Figure S1. Raxml Trees for Concatenated Data for 81 Taxa, with Three Different Alignment Treatments for 16S

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Figure S1. Raxml Trees for Concatenated Data for 81 Taxa, with Three Different Alignment Treatments for 16S Title A new subfamily of fossorial colubroid snakes from the Western Ghats of peninsular India Authors DEEPAK, V; Ruane, S; Gower, DJ Description Orcid: 0000-0002-1725-8863 Date Submitted 2019-12-09 Figure S1. RAxML trees for concatenated data for 81 taxa, with three different alignment treatments for 16s. A) ML tree for concatenated data including 16s aligned by ClustalW, with all sites included. Numbers on tree are bootstrap values (based on 1,000 replicates). Scale bar indicates substitutions per site. Mimophis mahfalensis 2 9 2 1 Aparallactus capensis 1 0 Liopholidophis sexlineatus 100 Bothrolycus ater 9 Boaedon fuliginosus Homoroselaps lacteus 1 2 4 3 Pseudaspis cana Ditypophis sp. Bungarus fasciatus 2 9 1 0 100 Naja kaouthia 2 7 Oxyuranus scutellatus 100 Prosymna visseri 3 2 6 Prosymna janii 8 0 Buhoma depressiceps Buhoma procterae 9 9 Micrelaps bicoloratus Cyclocorus lineatus 100 8 5 Cyclocorus nuchalis 9 3 Hologerrhum philippinum Oxyrhabdium leporinum 8 5 Ahaetulla pulverulenta 7 7 4 9 Oligodon arnensis 100 Grayia ornata 4 0 Grayia smythii 2 7 Sibynophis subpunctatus Calamaria pavimentata 100 2 5 9 4 Farancia abacura 8 7 2 5 Contia tenuis Pseudoxenodon karlschmidti 7 4 Aspidura ceylonensis Cantoria violacea 9 8 Azemiops feae 100 Agkistrodon contortrix 9 8 100 Bitis nasicornis Daboia russellii 8 7 Aplopeltura boa 9 8 Pareas carinatus 6 8 Asthenodipsas malaccanus 100 Xylophis captaini 6 4 Xylophis stenorhynchus 6 0 8 7 Xylophis perroteti Xenodermus javanicus 7 4 Acrochordus javanicus Xenophidion schaeferi 7 0 Casarea dussumieri 4 6 Corallus annulatus 4 0 Chilabothrus striatus 9 8 Epicrates cenchria 9 7 Eunectes notaeus 4 3 Boa constrictor 9 8 7 8 Candoia carinata 9 9 Eryx colubrinus 5 6 Eryx conicus 6 8 Ungaliophis continentalis 9 4 Charina bottae 4 3 Calabaria reinhardtii Sanzinia madagascariensis Liasis mackloti 4 0 5 2 5 3 Malayopython reticulatus 9 9 Morelia viridis 100 8 4 Python bivittatus 8 3 Loxocemus bicolor Xenopeltis unicolor 6 1 7 4 Cylindrophis ruffus 8 4 Cylindrophis maculatus Anomochilus leonardi 9 8 Rhinophis drummondhayi 7 7 9 8 Brachyophidium rhodogaster Melanophidium punctatum 9 7 Tropidophis feicki Anilius scytale Indotyphlops braminus 4 4 1 8 Xerotyphlops vermicularis 5 6 Typhlops jamaicensis 8 0 Afrotyphlops punctatus 4 8 Madatyphlops andasibensis 100 Xenotyphlops grandidieri Gerrhophilus mirus 100 Rena humilis 100 9 0 Namibiana occidentalis Liotyphlops albirostris 0.3 B) ML tree for concatenated data including 16s aligned by MUSCLE, with all sites included. Numbers on tree are bootstrap values (based on 1,000 replicates). Scale bar indicates substitutions per site. Bothrolycus ater 9 9 1 2 Boaedon fuliginosus Liopholidophis sexlineatus 