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Bioactive Compounds from Marine Sponges: Fundamentals and Applications

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Bioactive Compounds from Marine Sponges: Fundamentals and Applications marine drugs Review Bioactive Compounds from Marine Sponges: Fundamentals and Applications Disha Varijakzhan 1, Jiun-Yan Loh 2, Wai-Sum Yap 2, Khatijah Yusoff 3, Rabiha Seboussi 4, Swee-Hua Erin Lim 5, Kok-Song Lai 5,* and Chou-Min Chong 1,6,* 1 Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; [email protected] (J.-Y.L.); [email protected] (W.-S.Y.) 3 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; [email protected] 4 Health Sciences Division, Al Ain Men’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Al Ain 17155, United Arab Emirates; [email protected] 5 Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; [email protected] 6 Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia * Correspondence: [email protected] (K.-S.L.); [email protected] (C.-M.C.) Abstract: Marine sponges are sessile invertebrates that can be found in temperate, polar and tropical regions. They are known to be major contributors of bioactive compounds, which are discovered in and extracted from the marine environment. The compounds extracted from these sponges are known to exhibit various bioactivities, such as antimicrobial, antitumor and general cytotoxicity. For example, Citation: Varijakzhan, D.; Loh, J.-Y.; various compounds isolated from Theonella swinhoei have showcased various bioactivities, such as Yap, W.-S.; Yusoff, K.; Seboussi, R.; those that are antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal. In this review, we discuss bioactive compounds Lim, S.-H.E.; Lai, K.-S.; Chong, C.-M. Bioactive Compounds from Marine that have been identified from marine sponges that showcase the ability to act as antibacterial, Sponges: Fundamentals and antiviral, anti-malarial and antifungal agents against human pathogens and fish pathogens in the Applications. Mar. Drugs 2021, 19, aquaculture industry. Moreover, the application of such compounds as antimicrobial agents in other 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ veterinary commodities, such as poultry, cattle farming and domesticated cats, is discussed, along md19050246 with a brief discussion regarding the mode of action of these compounds on the targeted sites in various pathogens. The bioactivity of the compounds discussed in this review is focused mainly on Academic Editor: Vida Šimat compounds that have been identified between 2000 and 2020 and includes the novel compounds discovered from 2018 to 2021. Received: 29 March 2021 Accepted: 22 April 2021 Keywords: marine sponge; bioactive compounds; microbial symbionts; antimicrobial activity; aqua- Published: 27 April 2021 culture; quorum quenching Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- 1. Introduction iations. The open oceans and deep seas cover about 70% of the earth’s surface and are a natural habitat to approximately 80% of the world’s plant and animal species [1,2]. The ocean is known to accommodate various living organisms, ranging from prokaryotic bacteria and marine invertebrates to multicellular complex organisms such as sharks and Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. whales [3]. Despite the extreme conditions of the marine environment, the accessibility of Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article new compounds from marine organisms from the various depths of the sea is now possible distributed under the terms and due to the advancement in technologies such as scuba diving equipment, remotely operated conditions of the Creative Commons vehicles, closed-circuit computerized mixed gas rebreathers and manned submersibles [4,5]. Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// More than 5000 novel natural products have been extracted from marine organisms living creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ in these extreme environments, having a wide thermal range from freezing temperatures 4.0/). Mar. Drugs 2021, 19, 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19050246 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Mar. Drugs 2021, 19, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 38 Mar. Drugs 2021, 19, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 38 Mar. Drugs 2021, 19, 246 2 of 38 pressures ranging from 1 to 1000 atm, varying nutrient ranges and photic and non-photic pressures ranging from 1 to 1000 atm, varying nutrient ranges and photic and non-photic zones [6,7]. ◦ tozones as high [6,7]. as 350 C in deep hydrothermal vents, pressures ranging from 1 to 1000 atm, Research involving natural compounds from marine organisms began in the 1950s