DOCSLIB.ORG

Citibank Japan Ltd. Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended March 31

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Citibank Japan Ltd. Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended March 31 Citibank Japan Ltd. Annual Report For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2009 www.citibank.co.jp Table of Contents Message from the President 1 Company Overview 2 Management Strategy 4 Corporate Governance System 5 Risk Management Framework 8 Compliance System 9 Business Outline 10 Citibank Japan in the Community 14 Citibank Japan Ltd. Financial Year (FY) 2008 Financial Information 15 1. Matters Related to Major Business 17 2. Financial Statements 34 3. Market Value Information 45 4. Major Shareholders 49 5. Disclosure Items Based on Pillar III of Basel II 50 Message from the President Citibank enjoys a long and distinguished history in Japan, dating back to 1902 when we opened our first branch in Yokohama. We have since grown to become one of the leading financial institutions in Japan, providing innovative and high quality services to our customers from our retail and corporate banking divisions. Whether it be helping our individual customers manage their financial needs, or helping our corporate clients expand into new and exciting markets, Citibank Japan continues to be there for our customers through challenging market conditions. I am pleased to report that Citibank Japan is stronger than ever. Citibank Japan is well capitalized with 295.1 billion yen in shareholders' equity as of March 31, 2009 and capital adequacy ratio of 23.6%, which is among the highest in the banking industry in Japan and far in excess of the minimum requirement as prescribed by the Financial Services Agency. Our business results continue to show positive momentum. In the twelve months ended March 31, 2009, Citibank Japan reported net income of 26.35 billion yen with assets of nearly 6,200 billion yen. On June 26th, Citibank Japan received an administrative action from the Financial Services Agency (FSA) of Japan. Citibank Japan takes this administrative action very seriously and apologizes for any inconvenience caused to our customers and all parties concerned. We are committed to fixing these issues comprehensively and in growing Citibank in Japan in a compliant and well controlled manner going forward. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to our customers and employees for their wonderful support and we look forward to continuing to build a franchise that consistently exceeds client expectations while embracing the communities in which we are privileged to do business. Darren Buckley Representative Director, President & CEO Citibank Japan Ltd. 1 Company Overview As one of Citigroup's core businesses in Japan, Citibank Japan Ltd. (“CJL”) is engaged in banking services through the Retail Banking Division, which provides banking services to a wide range of retail customers, and through the Corporate Banking Division, which is dedicated to institutional clients. Company Name Citibank Japan Ltd. Head Office Address Citigroup Center 3-14 Higashi-Shinagawa 2-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8639 Bank Code 0401 Head Office Branch Code 730 Telephone Number 0120-039-104 or 03-5462-5000 Commencement of Operations July 1, 2007 (International Banking Corporation (a predecessor to Citibank) opened Yokohama branch October 1902) Number of Employees 1,548 （As of March 31, 2009） Number of Branches 1 head office, 26 branches, 8 sub-branches and 2 internet-only branches (includes 25 branches, 6 sub-branches and 1 internet-only branch of Retail Banking Division) Directors and Statutory Auditors Representative Director Darren Buckley Representative Director Fabio Fontainha Representative Director Marc Merlino Director Tetsuo Matsugaki Director (non-executive) Jun Kadoda Director (non-executive) Yukio Yoshimura Director (non-executive) Mark Hart Director (non-executive) Mark Hunsaker Director (non-executive) William Brent Tanner Statutory Auditor (full-time) Takashi Kinoshita Statutory Auditor (outside) Junji Matsuoka Statutory Auditor (outside) Toshiaki Kawashima Executive Officers President and CEO Darren Buckley Deputy President and Head of Retail Banking Division Fabio Fontainha Deputy President and Head of Corporate Banking Division Marc Merlino Deputy President and Chief Administrative Officer Tetsuo Matsugaki Chief Financial Officer V. Prakash Chief Risk Officer Kazuhiro Tanimoto Chief Compliance Officer and Head of Management Hiroaki Nigo Coordination Department Head of Legal Division Yoshito Hirata Head of Control Division Hiroaki Kanazawa Co-Head of Operations & Technology Division Ayumi Tomoda Co-Head of Operations & Technology Division Thomas Phillips Head of Human Resources Division Masao Karasawa Head of Corporate Treasury Department Stantley Tan (As of July 1, 2009 except for Number of Employees) 2 Financial Summary (As of March 31, 2009) (Billions of Yen) Total Assets 6,189 Deposits 5,311 Total Net Assets 299.3 Capital Stock 123.1 Capital Adequacy Ratio 23.6% Credit Ratings (As of July 1, 2009） Moody’s S&P Fitch Citibank Japan Ltd Long term A2 Ａ+ A+ Short term P-1 A-1 F1+ （Reference） Moody’s S&P Fitch Citigroup Inc. Long term A3 A A+ Short term P-1 A-1 F1+ Citibank, N.A. Long term A1 A+ A+ Short term P-1 A-1 F1+ <Note> CJL, with its head office located in Japan, is a member of the Deposit Insurance Corporation (DIC) and, pursuant to the Deposit Insurance System, non-interest-bearing Yen deposits for payment and settlement purposes accepted by CJL are protected in full per depositor; and interest-bearing Yen deposits accepted by CJL are protected up to a maximum of 10 million yen in principal plus related interest thereon per depositor. 