DOCSLIB.ORG

Hate Speech Versus Free Speech on College Campuses: Exploring the Viability of a Constitutional and Sustainable Campus Speech Code

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hate Speech Versus Free Speech on College Campuses: Exploring the Viability of a Constitutional and Sustainable Campus Speech Code Running Head: CAMPUS SPEECH CODES Hate Speech versus Free Speech on College Campuses: Exploring the Viability of a Constitutional and Sustainable Campus Speech Code Michelle Epstein Garland Doctoral Student/Graduate Teaching Associate College of Communication and Information University of Tennessee [email protected] Campus Speech Codes 2 Hate Speech versus Free Speech on College Campuses: Exploring the Viability of a Constitutional and Sustainable Campus Speech Code Abstract This article explored the viability of a Constitutional and sustainable campus speech code. Specifically, this article used the website and rating system of the organization Freedom for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE) as the source for the pilot analysis. Southeastern Conference and Pacific 10 Conference universities were chosen as the sample, and both the overall university and individual codes were examined for violations of free speech. For the purpose of this article, codes that were found to have no violations were presented. This article found that based on the chosen sample, no Constitutional and sustainable campus speech code is currently viable. However, analysis of a broader sample is recommended. Keywords: campus speech codes, hate speech, free speech Campus Speech Codes 3 Hate Speech versus Free Speech on College Campuses: Exploring the Viability of a Constitutional and Sustainable Campus Speech Code I. INTRODUCTION Throughout history racial and ethnic slurs have ignited a fire in man so deep that lives have been lost. Hate speech is an old phenomenon, but since the 1980’s, hate speech regulation on university campuses has caused much debate for students, faculty, staff, administrators, and lawmakers, and judges. Incidents from universities around the country have led administrators to take action. One such incident occurred at the University of Southern California in 2005. “At an Alpha Epsilon Pi party with the theme Once Upon a Time in Mexico, the fraternity set up a makeshift replica of the U.S.-Mexico border, with barbed wire looped around the top of a rented six foot fence. Next to the fence was a flashing red light and a cardboard sign that read ‘Welcome to Mexico.” 1 According to a 2011 article in the Knoxville News Sentinel, in 2010, at the University of Tennessee, when more than a hundred prospective students walked across the street near the Black Cultural Center last February, Ja'Nay Bryant was giving a tour to encourage the high school students to become Volunteers. The university recruiting organization bused the students to Knoxville from around the state in order to offer them a campus visit that they might not have had otherwise. Luckily, Bryant said, most of the visitors didn't notice the bananas hurled in their direction. But she and other students leading the tour did. 2 While advocates for hate speech regulations assert that equality matters most, critics— including the courts—conclude that freedom of speech trumps equality. Hate speech regulations, or codes, repeatedly have been written, tried, and then rejected or diluted by court challenges. 1 Stop the Hate: Fraternity and Sorority Action Guide, 2006. Retrieved from April 18, 2011 from www.stophate.org. 2 Meghan Boehnke, (January 17, 2011), UT takes a look at diversity: Panel pushes awareness initiatives after episode of racial intolerance . Retrieved April 18, 2011 from www.knoxnews.com. Campus Speech Codes 4 While civility is a key value, risks of impairing constitutionally protected expressive freedoms seem to weigh more heavily in judicial scales. So what is a speech regulation, or speech code? According to the Freedom for Individual Rights in Education organization, a speech code is “any university regulation or policy that prohibits expression that would be protected by the First Amendment in society at large.” This article seeks to provide a historical overview of struggles to create and enforce—and to justify—hate speech codes at Southeastern Conference and Pacific Ten universities. First, efforts to define hate speech will be discussed. Then, key court decisions striking down or severely limiting campus speech codes are examined as a framework for a content analysis of SEC and PAC-10 speech codes. As universities attempt to regulate hate speech through speech codes, the issue of defining hate speech arises for without a clear definition of hate speech, what are speech codes actually regulating. According to Paul McMasters, First Amendment ombudsman, “hate speech is that which offends, threatens, or insults groups based on race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or a number of other traits.” 3 According to Scott Rubin, head of global communications and public affairs for Google and YouTube, hate speech is that which “attacks or demeans a group based on race or ethnic origin, religion, disability, gender, age, veteran status and sexual orientation or gender identity." 