1 1 Pseudaspis cana 9 1 3 1 8 Mimophis mahfalensis Homoroselaps lacteus 1 1 Ditypophis sp. Buhoma depressiceps 6 4 2 1 Buhoma procterae Aparallactus capensis 2 9 Oxyuranus scutellatus 9 0 100 Bungarus fasciatus 2 9 1 9 Naja kaouthia Prosymna visseri 100 Prosymna janii 9 9 Micrelaps bicoloratus Cyclocorus nuchalis 100 8 6 Cyclocorus lineatus 9 3 Hologerrhum philippinum Oxyrhabdium leporinum Grayia ornata 9 9 Grayia smythii 6 1 4 7 Ahaetulla pulverulenta 8 2 3 0 Oligodon arnensis 3 1 Calamaria pavimentata Sibynophis subpunctatus 100 3 2 Farancia abacura 9 5 8 2 2 5 Contia tenuis Pseudoxenodon karlschmidti 6 2 Aspidura ceylonensis Cantoria violacea Bitis nasicornis 100 Daboia russellii 100 Azemiops feae 9 5 9 5 Agkistrodon contortrix Aplopeltura boa 8 5 9 9 Pareas carinatus 6 8 Asthenodipsas malaccanus 100 Xylophis captaini 7 3 8 4 Xylophis stenorhynchus 5 8 Xylophis perroteti Xenodermus javanicus 7 6 Acrochordus javanicus 7 1 Xenophidion schaeferi Casarea dussumieri Brachyophidium rhodogaster 7 6 9 6 Rhinophis drummondhayi 1 0 Melanophidium punctatum Cylindrophis ruffus 9 8 5 6 Cylindrophis maculatus 9 9 Anomochilus leonardi Malayopython reticulatus 4 6 6 5 6 3 Liasis mackloti 9 9 Morelia viridis 8 0 Python bivittatus 8 7 Loxocemus bicolor Xenopeltis unicolor Corallus annulatus 4 6 3 9 Chilabothrus striatus 5 2 9 9 Epicrates cenchria 100 9 7 Eunectes notaeus 4 2 Boa constrictor 7 8 Candoia carinata Eryx colubrinus 100 6 1 Eryx conicus 8 4 Ungaliophis continentalis 9 4 Charina bottae Calabaria reinhardtii 4 6 Sanzinia madagascariensis Tropidophis feicki 9 7 Anilius scytale Indotyphlops braminus 4 2 Xerotyphlops vermicularis 5 9 Afrotyphlops punctatus 8 09 Typhlops jamaicensis 3 8 Madatyphlops andasibensis 100 Gerrhophilus mirus Xenotyphlops grandidieri 100 Namibiana occidentalis 9 9 8 7 Rena humilis Liotyphlops albirostris 0.4 C) ML tree for concatenated data including 16s aligned by ClustalW, with ambiguously aligned sites removed under ‘less stringent’ option in Gblocks. Numbers on tree are bootstrap values (based on 1,000 replicates). Scale bar indicates substitutions per site. Mimophis mahfalensis 1 2 1 4 Homoroselaps lacteus 7 Pseudaspis cana 9 Liopholidophis sexlineatus Bothrolycus ater 1 0 9 7 Boaedon fuliginosus Ditypophis sp. 4 Bungarus fasciatus 9 5 100 Oxyuranus scutellatus Naja kaouthia Cyclocorus lineatus 100 1 9 7 7 Cyclocorus nuchalis 9 1 Hologerrhum philippinum Oxyrhabdium leporinum 6 Buhoma depressiceps 9 8 4 6 5 3 0 Buhoma procterae Aparallactus capensis Micrelaps bicoloratus Prosymna janii 100 Prosymna visseri 9 9 Grayia ornata 7 2 4 6 Grayia smythii 8 9 Ahaetulla pulverulenta 3 9 Oligodon arnensis 2 9 Calamaria pavimentata Sibynophis subpunctatus 100 3 7 Farancia abacura 9 3 7 4 4 9 Contia tenuis Pseudoxenodon karlschmidti 6 3 Aspidura ceylonensis Cantoria violacea 9 4 Agkistrodon contortrix 100 Azemiops feae 9 8 Bitis nasicornis 100 Daboia russellii 5 4 Aplopeltura boa 9 8 Pareas carinatus 7 3 Asthenodipsas