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Chances for Biomass

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Chances for Biomass Chances for biomass Integrated valorisation of biomass resources Hilke Bos-Brouwers (FBR), Ben Langelaan (FBR), Johan Sanders (BCH), Final version Michiel van Dijk (LEI) en Ad van Vuuren (ASG) December 2012 DATE Chances for biomass December 20th, 2012 AUTHORS Hilke Bos-Brouwers (FBR) Integrated valorisation of biomass resources Ben Langelaan (FBR) Johan Sanders (BCH) Michiel van Dijk (LEI) Ad van Vuuren (ASG) VERSION 1.0 STATUS Final version Project code: BO-08-016-001 Project code: BO-08-016-001 Wageningen UR (WageningenUniversity, Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences and various research institutes) is specialised in the domain of healthy food and living environment. Table of contents 1 Kansen voor biomassa – integratede verwaarding (Samenvatting) 5 2 Integrated valorisation of biomass Management summary 12 3 Preface 19 4 Introduction 21 5 Integrated vision on valorisation of biomass resources 24 5.1 Introducing the four biomass application domains 26 5.2 Context for developments in the Biobased Economy 28 5.3 Overview of trends and domain challenges 30 5.3.1 Domain Food 31 5.3.2 Domain Feed 33 5.3.3 Domain Functional Materials 34 5.3.4 Domain Fuels 35 5.4 Outline for integrated valorisation of biomass resources 37 6 Business perspectives on biomass valorisation 39 6.1 Methodology 39 6.2 Bottlenecks & solution pathways in practice 39 6.2.1 Scope boundaries and origin of biomass resources 40 6.2.2 Future developments – Short term 40 6.2.3 Future developments – Long term 49 6.2.4 Redesign of main production processes 52 6.2.5 Wider developments in the Biobased Economy 53 6.2.6 Concluding remarks 55 7 Inspiration in practice – example cases 56 7.1 Damaged carrots 57 7.2 Grass from natural land and road verges 57 7.3 Low protein content residues 58 7.4 Wheat middling 59 7.5 Brewer and distiller grains 60 7.6 Sugar beet & beet foliage 61 7.7 Cultivated grass 62 7.8 Potato protamylasse 63 7.9 Maize protein 63 7.10 Rapeseed meal 64 7.11 Microalgae 65 7.12 Concluding remarks 67 8 From business perspective towards business plan 68 8.1 Biomass value chains and innovation opportunities 68 8.1.1 Case: Brewers’ & distillers’ grains 69 8.1.2 Case: Cultivated /natural Grass 71 8.2 Business plan approach: insights on opportunities 75 8.3 Analysis of major issues 77 8.4 Concluding remarks 79 3 9 Potential impact of large scale diffusion of new valorisation processes 82 9.1 Biomass availability and impact in the Netherlands 82 9.2 Quantification of the case studies 84 9.2.1 Biomass availability 84 9.2.2 Potential economic and environmental impact 86 9.3 Concluding remarks 87 10 Roadmap towards integrated valorisation of biomass resources 89 10.1 Roadmap as methodology 90 10.2 Connections to other Roadmaps 91 10.3 The roadmap 92 11 General conclusions and recommendations 103 11.1 General recommendations 105 11.2 Recommendations for business 107 11.3 Recommendations for research agendas 108 11.4 Recommendations for government 109 11.5 Concluding remarks 111 12 References 112 Annex 1 – Abbreviations list 117 Annex 2 – Ambitions and objectives BBE 118 Annex 3 – Overview of Experts 119 Annex 4 - List of workshop participants 120 Annex 5 - Flow charts of brewer & distiller grains case 121 Annex 6 - Flow charts of cultivated grass case 123 Annex 7 – Minutes of Workshop Urban Organic Waste Flows 125 Annex 8 - Additional information on quantification of the cases 129 4 1 Kansen voor biomassa – integrale verwaarding (Samenvatting) Biomassa wordt de komende decennia naar verwachting steeds belangrijker om in maatschappelijke behoeften aan materialen, brandstoffen, voedsel en diervoeder te voorzien. Oorzaken zijn de groeiende wereldbevolking, veranderende consumptiepatronen, toenemende welvaart en een niet-duurzaam gebruik van fossiele brandstoffen. Deze studie bevat een routekaart om te komen tot een productiever en efficiënter gebruik van grondstoffen, waarbij de negatieve gevolgen voor het milieu tegelijkertijd worden beperkt. Hierbij wordt uitgegaan van het bereiken van ‘2x meer met 2x minder’, als basis voor de onderliggende visie van de routekaart. Cruciaal in deze visie is integrale verwaarding: biomassa is dan in alle toepassingsdomeinen van waarde: voedsel, diervoeder, functionele materialen en brandstoffen.1 De visie in ‘2x meer met 2x minder’ is ambitieus. Om de verschuiving naar een biobased economy mogelijk te maken, moeten we de verbondenheid tussen de verschillende toepassingen van biomassa beter begrijpen en op basis daarvan een integrale aanpak ontwikkelen. De uitdaging voor de betrokken partijen (overheden, bedrijven en onderzoeksinstellingen) is groot, want zij moeten door nieuwe vormen van samenwerking en betrokkenheid de weg effenen voor deze integrale