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The Affective Neuroscience View of Autism. Association of Oxytocin Receptor Gene

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The Affective Neuroscience View of Autism. Association of Oxytocin Receptor Gene 1. J Autism Dev Disord. 2015 Jun 28. [Epub ahead of print] Tracking Social Motivation Systems Deficits: The Affective Neuroscience View of Autism. Carré A1, Chevallier C, Robel L, Barry C, Maria AS, Pouga L, Philippe A, Pinabel F, Berthoz S. Author information: 1Mental Health and Public Health, Inserm, U1178, 75014, Paris, France, [email protected]. Abstract Abnormal functioning of primary brain systems that express and modulate basic emotional drives are increasingly considered to underlie mental disorders including autism spectrum disorders. We hypothesized that ASD are characterized by disruptions in the primary systems involved in the motivation for social bonding. Twenty adults with ASD were compared to 20 neurotypical participants on the basis of self-reports and clinical assessments, including the Social Anhedonia Scale (SAS) and the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS). ASD diagnosis was related to SAS, as well as to positive (PLAYFULNESS) and negative (FEAR) ANPS-traits. In the overall sample, levels of autistic traits (AQ) were related to SAS and PLAYFULNESS. We argue that PLAYFULNESS could be at the root of social bonding impairments in ASD. PMID: 26123007 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Similar articles 2. PLoS One. 2015 Jun 29;10(6):e0131820. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131820. eCollection 2015. Association of Oxytocin Receptor Gene (OXTR) rs53576 Polymorphism with Sociality: A Meta-Analysis. Li J1, Zhao Y2, Li R3, Broster LS4, Zhou C5, Yang S5. Author information: 1College of Education, Dali University, Dali, China. 2College of Sociology and Psychology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China. 3Center for Hormone Advanced Science and Education, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America; Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China. 4Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America. 5Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China. Abstract A common variant in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR), rs53576, has been broadly linked to socially related personality traits and behaviors. However, the pattern of published results is inconsistent. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to comprehensively evaluate the association. The literature was searched for relevant studies and effect sizes between individuals homozygous for the G allele (GG) and individuals with A allele carriers (AA/AG). Specifically, two indices of sociality were evaluated independently: i) general sociality (24 samples, n = 4955), i.e., how an individual responds to other people in general; and ii) close relationships (15 samples, n = 5262), i.e., how an individual responds to individuals with closed connections (parent-child or romantic relationship). We found positive association between the rs53576 polymorphism and general sociality (Cohen's d = 0.11, p = .02); G allele homozygotes had higher general sociality than the A allele carriers. However, the meta- analyses did not detect significant genetic association between rs53576 and close relationships (Cohen's d = 0.01, p = .64). In conclusion, genetic variation in the rs53576 influences general sociality, which further implies that it is worthy to systematically examine whether the rs53576 is a valid genetic marker for socially related psychiatric disorders. PMID: 26121678 [PubMed - in process] Similar articles 3. PLoS One. 2015 Jun 26;10(6):e0126170. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126170. eCollection 2015. The Relationship between Personality Dimensions and Resiliency to Environmental Stress in Orange-Winged Amazon Parrots (Amazona amazonica), as Indicated by the Development of Abnormal Behaviors. Cussen VA1, Mench JA2. Author information: 1Center for Animal Welfare, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America. 2Center for Animal Welfare, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America; Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America. Abstract Parrots are popular companion animals, but are frequently relinquished because of behavioral problems, including abnormal repetitive behaviors like feather damaging behavior and stereotypy. In addition to contributing to pet relinquishment, these behaviors are important as potential indicators of diminished psychological well-being. While abnormal behaviors are common in captive animals, their presence and/or severity varies between animals of the same species that are experiencing the same environmental conditions. Personality differences could contribute to this observed individual variation, as they are known risk factors for stress sensitivity and affective disorders in humans. The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between personality and the development and severity of abnormal behaviors in captive-bred orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). We monitored between- individual behavioral differences in enrichment-reared parrots of known personality types before, during, and after enrichment deprivation. We predicted that parrots with higher scores for neurotic-like personality traits would be more susceptible to enrichment deprivation and develop more abnormal behaviors. Our results partially supported this hypothesis, but also showed that distinct personality dimensions were related to different forms of abnormal behavior. While neuroticism-like traits were linked to feather damaging behavior, extraversion-like traits were negatively related to stereotypic behavior. More extraverted birds showed resiliency to environmental stress, developing fewer stereotypies during enrichment deprivation and showing lower levels of these behaviors following re-enrichment. Our data, together with the results of the few studies conducted on other species, suggest that, as in humans, certain personality types render individual animals more susceptible or resilient to environmental stress. Further, this susceptibility/resiliency can have a long-term effect on behavior, as evidenced by behavioral changes that persisted despite re-enrichment. Ours is the first study evaluating the relationship between personality dimensions, environment, and abnormal behaviors in an avian species. PMCID: PMC4482636 Free Article PMID: 26114423 [PubMed - in process] Similar articles 4. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015 Jun 9. [Epub ahead of print] Interactions of borderline personality disorder and anxiety disorders over 10 years. Keuroghlian AS1, Gunderson JG, Pagano ME, Markowitz JC, Ansell EB, Shea MT, Morey LC, Sanislow C, Grilo CM, Stout RL, Zanarini MC, McGlashan TH, Skodol AE. Author information: 1McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St, M/S 312, Belmont, MA, 02478 [email protected]. Abstract OBJECTIVE: This report examines the relationship of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder (BPD) to anxiety disorders using data on the reciprocal effects of improvement or worsening of BPD and anxiety disorders over the course of 10 years. METHOD: We reliably and prospectively assessed borderline patients (n = 164) with DSM-IV-defined co-occurring generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; n = 42), panic disorder with agoraphobia (n = 39), panic disorder without agoraphobia (n = 36), social phobia (n = 48), obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD; n = 36), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; n = 88) annually over a period of 10 years between 1997 and 2009. We used proportional hazards regression analyses to assess the effects of monthly improvement or worsening of BPD and anxiety disorders on each other's remission and relapse the following month. RESULTS: BPD improvement significantly predicted remission of GAD (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.65, P < .05) and PTSD (HR = 0.57, P < .05), whereas BPD worsening significantly predicted social phobia relapse (HR = 1.87, P < .05). The course of anxiety disorders did not predict BPD remission or relapse, except that worsening PTSD significantly predicted BPD relapse (HR = 1.90, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: BPD negatively affects the course of GAD, social phobia, and PTSD. In contrast, the anxiety disorders, aside from PTSD, had little effect on BPD course. For GAD and social phobia, whose course BPD unidirectionally influences, we suggest prioritizing treatment for BPD, whereas BPD should be treated concurrently with panic disorders, OCD, or PTSD. We discuss state/trait issues in the context of our findings. © Copyright 2015 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc. PMID: 26114336 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Similar articles 5. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Jun 14. pii: S0022-3999(15)00465-1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.06.002. [Epub ahead of print] Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders associated with normal scores in psychological questionnaires: A case control study. van der Hoeven RM1, Broersma M2, Pijnenborg GH3, Koops EA2, van Laar T2, Stone J4, van Beilen M5. Author information: 1Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; NeuroImaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. Electronic address: [email protected]. 2Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700 RB, the Netherlands; NeuroImaging
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