malaccanus 100 Xylophis captaini 4 9 7 5 Xylophis stenorhynchus 6 7 Xylophis perroteti Xenodermus javanicus 8 2 Acrochordus javanicus Xenophidion schaeferi 8 3 Casarea dussumieri Corallus annulatus 5 9 4 7 Chilabothrus striatus 9 9 Epicrates cenchria 9 9 Eunectes notaeus Boa constrictor 6 7 9 8 9 8 Eryx colubrinus 4 8 Eryx conicus 5 1 Candoia carinata Ungaliophis continentalis 8 3 6 9 Charina bottae Calabaria reinhardtii 4 6 Sanzinia madagascariensis Rhinophis drummondhayi 7 3 Brachyophidium rhodogaster 6 1 8 7 1 5 Melanophidium punctatum 100 8 7 Anomochilus leonardi Cylindrophis maculatus 7 6 Cylindrophis ruffus Malayopython reticulatus 7 0 3 6 4 Liasis mackloti 9 9 Python bivittatus 8 4 Morelia viridis 7 9 Loxocemus bicolor Xenopeltis unicolor 9 4 Tropidophis feicki Anilius scytale Indotyphlops braminus 7 4 Afrotyphlops punctatus 5 1 Xerotyphlops vermicularis 6 6 4 6 Typhlops jamaicensis 4 6 Madatyphlops andasibensis 100 Gerrhophilus mirus Xenotyphlops grandidieri 100 100 Rena humilis 8 4 Namibiana occidentalis Liotyphlops albirostris 0.3 .
Recommended publications
  • Scale Sensillae of the File Snake (Serpentes: Acrochordidae) and Some Other Aquatic and Burrowing Snakes
    SCALE SENSILLAE OF THE FILE SNAKE (SERPENTES: ACROCHORDIDAE) AND SOME OTHER AQUATIC AND BURROWING SNAKES by DAVID POVEL and JEROEN VAN DER KOOIJ (Section Dynamic Morphology,Institute of Evolutionaryand Ecological Sciences, Leiden University,P.O. Box 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands) ABSTRACT The acrochordid snakes are aquatic, living in environmentswith often a poor visibility. It therefore was investigatedhow these animals detect their prey. Two earlier studies of their scales revealed a rather complex scale organ, composedof hairlike protrusions and plate-like structures. However, no satisfactory explanation was given for the structures found, e.g., an undefined sensilla or a gland. Skin samples from various sites of the body of Acrochordus granulatus and A. javanicus were studied. Scanning electron microscopic pictures revealed that each scale of the head contains up to seven sensillae, and each of the keeled scales of the rest of the body has one. Also a modified Allochrome staining procedure on tissue samples was performed to detect glycogen, which is known to occur in discoidal nerve endings of tactile sense organs of reptiles. Light microscopicslides revealedglycogen particles in a small pillow-shaped area just below the hairlike protrusions of an organ. Moreover, small nerves were recognized near the same location. No indications were found for the scale organs to have a glandular function. Because of the reported reactions of a snake when it is touched by a fish, these scale sensilla are proposed to be very sensitivemechanoreceptors. Comparisons were made with the scale organs of snakes from various habitats, viz. the seasnake Lapemis hardwicki, and burrowing snakes such as Xenopeltis unicolor and Cylindrophisrufus.