aanpak. De routekaart in deze studie biedt een stimulans om biomassagrondstoffen stap-voor-stap integraal te valoriseren. De kaart beschrijft tussenstadia met aanknopingspunten die betrokken partijen kunnen benutten en barrières die zij moeten overwinnen voor de overgang naar een nieuw stadium. Deze barrières geven ook ontwikkelpunten voor de betrokken partijen weer. Denk aan het stimuleren van domein overstijgende samenwerkingsverbanden, het ontwikkelen van nieuwe kennis en het toepassen en uitbouwen van technologieën. De routekaart is gebaseerd op inzichten uit: - literatuuronderzoek (wetenschappelijk onderzoek en bestaande routekaarten); - interactie met bedrijfsleven; - inspirerende voorbeelden van innovatieve integrale benaderingen in de praktijk om biomassa te benutten, met speciale aandacht voor bijproducten en reststromen. Waardenpiramide: een handvat om de meest hoogwaardige toepassing te benutten. Het eerste uitgangspunt op weg naar integrale valorisatie vormt de hiërarchie van waarden voor biomassatoepassingen. Deze waardenpiramide wordt gebruikt als beslismodel op basis van cascadering: hoogwaardige toepassingen krijgen prioriteit, waarna de stap naar laagwaardiger toepassingen volgt. De volgorde van biomassatoepassingen is als volgt: 1. food: toepassingen voor menselijke consumptie; 2. feed: toepassingen voor diervoeder; 3. functional materials: toepassingen voor materialen en producten (bijvoorbeeld papier, biologisch afbreekbare verpakkingen, bouwmaterialen en basischemicaliën); 4. fuels: toepassingen voor brandstoffen. Binnen de vier genoemde toepassingsdomeinen bestaan al vaste routines. Zo is gras bestemd voor de koe, paprika voor de mens en koolzaad voor biodiesel. Veel bulkgoederen kennen op dit moment al een relatief efficiënte structuur om biomassa om te zetten in toepassing. Het doel van deze studie is, voor vernieuwing te zorgen door de keten ‘van akker tot toepassing’ her in te richten. De focus richt zich daarbij ook op componentniveau (de bouwstenen van een gewas of dier), zoals koolhydraten, vetten, oliën, eiwitten, aminozuren en vezels. Deze vernieuwing is mogelijk door het beslismodel van cascadering te hanteren. Want daardoor kunnen (delen van) gewassen en dieren die nu nog niet of nauwelijks voor consumptie worden aangewend (denk bijvoorbeeld aan gras, insecten, micro-algen en loof van bieten), worden ingezet boven in de waardenpiramide. Deze componenten kunnen daardoor efficiënt worden gebruikt. Hierbij is het wel van belang dat er geen transport en concentratie meer nodig is van componenten die niet verder laagwaardig kunnen worden toegepast. Dit is mogelijk door er bijvoorbeeld voor te zorgen dat diervoeder geen componenten bevat die het dier niet kan omzetten in energie of massa of die niet bijdragen aan zijn gezondheid. Voorwaarde is wel dat een focus op 1Toepassingen zoals farmaceutische producten, chemicaliën, meststoffen en energie zijn in deze studie als subcategorieën geschaard onder de vier hoofddomeinen: voedsel, diervoeder, functionele materialen en brandstoffen. 5 laagwaardige toepassingen binnen technologische en beleidsprocessen geen belemmering vormt voor hoogwaardige toepassingen. Een voorbeeld is biet- of rietsuiker dat wordt toegepast als grondstof voor bio-ethanol in plaats van consumptiesuiker. Technologieën en beleid moeten worden ingezet om de beschikbaarheid te kunnen garanderen van hoogwaardige toepassingen die economisch efficiënt én grondstofefficiënt zijn. Het tweede uitgangspunt op weg naar integrale valorisatie is dat er parallelle aandacht moet zijn voor korte- en lange termijnontwikkelingen. Op korte termijn zorgen efficiëntere processen voor een betere valorisatie van biomassa. Denk aan een lager energie- en watergebruik en teruggewonnen materialen. Op lange termijn is de verwachting dat nieuwe technologieën en heringerichte productieketens tot grote verbeteringen leiden. Deze innovaties zijn radicaler van aard en vergen daarom een langere aanloopperiode. Ze moeten nu al worden ingezet om de fundamentele basis van kennis en technologie te kunnen leggen die nodig is voor vervolgstappen op weg naar het eindstadium van integrale valorisatie. De verwachting is dat vooral de kennisgebieden rondom het scheiden en converteren van biomassa naar waardevolle ingrediënten een belangrijke rol gaan spelen. Expliciet gaat het hier om innovaties op het gebied van fractioneren, katalyseprocessen, fermentatie, en (her-)structureringsprocessen, waaronder vernieuwende milde conserveringstechnieken die energiezuiniger en waterbesparend zijn. Het gaat daarbij om toepassing op een brede schaal van producten. Niet alleen technologische aspecten zijn cruciaal om duurzame ontwikkelingen te kunnen implementeren. Nieuwe verbanden in de waardeketen, waaronder die tussen de verschillende toepassingsdomeinen, zijn minstens even
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