4 While the definitions are similar in identifying the targets, that is as far as the similarity goes. Some feel that hate speech is content based. Others believe it can be identified by intent. Still others believe hate speech is centered upon the core meaning behind the message. This variety, if nothing else, should be a hint at just how complicated the debate on hate speech codes really is. 3 Retrieved April 3, 2011 from www.firstamendmentcenter.org. 4 Theresa Howard, (October 1, 2009), Online hate speech: It’s difficult to police; It also can be difficult to agree on a definition, USA Today , Life, 4D. Campus Speech Codes 5 According to Shiell, in his 2009 book Campus Hate Speech on Trial , “the debate between the two sides…hit the public eye in a big way from 1989-1992 as literally hundreds of articles appeared in national and local newspapers and magazines, academic newsletters and journals, publications of professional organizations, law reviews, alumni newsletters, and other places.” 5 This exploratory study examines both sides of the debate looking at case studies and court rulings that have impacted the history of this debate. To this point, no campus speech code has been upheld in court. After a brief historical overview, a qualitative analysis of speech regulations of SEC and Pac 10 schools will follow. The goal of this exploratory study is to create a “how to” for campus administrators to develop a constitutional and sustainable speech code. II. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Speech Regulations In Doe v. University of Michigan 6, “a federal court struck down the university’s code when an unidentified graduate student in psychology, represented by the ACLU, argued that the code violated his First Amendment right to discuss in the classroom controversial theories positing biologically based differences between sexes and races.”7 The courts ruled the code unconstitutional for a variety of reasons. The ruling identified the distinction between speech and conduct, the latter of which is open to regulation based on fighting words 8 and incitement.9 After identifying the underlying issue, the court addressed the ruling of the code 5 Timothy C. Shiell, Campus Hate Speech on Trial , Second Edition, Revised (University Press of Kansas, 2009), 5. 6 See Doe v. University of Michigan, 721 F. Supp. 852 (E.D. Mich. 1989). 7 Timothy C. Shiell, Campus Hate Speech on Trial , Second Edition, Revised (University Press of Kansas, 2009), 8. 8 See Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942). 9 See Gooding v. Wilson, 405 U.S. 518, 523 (1972). Campus Speech Codes 6 being vague and overbroad. 10 This case was the first to address the constitutionality of hate speech codes as this was the first code challenged by a student. The Wisconsin case soon followed. The University of Wisconsin code, written by several law professors, attempted to write a constitutional code, taking what was learned from the Doe v. University of Michigan case. In UWM Post v. Board of Regents of University of Wisconsin, the court ruled in a 5-2 decision that the code, though less broad than the previously mentioned case, was overbroad and vague. The issue of fighting words was revisited, but this ruling also rejected the hostile environment argument. 11 Similar rulings were made in R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul 12 , which did not address campus speech codes but speech codes in general, Dambrot v. Central Michigan University 13 , which addressed the constitutionality of regulating speech based on content, and Iota Xi Chapter v. George Mason University 14 , in which the university’s actions were deemed unconstitutional. In this case, the University did not have an explicit speech code and instead assigned consequences on a case-by-case basis. Corry v. Leland Stanford Junior University 15 was the first case to address the constitutionality of speech codes as private universities. It is important to note that private universities are not required to adhere to constitutional demands as public institutions. This code was the narrowest in scope, but with this ruling, the court left universities with the 10 Lee Ann Rabe, “Sticks and Stones: The First Amendment and campus speech codes,” John Marshall Law Review, 37(1), 2003, 205-227. 11 S. Douglas Murray, “The demise of campus speech codes,” Western State University Law Review, 24(2), 1997, 247-281. 12 See R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul , 505 U.S. 377 (1992). 13 See Dambrot v. Central Michigan University , 839 F. Supp. 477 (E.D. Mich. 1993). 14 See Iota Xi Chapter of Sigma Chi Fraternity v. George Mason University , 773 F. Supp. 792 (E.D. Va. 1991). 15 See Robert Corry et al. v. Leland Stanford Junior University , County of Santa Clara Superior Court, Case no. 740309, February 27, 1995. Campus Speech Codes 7 impression that no speech code would hold up in court. 16 In Silva v. University of New Hampshire 17 , the constitutionality of the university’s sexual harassment code specifically was questioned.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Contract Theory of Academic Freedom
