea robusta), Simal (Bombax ceiba), floodplain and most of it has been protected with Sindure (Mallotus philipensis), Sissoo (Dalbergia barbed-wire fence since 2002. The main CF is sissoo) and shrub Banmara (Lantana camara) and important for its timber value as it contains many large 388 Herpetological Conservation and Biology FIGURE 2. Topographic map of the Parasan Village Development Committee (VDC) of Kanchanpur District, Nepal showing the location of three study areas for the Yellow Monitor (Varanus flavescens). S. robusta trees as well as planted Teak (Tectona 200 ha of the CF (Fig. 3). The northern floodplain is grandis) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.) trees. The agricultural land with scarce trees, plus the sandy main CF has an area of about 120 ha out of the total shore and barren land between the main CF and the 389 Ghimire and Shah.—Status and Ecology of Varanus flavescens m on both sides of the line. The distance between two consecutive transects in a day was at least 40 m. We only considered the observation of adults and sub adults (no juveniles) for the habitat separation study. During the field visit, we also conducted informal interviews with local people. We documented killing of the species and we measured the weight and length of the dead specimens if they were not deteriorated. We also tried to document reasons for the killing, locality of the killing, and other aspects of these mortalities. We did not capture or harm any living animals for the study. RESULTS During the distribution survey, we observed 10 individual V. flavescens in the VDC. However, according to the local inhabitants, the species was found in all areas of the VDC. Interaction with the local people also revealed that the range of V. flavescens in the VDC is decreasing and presently its abundance is scarce near human settlements. We also observed the species in agricultural land in both distributional and habitat separation portions of the study.
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