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STRATEGIES for RIPARIAN RESTORATION in the COLORADO RIVER DELTA by Osvel Mario Hinojosa Huerta

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STRATEGIES for RIPARIAN RESTORATION in the COLORADO RIVER DELTA by Osvel Mario Hinojosa Huerta Birds, Water, and Saltcedar: Strategies for Riparian Restoration in the Colorado River Delta Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Hinojosa-Huerta, Osvel Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 15:12:46 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/196071 BIRDS, WATER, AND SALTCEDAR: STRATEGIES FOR RIPARIAN RESTORATION IN THE COLORADO RIVER DELTA by Osvel Mario Hinojosa Huerta ________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF NATURAL RESOURCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN WILDLIFE AND FISHERIES SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2 0 0 6 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Osvel Hinojosa-Huerta entitled Birds, water, and saltcedar: strategies for riparian restoration in the Colorado River delta and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 7, 2006 Dr. William W. Shaw _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 7, 2006 Dr. William Mannan _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 7, 2006 Dr. Courtney Conway _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 7, 2006 Dr. Edward Glenn _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 7, 2006 Dr. Kevin Fitzsimmons Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: April 7, 2006 Dissertation Director: Dr. William Shaw 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Request for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interest of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Osvel Mario Hinojosa Huerta 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank Yamilett Carrillo-Guerrero for sharing this experience with me, Carlos Valdés-Casillas and Edward Glenn for introducing me into the Colorado River delta, and Bill Shaw for teaching and guiding me through my studies. My dissertation was greatly improved by the efforts and dedication of my Committee: Courtney Conway, Kevin Fitzsimmons, and Bill Mannan. The bright ideas from Alberto Macías help me in the analysis and interpretation of my results. Thank you very much. My special gratitude to José Juan Butrón Rodríguez, Juan Butrón Méndez, Magdalena Rodríguez, Martha Román, José Campoy, Mónica González, Onésimo González, Miriam Lara, Javier Mosqueda, and Don Jesús Mosqueda for their hospitality and continuous help. Alejandra Calvo-Fonseca, Jaqueline García-Hernández, Helena Iturribarría-Rojas, Damian Lester, Didio Martínez, Victor Ortega, Juan José Rivera-Díaz, Gerardo Sánchez- Bon, Pablo Valle, Michael Vamstad, Enrique Zamora, and José Alberto Zepeda have been very brave and generous to participate in the study and conservation of the Colorado River delta, many thanks. This work has been possible thanks to the wonderful help of Raquel Castro, Elena Chavarría, and Meredith de la Garza (Pronatura Noroeste-Sonora), Francisco Zamora (Sonoran Institute), Sacha Heath, Chris McCreedy, and Roy Churchwell (Point Reyes Bird Observatory), Robert Mesta, Carol Beardmore, and Jenny Dubberstein (Sonoran Joint Venture), and the support from CONACyT, the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the Wallace Research Foundation and the Division of Bird Habitat Conservation of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Several persons have provided me with inspiration and encouragement to get involved in the conservation of birds and the Colorado River delta: Richard Felger, David Krueper, Steve Hopp, Rickard Erickson, Kathy Molina, Kimball Garrett, Steve DeStephano, Jennifer Pitt, Eduardo Palacios, and Pamela Nagler. Thank you! 5 DEDICATION Para Yamilett Para mis papás: Osvel y María Teresa Para mis hermanas: Tania y Daniela Para mis cuñados: Pepe y Alejandro Para mis sobrinos: José Manuel, Alejandro y Angela 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……..……………………………….………...……………………...………7 INTRODUCTION…………..……………………..………..……………………….....…9 THE PRESENT STUDY…………………………..………..……………………….…..15 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………..…………21 APPENDIX A: HOVERING OVER THE ALTO GOLFO: STATUS AND CONSERVATION OF BIRDS FROM THE RÍO COLORADO TO THE GRAN DESIERTO………………………………...……...29 APPENDIX B: DENSITIES, SPECIES RICHNESS AND HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS OF THE AVIAN COMMUNITY IN THE COLORADO RIVER, MEXICO……………………………………………………….119 APPENDIX C: EFFECT OF VEGETATION TYPE AND SURFACE WATER ON RIPARIAN AVIAN COMMUNITIES ……………………………….....165 APPENDIX D: STRATEGIES FOR THE CONSERVATION OF BIRDS IN THE COLORADO RIVER DELTA, MEXICO ……………...………..…..222 7 ABSTRACT I evaluated the spatial and temporal patterns of the avian communities in the Colorado River delta, Mexico, and their relationship with vegetation type and surface water. I also developed plausible conservation and restoration guidelines for riparian areas and native birds in the region. The study included monthly point counts at 30 transects (240 points) from May 2002 to July 2003, breeding counts at 175 sites (3 times per year) during 2002 and 2003, and habitat measurements at the survey points. The most common species were Mourning Doves, Red-winged Blackbirds, and Brown- headed Cowbirds, but another 64 species were commonly found, including Verdins, Song Sparrows, Yellow-breasted Chats and Abert’s Towhees. Surface water was the most important habitat feature related to avian richness and density regardless of vegetation type or land cover (P < 0.005). During summer, species richness was explained by variations in water and the cover of cottonwoods (r2 = 0.56, P < 0.001), and the variation in bird densities was explained by variations in water and the cover of willows (r2 = 0.35, P = 0.003). When comparing native versus saltcedar dominated sites, both with the presence (wet) or absence (dry) of surface water, the diversity of birds was more influenced by the presence of water than by vegetation type. Bird abundance was more influenced by vegetation type, but water also had an important effect, as wet sites had higher bird abundance than dry sites with the same vegetation type, and saltcedar wet areas had similar avian abundance to native dry sites. On all cases, the presence of water was an important factor 8 determining the ecological value, in terms of avian richness, abundance, and diversity, of both native riparian and saltcedar areas. Saltcedar areas with surface water had avian characteristics similar to native riparian sites. The dedication of instream flows and pulse floods, the maintenance of vegetation cover and structural diversity, and an increase of older riparian stands will secure the viability of existing bird populations and will increase the probability of recovery of the species that are still extirpated from the floodplain of the Colorado River in Mexico. 9 INTRODUCTION The recovery of ecosystem functions in riparian areas has become one of the major conservation goals throughout North America (Rich et al. 2003). In western North America, about 95% of riparian areas have been destroyed, altered, or degraded by human activities (Ohmart 1994). Yet, these riparian ecosystems maintain the highest numbers of bird species and densities in the region (Knopf et al. 1988, Rosenberg et al. 1991), providing critical breeding grounds, wintering and stopover areas and migratory corridors (Ohmart and Anderson 1986, Knopf and Samson 1994, Skagen et al. 2005). Thus, the resulting cumulative effect of habitat loss in riparian areas through the life cycle of birds has become one of the most important causes for land bird population declines in western North America (DeSante and George 1994, Hutto 2000, Norris et al. 2004). At least 30 riparian dependant bird species have experienced these declines over the last 50 years. Declining species include not only riparian specialists, like Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) and Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus), but also some generalists, like Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) and Gila Woodpecker (Melanerpes uropygialis; DeSante and George 1994, Ballard et al. 2003). The increasing dominance of saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima), an exotic and invasive
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