    Saint Louis University Law Journal Volume 59 Number 2 Current Issues in Education Law Article 8 (Winter 2015) 2015 A Contract Theory of Academic Freedom Philip Lee University of the District of Columbia David A. Clarke School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.slu.edu/lj Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Philip Lee, A Contract Theory of Academic Freedom, 59 St. Louis U. L.J. (2015). Available at: https://scholarship.law.slu.edu/lj/vol59/iss2/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Saint Louis University Law Journal by an authorized editor of Scholarship Commons. For more information, please contact Susie Lee. SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW A CONTRACT THEORY OF ACADEMIC FREEDOM1 PHILIP LEE* INTRODUCTION Academic freedom is central to the core role of professors in a free society. Yet, current First Amendment protections exist to protect academic institutions, not the academics themselves. For example, in Urofsky v. Gilmore, six professors employed by various public colleges and universities in Virginia challenged a law restricting state employees from accessing sexually explicit material on computers owned or leased by the state.2 The professors claimed, in part, that such a restriction was in violation of their First Amendment academic freedom rights to conduct scholarly research.3 The Fourth Circuit upheld the law and noted that “to the extent the Constitution recognizes any right of ‘academic freedom’ above and beyond the First Amendment rights to which every citizen is entitled, the right inheres in the University, not in individual professors, and is not violated by the terms of the Act.”4 In other words, this particular court held that academic freedom protects the institution as a whole, but not the individual professors.
    [Show full text]
  • University Hate Speech Codes. Alexander Tsesis Loyola University School of Law, [email protected]
    Loyola University Chicago, School of Law LAW eCommons Faculty Publications & Other Works 2010 Burning Crosses on Campus: University Hate Speech Codes. Alexander Tsesis Loyola University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lawecommons.luc.edu/facpubs Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Tsesis, Alexander, Burning Crosses on Campus: University Hate Speech Codes, 43 Connecticut Law Review 617 (2010). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by LAW eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications & Other Works by an authorized administrator of LAW eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONNECTICUT LAW REVIEW VOLUME 43 DECEMBER 2010 NUMBER 2 Article Burning Crosses on Campus: University Hate Speech Codes ALEXANDER TSESIS Debates about the value and constitutionality of hate speech regulations on college campuses have deeply divided academics for over a decade. The Supreme Court's recent decision in Virginia v. Black, recognizing a state's power to criminalize intentionally intimidating cross burning at long last provides the key to resolving this heated dispute. The opponents of hate speech codes argue that such regulation guts our concept offree speech. One prominent scholar claims that this censorship would nullify the First Amendment and have "totalitarian implications." Another constitutional expert, Erwin Chemerinsky, asserts that the "public university simply cannot prohibit the expression of hate, including antisemitism, without running afoul of [establishedFirst Amendment principles]." On the other end of the spectrum are authors who argue that hate speech attacks individuals' Fourteenth Amendment right to equality, which outweighs any cathartic desire to degrade people because of their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and religion.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Expression on Campus: What College Students Think About First Amendment Issues
    FREE EXPRESSION ON CAMPUS: WHAT COLLEGE STUDENTS THINK ABOUT FIRST AMENDMENT ISSUES A GALLUP/KNIGHT FOUNDATION SURVEY WITH SUPPORT FROM: COPYRIGHT STANDARDS This document contains proprietary research and copyrighted and trademarked materials of Gallup, Inc. Accordingly, international and domestic laws and penalties guaranteeing patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret protection safeguard the ideas, concepts and recommendations related within this document. The materials contained in this document and/or the document itself may be downloaded and/or copied provided that all copies retain the copyright, trademark and any other proprietary notices contained in the materials and/or document. No changes may be made to this document without the express written permission of Gallup, Inc. Any reference whatsoever to this document, in whole or in part, on any web page must provide a link back to the original document in its entirety. Except as expressly provided herein, the transmission of this material shall not be construed to grant a license of any type under any patents, copyright or trademarks owned or controlled by Gallup, Inc. Copyright © 2018 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. Gallup® is a trademark of Gallup, Inc. All other trademarks and copyrights are property of their respective owners. FREE EXPRESSION ON CAMPUS: WHAT COLLEGE STUDENTS THINK ABOUT FIRST AMENDMENT ISSUES TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction 3 Detailed Findings 3 College Students’ Views of First Amendment Rights 7 Tensions Between Free Expression and Inclusion 15 Campus Climate and Its Effect on Expression 21 Role of Social Media on Campus 26 Students’ Views of Actions to Limit Speech 34 Conclusion 35 Methodology 38 About Gallup 39 About the John S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Regulation of Hate Speech by Academe Vs. the Idea of a University: a Classic Oxymoron?