    [Show full text]
  • Liasis Fuscus) in Tropical Australia
    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 1-1-2009 Spatial ecology of hatchling water pythons (Liasis fuscus) in tropical Australia Richard Shine University of Sydney Thomas R. Madsen University of Wollongong, [email protected] Ligia Pizzatto University of Sydney Gregory P. Brown University of Sydney Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/scipapers Part of the Life Sciences Commons, Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Shine, Richard; Madsen, Thomas R.; Pizzatto, Ligia; and Brown, Gregory P.: Spatial ecology of hatchling water pythons (Liasis fuscus) in tropical Australia 2009, 181-191. https://ro.uow.edu.au/scipapers/380 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Spatial ecology of hatchling water pythons (Liasis fuscus) in tropical Australia Abstract Young snakes are rarely seen in the field and little is known about their habits. mostly because they are too small for radio-telemetry (the primary method for Studying snake spatial ecology). However, the offspring or some larger species can be fitted with transmitters and we investigated the spatial ecology and habitat use of ten hatchling water pythons (Liasis fuscus: Pythonidae) in the floodplain of the Adelaide River, tropical Australia. Patterns of habitat use in the late wet season and during the dry season were similar to those of adults tracked in the same vicinity in an earlier study. Soon after release the young snakes moved to the floodplain, va oiding pasture areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Vetagro Sup La Contention Et La Realisation De
    VETAGRO SUP CAMPUS VETERINAIRE DE LYON Année 2014 - Thèse n° LA CONTENTION ET LA REALISATION DE PRELEVEMENTS EN VUE D’EXAMENS COMPLEMENTAIRES CHEZ LES REPTILES : REALISATION D’UN CD-ROM INTERACTIF THESE Présentée à l’UNIVERSITE CLAUDE-BERNARD - LYON I (Médecine - Pharmacie) et soutenue publiquement le 19 Décembre 2014 pour obtenir le grade de Docteur Vétérinaire par PETIT Xavier Né le 28 mai 1987 à TROYES VETAGRO SUP CAMPUS VETERINAIRE DE LYON Année 2014 - Thèse n° LA CONTENTION ET LA REALISATION DE PRELEVEMENTS EN VUE D’EXAMENS COMPLEMENTAIRES CHEZ LES REPTILES : REALISATION D’UN CD-ROM INTERACTIF THESE Présentée à l’UNIVERSITE CLAUDE-BERNARD - LYON I (Médecine - Pharmacie) et soutenue publiquement le 19 Décembre 2014 pour obtenir le grade de Docteur Vétérinaire par PETIT Xavier Né le 28 mai 1987 à TROYES 2 Liste des Enseignants du Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon Civilité Nom Prénom Unités pédagogiques Grade M. ALOGNINOUWA Théodore Pathologie du bétail Professeur M. ALVES-DE-OLIVEIRA Laurent Gestion des élevages Maître de conférences Mme ARCANGIOLI Marie-Anne Pathologie du bétail Maître de conférences M. ARTOIS Marc Santé Publique et Vétérinaire Professeur M. BARTHELEMY Anthony Anatomie Chirurgie (ACSAI) Maître de conférences Mme BECKER Claire Pathologie du bétail MaîtreContractuel de conférences M. BELLI Patrick Pathologie morphologique et clinique des animaux de Maître de conférences Mme BENAMOU-SMITH Agnès Equinecompagnie MaîtreContractuel de conférences M. BENOIT Etienne Biologie fonctionnelle Professeur M. BERNY Philippe Biologie fonctionnelle Professeur Mme BERTHELET Marie-Anne Anatomie Chirurgie (ACSAI) Maître de conférences Mme BONNET-GARIN Jeanne-Marie Biologie fonctionnelle Professeur Mme BOULOCHER Caroline Anatomie Chirurgie (ACSAI) Maître de conférences M.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Rule to List Reticulated Python And
    Vol. 80 Tuesday, No. 46 March 10, 2015 Part II Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife 50 CFR Part 16 Injurious Wildlife Species; Listing Three Anaconda Species and One Python Species as Injurious Reptiles; Final Rule VerDate Sep<11>2014 18:14 Mar 09, 2015 Jkt 235001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\10MRR2.SGM 10MRR2 mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with RULES2 12702 Federal Register / Vol. 80, No. 46 / Tuesday, March 10, 2015 / Rules and Regulations DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Services Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife 3330) to list Burmese (and Indian) Service, 1339 20th Street, Vero Beach, pythons, Northern African pythons, Fish and Wildlife Service FL 32960–3559; telephone 772–562– Southern African pythons, and yellow 3909 ext. 256; facsimile 772–562–4288. anacondas as injurious wildlife under 50 CFR Part 16 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Bob the Lacey Act. The remaining five RIN 1018–AV68 Progulske, Everglades Program species (reticulated python, boa Supervisor, South Florida Ecological constrictor, green anaconda, [Docket No. FWS–R9–FHC–2008–0015; Services Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife DeSchauensee’s anaconda, and Beni FXFR13360900000–145–FF09F14000] Service, 1339 20th Street, Vero Beach, anaconda) were not listed at that time and remained under consideration for Injurious Wildlife Species; Listing FL 32960–3559; telephone 772–469– 4299. If you use a telecommunications listing. With this final rule, we are Three Anaconda Species and One listing four of those species (reticulated Python Species as Injurious Reptiles device for the deaf (TDD), please call the Federal Information Relay Service python, green anaconda, AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, (FIRS) at 800–877–8339.