varyingResear nutrientch involving ranges and natural photic compounds and non-photic from zonesmarine [6 ,organisms7]. began in the 1950s with Bergmann and coworkers’ discovery of the compounds spongothymidine and withResearch Bergmann involving and coworkers natural compounds’ discovery fromof the marine compounds organisms spongothymidine began in the 1950s and spongouridine (Figure 1,) extracted from the Caribbean sponge Tectitethya crypta (de withspongouridine Bergmann and(Figure coworkers’ 1,) extracted discovery from of the the compoundsCaribbean sponge spongothymidine Tectitethya andcrypta spon- (de Laubenfels,gouridine (Figure 1949) 1[),4]. extracted In the past from few the Caribbeanyears, several sponge marineTectitethya taxa,crypta such (deas Laubenfels,sea slugs, Laubenfels, 1949) [4]. In the past few years, several marine taxa, such as sea slugs, sponges1949) [4 ].and In soft the pastcorals few, have years, been several a major marine source taxa, of novel such asnatural sea slugs, bioactive sponges compounds and soft sponges and soft corals, have been a major source of novel natural bioactive compounds [8corals,–10]. From have beenthe initial a major stage source of natural of novel product natural bioactivemarine research compounds to the [8 –current10]. From trend the ini-of [8–10]. From the initial stage of natural product marine research to the current trend of drugtial stage discovery, of natural most product of the marine natural research compounds to the currentthat have trend been of drug discovered discovery, are most from of drug discovery, most of the natural compounds that have been discovered are from marinethe natural invertebrates compounds, thatespecially have been marine discovered sponges, are fromwith marine hundreds invertebrates, of compounds especially marine invertebrates, especially marine sponges, with hundreds of compounds discoveredmarine sponges, yearly withfrom hundreds this source of [ compounds3,11]. Figure discovered 2 below showcases yearly from the this data source that were [3,11]. discovered yearly from this source [3,11]. Figure 2 below showcases the data that were retrievedFigure2 below from lens.org showcases usin theg datakeywords that were “marine retrieved sponge from” https://www.lens.org/and “bioactive compounds using”, retrieved from lens.org using keywords “marine sponge” and “bioactive compounds”, illustratingkeywords the “marine publication sponge” of scholarly and “bioactive works compounds”, regarding the illustratingdiscovery of the marine publication sponge of– illustrating the publication of scholarly works regarding the discovery of marine sponge– derivedscholarly compounds works regarding and their the discoveryapplication of in marine the form sponge–derived of books, book compounds chapters, and journal their derived compounds and their application in the form of books, book chapters, journal articles,application conference in the formproceedings of books,, dissertation book chapters,s and journal patents. articles, A sponge conference is an invertebrate, proceedings, articles, conference proceedings, dissertations and patents. A sponge is an invertebrate, sessiledissertations organism and that patents. can be A widely sponge found is an invertebrate,in temperate, sessile tropical organism and polar that habitats can be [ widely4,12]. sessile organism that can be widely found in temperate, tropical and polar habitats [4,12]. Marinefound insponges temperate, belong tropical to the and phylum polar Porifera habitats, [and4,12 ].there Marine are more sponges than belong 8000 tospecies the phy- of Marine sponges belong to the phylum Porifera, and there are more than 8000 species of spongeslum Porifera, that have and been there discovered are more than so far 8000 [11 species]. of sponges that have been discovered sosponges far [11 ].that have been discovered so far [11]. (a) (b) (a) (b) Figure 1. Chemical structures of (a) spongouridine and (b) spongothymidine [13]. FigureFigure 1.1. ChemicalChemical structuresstructures ofof ((aa)) spongouridinespongouridine andand ((bb)) spongothymidinespongothymidine [[1313].]. Figure 2. Publication of scholarly works (books, book chapters, journal articles, conference FigureFigure 2.2. Publication of scholarly works (books, book chapters, journal articles, conference proceedingsPublication, dissertation ofs) scholarly and patents works that (books, reported book the chapters,discovery journal and/or articles,applications conference of marine pro- proceedings, dissertations) and patents that reported the discovery and/or applications of marine spongeceedings,–derived dissertations) bioactive andcompounds patents thatretrieved reported from the lens.org
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