    St. John's Law Review Volume 67 Number 1 Volume 67, Winter 1993, Number 1 Article 1 The Regulation of Hate Speech by Academe vs. The Idea of a University: A Classic Oxymoron? Joseph W. Bellacosa Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/lawreview This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at St. John's Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in St. John's Law Review by an authorized editor of St. John's Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ST. JOHN'S LAW REVIEW VOLUME 67 WINTER 1993 NUMBER 1 ARTICLES THE REGULATION OF HATE SPEECH BY ACADEME vs. THE IDEA OF A UNIVERSITY: A CLASSIC OXYMORON?* JOSEPH W. BELLACOSA** Legend has it that Willie Sutton, when asked why he robbed banks, answered, "Because that's where the money is!" One hopes that when people are asked, "Why do you go to college?", their response might be: "Because that's where the education is." Such an answer reflects the traditional idea of a university, embodying the seemingly self-evident proposition that it is the universe in which ideas are freely discussed and shared. However, clouds of doubt concerning this traditional idea have cast some shadows across the landscape of academe in the form of a recent phenome- non-the regulation of hate speech. By hate speech I refer here to the distribution and utterance on college campuses of bigoted, ra- cist, sexist, religious and similar shibboleths. The perceived threat of hate speech has propelled institutions of higher learning towards * This essay is adapted from a speech delivered by Hon.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncomfortable, but Educational: Freedom of Expression in UK Universities Contents
    Uncomfortable, but educational: Freedom of expression in UK universities Contents 1. Executive Summary 4 2. Introduction 6 3. The road to legislation: a brief history 8 4. Legislation applicable to higher education institutions 9 5. Current concerns on UK campuses 12 6. Conclusion and recommendations 20 Appendix 1: Examples of best practice 21 Appendix 2: The legal landscape in the UK 22 This document was compiled with the support of Clifford Chance and Jonathan Price, Doughty Street Chambers. 2 Kanumbra / flickr Uncomfortable, but educational Uncomfortable, but educational Tom Parnell / flickr 3 Executive summary ree speech is vital to the free flow of thoughts and ideas. A freedom of expression organisation with an international remit, FNowhere is this perhaps more important than in universities, Index on Censorship seeks to highlight violations of freedom of which are crucibles for new thought and academic discovery, expression all over the world. Our approach to the principle of and whose remit is to encourage and foster critical thinking. freedom of expression is without political affiliation. In recent years, however, there has been a concerning rise in In Free Speech on Campus we look at the situation today on apparent attempts to shut down debates on certain subject areas UK campuses and in particular examine the existing legal and in universities in the UK and elsewhere. Speakers whose views other protections for free speech in universities. This comes in are deemed “offensive”, “harmful” or even “dangerous” have the wake of renewed government commitments to protect been barred from speaking at events, conferences on particular freedom of expression on campus.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Speech and Academic Freedom
    Free Speech and Academic Freedom http://www.binghamton.edu/home/libraries/freespeech.html BINGHAMTON UNIVERSITY The Report of the President's Commission on Free Speech and Academic Freedom Executive Summary May 1992 Table of Contents President's Commission Members A Message From the President Introduction I. Consultation with the Campus Community and Others II. Academic Freedom and the First Amendment A. Public V. Private Universities B. Student Academic Freedom C. State As Government V. State As Employer D. Academic Freedom and Institutional Autonomy III. Recommendations for University Policies IV. Traditions and Expectations Notes Bibliography President's Commission Laura Conte, Binghamton University Council, Commission Chair Richard Andrus, Associate Professor, Department of Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies and Program Director of Environmental Studies Linda Biemer, Dean, School of Education and Human Development Michael Boyd, Director, Educational Opportunity Program Jonathan Capp, Undergraduate Student Mary Colimon, Graduate Student 1 of 13 8/21/2007 4:41 PM Free Speech and Academic Freedom http://www.binghamton.edu/home/libraries/freespeech.html Richard Dalfiume, Deputy to the President and Associate Professor of History John Fillo, Chair, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science David Garcia, Undergraduate Student (Spring and Summer, 1991) Patricia McPherson, Assistant Director, Campus Activities/Minority Studies Program Advisor Abisi Sharakiya, Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy Norman Spear, Distinguished Professor of Psychology Nicholas Sterling, Associate Professor Mathematics and Master of Hinman College Ira Tolbert, Assistant Provost for Recruitment and Retention *A copy of the complete report is available from: Office of the President, Binghamton University, Binghamton, N.Y. 13902-6000 A MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT In May 1992, The Commission on Free Speech and Academic Freedom at the State University of New York at Binghamton issued its final report to the University community.