    [Show full text]
  • RETICULATED PYTHON Malayopython Reticulatus (SCHNEIDER 1801) : RESCUE, RECOVERY and RECENT SIGHTINGS from GREAT NICOBAR ISLAND-A CONSERVATION APPROACH
    ECOPRINT 22: 50-55, 2015 ISSN 1024-8668 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v22i0.15470 Ecological Society (ECOS), Nepal www.nepjol.info/index.php/eco; www.ecosnepal.com RETICULATED PYTHON Malayopython reticulatus (SCHNEIDER 1801) : RESCUE, RECOVERY AND RECENT SIGHTINGS FROM GREAT NICOBAR ISLAND-A CONSERVATION APPROACH S. Rajeshkumar 1*, C. Raghunathan 1 and Kailash Chandra 2 1Zoological Survey of India, Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre Port Blair-744 102, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India 2Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkatta-700 053, India *Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Previously the Reticulated python was recorded by few researchers from Nicobar Islands In 2006, four individuals were observed, but there was no more information added in their literature about sightings in Great Nicobar Island. Pythons were considered as an uncommon and rare encountered species in India also to the Nicobar Islands. Pythons considered relatively rare appearance to have declined due to frequent eradication by habitat destruction On 25 th August 2013, first individual of reticulated python was caught by the local people at Govind Nagar (Lat: 07° 00.074' N, Long: 093° 54.128' E, Altitude at 49.4 meter) in Great Nicobar Island The second one was rescued on 31 st August 2013 in the same area by the local people. Both the recovered individuals were appeared as juvenile. Investigations on population census of this threatened species and their habitat have been felt from the present incidences. Key words : .................................... INTRODUCTION as Malayopython reticulatus (Schneider 1801). Snakes are perhaps one of the most difficult Python is locally (in Nicobarese) called as vertebrate groups to survey (Groombridge and ‘Yammai’ or ‘Tulanth’ (Chandi 2006) and Luxmoore 1991).
    [Show full text]
  • THE ORIGIN and EVOLUTION of SNAKE EYES Dissertation
    CONQUERING THE COLD SHUDDER: THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF SNAKE EYES Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Christopher L. Caprette, B.S., M.S. **** The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Thomas E. Hetherington, Advisor Approved by Jerry F. Downhower David L. Stetson Advisor The graduate program in Evolution, John W. Wenzel Ecology, and Organismal Biology ABSTRACT I investigated the ecological origin and diversity of snakes by examining one complex structure, the eye. First, using light and transmission electron microscopy, I contrasted the anatomy of the eyes of diurnal northern pine snakes and nocturnal brown treesnakes. While brown treesnakes have eyes of similar size for their snout-vent length as northern pine snakes, their lenses are an average of 27% larger (Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.042). Based upon the differences in the size and position of the lens relative to the retina in these two species, I estimate that the image projected will be smaller and brighter for brown treesnakes. Northern pine snakes have a simplex, all-cone retina, in keeping with a primarily diurnal animal, while brown treesnake retinas have mostly rods with a few, scattered cones. I found microdroplets in the cone ellipsoids of northern pine snakes. In pine snakes, these droplets act as light guides. I also found microdroplets in brown treesnake rods, although these were less densely distributed and their function is unknown. Based upon the density of photoreceptors and neural layers in their retinas, and the predicted image size, brown treesnakes probably have the same visual acuity under nocturnal conditions that northern pine snakes experience under diurnal conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Cfreptiles & Amphibians
    WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNALTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS IRCF REPTILES • VOL15, & NAMPHIBIANSO 4 • DEC 2008 •189 22(3):102–105 • SEP 2015 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS FEATURE ARTICLES Range. ChasingExtension Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi ) inand Wisconsin: Geographic Distribution On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190 . The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: RecordA Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................ for the Burmese Python,Robert W. Henderson 198 RESEARCHPython ARTICLES bivittatus Kuhl 1820 . The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 . The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida (Reptilia: ............................................. Pythonidae)Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, in Kevin M.Northwestern Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212 India CONSERVATION ALERT Ritesh Joshi1 and Abhishek Singh2 . World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................. 220 1Conservation. More & Survey Than Mammals Division, .....................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • C:\TEMP\Copy of Digest of HB1354 Engrossed (Rev 0).Wpd
    DIGEST The digest printed below was prepared by House Legislative Services. It constitutes no part of the legislative instrument. The keyword, one-liner, abstract, and digest do not constitute part of the law or proof or indicia of legislative intent. [R.S. 1:13(B) and 24:177(E)] Hill HB No. 1354 Abstract: Provides for licensure for any person selling, trading, or propagating certain nonindigenous or poisonous snakes or constrictors. Present law requires any person buying or handling for resale or any person transporting any native reptile or amphibian is required to have a reptile and amphibian wholesale/retail dealer's license at a cost of $105 for a resident and $405 for a nonresident. Proposed law expands present law to require licensure of any person buying or handling for resale or propagation of any live species of poisonous snake or constrictor. Proposed law defines constrictor to include Apodora papuana (Papuan python), Liasis olivacea, (Olive python), Morelia spilota (Carpet or Diamond python), Morelia kinghorni (Scrub python), Morelia amethystine (Amethystine python), Python natalensis (Southern African python), Python sebae (African Rock python), Python molurus (Indian or Burmese python), Python reticulatus (Reticulate python), any species of the genus Boa (Boa constrictors), and any species of the genus Eunectes (Anacondas), and venomous snakes to include the Families Viperidae (Pitvipers and Vipers), Elapidae (Cobras and Mambas), Hydrophiidae (Sea Snakes), Atractaspididae (Mole Vipers), as well as the genera Dispholidus, Thelotornis, and Rhabdophis of the Family Colubridae. Proposed law provides that constrictors in excess of six feet and venomous snakes may only be kept by permit from the Dept.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigations Into the Presence of Nidoviruses in Pythons Silvia Blahak1, Maria Jenckel2,3, Dirk Höper2, Martin Beer2, Bernd Hoffmann2 and Kore Schlottau2*
    Blahak et al. Virology Journal (2020) 17:6 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-020-1279-5 RESEARCH Open Access Investigations into the presence of nidoviruses in pythons Silvia Blahak1, Maria Jenckel2,3, Dirk Höper2, Martin Beer2, Bernd Hoffmann2 and Kore Schlottau2* Abstract Background: Pneumonia and stomatitis represent severe and often fatal diseases in different captive snakes. Apart from bacterial infections, paramyxo-, adeno-, reo- and arenaviruses cause these diseases. In 2014, new viruses emerged as the cause of pneumonia in pythons. In a few publications, nidoviruses have been reported in association with pneumonia in ball pythons and a tiger python. The viruses were found using new sequencing methods from the organ tissue of dead animals. Methods: Severe pneumonia and stomatitis resulted in a high mortality rate in a captive breeding collection of green tree pythons. Unbiased deep sequencing lead to the detection of nidoviral sequences. A developed RT-qPCR was used to confirm the metagenome results and to determine the importance of this virus. A total of 1554 different boid snakes, including animals suffering from respiratory diseases as well as healthy controls, were screened for nidoviruses. Furthermore, in addition to two full-length sequences, partial sequences were generated from different snake species. Results: The assembled full-length snake nidovirus genomes share only an overall genome sequence identity of less than 66.9% to other published snake nidoviruses and new partial sequences vary between 99.89 and 79.4%. Highest viral loads were detected in lung samples. The snake nidovirus was not only present in diseased animals, but also in snakes showing no typical clinical signs.