    [Show full text]
  • Uzuegbunam V. Preczewski, 781 F
    No. 19-968 IN THE Supreme Court of the United States ———— CHIKE UZUEGBUNAM AND JOSEPH BRADFORD., Petitioners, v. STANLEY C. PRECZEWSKI, ET AL., Respondents. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ On Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ BRIEF FOR AMICUS CURIAE AMERICANS FOR PROSPERITY FOUNDATION IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONERS ———— CYNTHIA FLEMING CRAWFORD Counsel of Record CASEY MATTOX AMERICANS FOR PROSPERITY FOUNDATION 1310 N. Courthouse Road, Ste. 700 Arlington, VA 22201 (571) 329-2227 [email protected] Counsel for Amicus Curiae March 3, 2020 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Interest of Amicus Curiae ........................................... 1 Summary of Argument ................................................ 2 Factual Background .................................................... 5 Argument ..................................................................... 7 I. Nominal Damages Are Essential to Preserving Priceless Freedoms ............................ 7 A. Nominal Damages Vindicate First Amendment Violations ..................................... 9 B. A Party May be a “Prevailing Party” Under § 1988 by Securing Nominal Damages .......... 10 C. The Eleventh Circuit’s Holding Circumvents this Court’s Framework, Leaving Constitutional Claims in No Man’s Land ................................................ 13 II. The Eleventh
    [Show full text]
  • Do We Have to Choose Between Freedom of Speech and Equality ?
    Case Western Reserve Law Review Volume 46 Issue 2 Article 4 1996 Hate Speech and Pornography: Do We Have to Choose between Freedom of Speech and Equality ? Nadine Strossen Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Nadine Strossen, Hate Speech and Pornography: Do We Have to Choose between Freedom of Speech and Equality ?, 46 Case W. Rsrv. L. Rev. 449 (1996) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev/vol46/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Law Review by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. HATE SPEECH AND PORNOGRAPHY: Do WE HAVE TO CHOOSE BETWEEN FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EQUALITYt Nadine Strossentt I. INTRODUCTION Two important current controversies about free speech have been the focus of academic and public policy debates. Both involve unpopular types of speech that are said to cause harm to particular individuals and societal groups, but have been protected under traditional First Amendment principles. Recently, however, these two types of speech have been the focus of new arguments for suppression and have prompted calls for a re-examination and revision of traditional free speech principles. The first of these two closely related categories of allegedly harmful speech is commonly called "hate speech." It conveys ha- tred or prejudice based on race, religion, gender, or some other social grouping.
    [Show full text]
  • Injury-In-Fact in Chilling Effect Challenges to Public University Speech Codes
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The Catholic University of America Columbus School of Law Catholic University Law Review Volume 64 Issue 4 Summer 2015 Article 9 9-22-2015 Injury-in-Fact in Chilling Effect Challenges to Public University Speech Codes Jennifer L. Bruneau Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.edu/lawreview Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, First Amendment Commons, Litigation Commons, and the Supreme Court of the United States Commons Recommended Citation Jennifer L. Bruneau, Injury-in-Fact in Chilling Effect Challenges to Public University Speech Codes, 64 Cath. U. L. Rev. 975 (2015). Available at: https://scholarship.law.edu/lawreview/vol64/iss4/9 This Comments is brought to you for free and open access by CUA Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Catholic University Law Review by an authorized editor of CUA Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Injury-in-Fact in Chilling Effect Challenges to Public University Speech Codes Cover Page Footnote J.D. Candidate, May 2016, The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law; B.A., 2007, Dickinson College. The author would like to thank attorneys Jeff Shafer and David Hacker for their invaluable expertise and feedback throughout the writing process as well as her colleagues at the Catholic University Law Review for their editing assistance. The author would also like to thank her family and friends for their love, support, and prayers without which this Comment could not have been written.
    [Show full text]
  • An Examination of University Speech Codes' Constitutionality and Their
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Theses from the College of Journalism and Mass Journalism and Mass Communications, College of Communications 8-2014 An Examination of University Speech Codes’ Constitutionality and Their mpI act on High-Level Discourse Benjamin Welch University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Constitutional Law Commons, First Amendment Commons, Gender, Race, Sexuality, and Ethnicity in Communication Commons, Legal Studies Commons, Other Film and Media Studies Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons, and the Social Influence and Political Communication Commons Welch, Benjamin, "An Examination of University Speech Codes’ Constitutionality and Their mpI act on High-Level Discourse" (2014). Theses from the College of Journalism and Mass Communications. 40. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/40 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journalism and Mass Communications, College of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses from the College of Journalism and Mass Communications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. An Examination of University Speech Codes’ Constitutionality and Their Impact on High-Level Discourse by Benjamin M. Welch A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Major: Journalism and Mass Communications Under the Supervision of Professor John Bender Lincoln, Nebraska August, 2014 AN EXAMINATION OF UNIVERSITY SPEECH CODES’ CONSTITUTIONALITY AND THEIR IMPACT ON HIGH-LEVEL DISCOURSE Benjamin M.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. 8 No. 1 January-February 1998 $5.95
    Vol. 8 No. 1 January-February 1998 $5.95 s of .-••:1 m• ~-~ education & =HarperCollinsReligious An imprint of HarperCollinsPubli5her.s- Special Book Offer FROM A ROMAN WINDOW BY ROSEMARY GOLDIE Rosemary Goldie has had a remarkable life by any account. For over forty years she has been an insider in the Vatican and was one of two women 'auditors' at Vatican II. In 1967 she became the first woman ever to hold an official post of authority in the Rom an Curia-Under Secretary of the Council on the Laity. From a Roman Window, her autobiography, is a fly-on-the-wall account of some of the most significant developments in the church. It is an affectionate and insightful book. Thanks to HarperCollinsReligious, Eureka Street has ten copies of From a Roman Window to give away, each worth $25.95. Just put your name and address on the back of an envelope and send it to 'Eurel<a Street Jan/Feb Book offer', PO Box 553, Richmond, Vic, 3121 . SUMMER PROGRAMS IN BIBLICAL STUDIES, LITURGY AND THEOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME JUNE 22- JULY 31, 1998 You c.m wo rk tnwa rd an ~ I . A 111 Bt hle. Litu rg} or Theology. or snnpl y takl' courses for cnnchm r nl Co ur~es, are arranged " 11h111 two thn.'l'-wrck moduks Uun c 22 to j ul) 10 and july 13 to july 31 ). lo u may choose to attend en her or hm h of these. In addi tion, eac h summ er we will offer an lntcnsin Course for s1Udcn1s who wish to rcnect on a sin gle Ca th olic th eologian.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Speech in the Algorithmic Society: Big Data, Private Governance, and New School Speech Regulation
    Free Speech in the Algorithmic Society: Big Data, Private Governance, and New School Speech Regulation Jack M. Balkin* TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.. ..................... 1151 1. BIG DATA IS SOYLENT GREEN ............................ 1154 A. Technology Mediates (and Constitutes) Relationships of Power Between People .......................... 1157 B. Information Fiduciaries .......................... 1160 C. Algorithmic Nuisance .... ..................... 1163 D. PersonalRobots ......................... 1168 II. NEW SCHOOL SPEECH REGULATION AND PRIVATE GOVERNANCE .................................. ....... 1172 A. The Right to Be Forgotten and the Problem of Fake News 1172 B. New School Speech Regulation........... ......... 1173 1. Collateral Censorship .................. ...... 1176 2. Digital Prior Restraint.. ...................... 1177 C. Public Private Cooperation/Cooptation ............. 1179 III. PRIVATE GOVERNANCE ........................... 1182 A. From Game Gods to Social Media........... ...... 1184 B. From the Dyadic to the PluralistModel of Speech Governance ................................... 1186 C. Problems of the New System of Public/Private Governance ................................ 1193 1. Private Governance and Private Norms..... ..... 1194 Copyright 0 2018 Jack M. Balkin. Knight Professor of Constitutional Law and the First Amendment, Yale Law School. This Essay is based on remarks delivered at the Law in the Information Age Lecture at UC Davis School of Law on March 15, 2017. My thanks to Kate Klonick and Robert
    [Show full text]