    [Show full text]
  • A Taxonomic Framework for Typhlopid Snakes from the Caribbean and Other Regions (Reptilia, Squamata)
    caribbean herpetology article A taxonomic framework for typhlopid snakes from the Caribbean and other regions (Reptilia, Squamata) S. Blair Hedges1,*, Angela B. Marion1, Kelly M. Lipp1,2, Julie Marin3,4, and Nicolas Vidal3 1Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-5301, USA. 2Current address: School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA. 3Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7138, C.P. 26, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris cedex 05, France. 4Current address: Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-5301 USA. *Corresponding author ([email protected]) Article registration: http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:47191405-862B-4FB6-8A28-29AB7E25FBDD Edited by: Robert W. Henderson. Date of publication: 17 January 2014. Citation: Hedges SB, Marion AB, Lipp KM, Marin J, Vidal N. 2014. A taxonomic framework for typhlopid snakes from the Caribbean and other regions (Reptilia, Squamata). Caribbean Herpetology 49:1–61. Abstract The evolutionary history and taxonomy of worm-like snakes (scolecophidians) continues to be refined as new molec- ular data are gathered and analyzed. Here we present additional evidence on the phylogeny of these snakes, from morphological data and 489 new DNA sequences, and propose a new taxonomic framework for the family Typhlopi- dae. Of 257 named species of typhlopid snakes, 92 are now placed in molecular phylogenies along with 60 addition- al species yet to be described. Afrotyphlopinae subfam. nov. is distributed almost exclusively in sub-Saharan Africa and contains three genera: Afrotyphlops, Letheobia, and Rhinotyphlops. Asiatyphlopinae subfam. nov. is distributed in Asia, Australasia, and islands of the western and southern Pacific, and includes ten genera:Acutotyphlops, Anilios, Asiatyphlops gen.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspidites Melanocephalus) in the Wild
    Northern Territory Naturalist (2019) 29: 37-39 Short Note An observation of excavating behaviour by a Black-headed Python (Aspidites melanocephalus) in the wild Gerry Swan1 and Christy Harvey2 12 Acron Road, St Ives, NSW 2075, Australia Email: [email protected] 216 Fleetwood Cres, Frankston South, VIC 3199, Australia Abstract The Black-headed Python (Aspidites melanocephalus) and the Woma (Aspidites ramsayi) have both been reported as carrying out burrowing or excavating behaviour. These reports have been based mainly on observations of captive individuals, with the only observations of specimens in the wild being those of Bruton (2013) on Womas. Here we report on a Black-headed Python scooping out sand with its head and fore-body to create a depression in the wild. The pythonid genus Aspidites has been reported as exhibiting burrowing behaviour (Ross & Marzec 1990; Ehmann 1993; Barker & Barker 1994), based mainly on the report by Murphy, Lamoreaux & Barker (1981) that four captive Black-headed Pythons (A. melanocephalus) excavated gravel by using their head and neck to scoop loose material and create a cavity. O’Brien & Naylor (1987) reported that a young specimen that had been recently removed from the wild and was being held pending release, was observed digging beneath rocks and logs, ultimately creating a cavity in which it concealed itself. Fyfe & Harvey (1981) recorded similar behaviour by six captive Womas (Aspidites ramsayi). The floor of the vivaria in which they were housed was covered with 5–15 cm of sand and the pythons scooped this out in large quantities until they reached the base of the vivarium.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation of Amphibians and Reptiles in Indonesia: Issues and Problems
    Copyright: © 2006 Iskandar and Erdelen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and repro- Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 4(1):60-87. duction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016 (2329KB PDF) The authors are responsible for the facts presented in this article and for the opinions expressed there- in, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organisation. The authors note that important literature which could not be incorporated into the text has been published follow- ing the drafting of this article. Conservation of amphibians and reptiles in Indonesia: issues and problems DJOKO T. ISKANDAR1 * AND WALTER R. ERDELEN2 1School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, 10, Jalan Ganesa, Bandung 40132 INDONESIA 2Assistant Director-General for Natural Sciences, UNESCO, 1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, FRANCE Abstract.—Indonesia is an archipelagic nation comprising some 17,000 islands of varying sizes and geologi- cal origins, as well as marked differences in composition of their floras and faunas. Indonesia is considered one of the megadiversity centers, both in terms of species numbers as well as endemism. According to the Biodiversity Action Plan for Indonesia, 16% of all amphibian and reptile species occur in Indonesia, a total of over 1,100 species. New research activities, launched in the last few years, indicate that these figures may be significantly higher than generally assumed. Indonesia is suspected to host the worldwide highest numbers of amphibian and reptiles species.
    [Show full text]