3 Management Strategy CJL is uniquely positioned as the only local foreign bank in the market (as of the end of March 2009). CJL’s goal is to precisely respond to the needs of our retail and corporate clients with innovative products and services and through Citigroup’s global network – thereby playing a leading role in the financial industry. With the cross business coordination and strategies, CJL aims to increase the client base as well as revenue base and improve the local asset-liability balance. With a long-term vision, we endeavor to develop our continuous business and gain increased presence in the market. CJL has a long and distinguished history in Japan, and a proud legacy of focusing our energy fully on our customers, of delivering new innovations and market firsts, of bringing the best of the world to our local customers, of providing an excellent working environment and of investing in our future growth. Whether it be helping our individual clients manage their financial needs, or helping our corporate clients expand into new and exciting markets, CJL remains committed to be there for our customers through challenging market conditions and long into the future. CJL is focused on a balanced growth strategy through its Retail Banking Division and Corporate Banking Division. The Retail Banking Division continually invests in new product, distribution and service innovations to grow its mass affluent customer base and expand its premier Citigold proposition. The Corporate Banking Division has a core group of relationships to which it leverages Citigroup's global strengths to provide high quality financial products, services and advice to help our customers succeed. Both continually look to improve the customer experience and operational efficiency through extensive ongoing reengineering programs. Below summarizes the key strategies: (1) Responding to Diversified Customer Needs as “One Citi” With the increasingly diversified customer needs today, we are challenged to accurately respond to these needs with collaboration among different business segments. We believe that it is important to deploy fully consistent strategies based on the comprehensive management goal with both of Retail Banking Division and Corporate Banking Division in scope. We intend to expand our business by exploring potential opportunities that may be enhanced not only through continuous effort individually made at each retail and corporate area but also through synergy effect of the cross business coordination. By the same token, we will strengthen strategic partnership with the Citigroup affiliates. (2) Enhancing and Expanding Our Customer Base Our core revenue base derives from the affluent retail clients and large multinational corporate clients. We continue to value these client segments and to deepen the relationship in order to increase business volume and the number of products and services that the customer uses through us. We also pursue such opportunities selectively and strategically in order to up-tier the customers to our core revenue base in the future. The same approach applies to expanding the client base on a disciplined basis with careful consideration of potentiality of the relationship growth in the future. (3) Leveraging Unique Position as a Local Foreign Bank Our strength exists primarily in “innovation” and “global network”. We believe that such strength best performs on the ground that CJL is capable of providing sufficiently competitive services in domestic banking transactions as well. We also understand that Japan-based, long-term goals with consistent objectives are the key to deploy and implement the strategies in Japan. We will make continuous effort to be recognized for our capabilities of providing basic, full-fledged domestic banking services to both retail and corporate banking businesses. Further, we continue to be responsive to Japan-specific economic and social issues – in this area, we explore financial solutions proactively for business with highly public objectives as part of continuing effort to gain trust from the Japanese society on a long-term basis. CJL is subject to the very high regulatory standards expected of all Japanese banks, as well as the international standards expected from our regulators in the United States. While we have rigorously pursued a solid governance and internal control structure since the localization of our banking operations in July 2007, we will continue our utmost efforts to improve these further to meet both Japanese and global best practices. We are also committed to confront in a resolute manner the undue demands and anti-social forces that threaten the social order and safety.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Incidence Survey of Kawasaki Disease in 1997 and 1998 in Japan
    Incidence Survey of Kawasaki Disease in 1997 and 1998 in Japan Hiroshi Yanagawa, MD*; Yosikazu Nakamura, MD, MPH‡; Mayumi Yashiro‡; Izumi Oki, MD‡; Shizuhiro Hirata, MD‡; Tuohong Zhang, MD§; and Tomisaku Kawasaki, MDʈ ABSTRACT. Objective. To describe the results of a been finalized. This article reports the basic analysis nationwide epidemiologic survey of Kawasaki disease of the survey. for the 2-year period 1997 and 1998. Design. We sent a questionnaire to all hospitals with METHODS 100 beds or more throughout Japan (2663 hospitals) re- The participants of this survey are KD patients who were questing data on patients with Kawasaki disease. Study diagnosed at hospitals with 100 beds or more during the 2-year items included name, sex, date of birth, date of initial study. A questionnaire form was sent to the hospitals with a hospital visit, diagnosis, address, recurrence, sibling pamphlet describing the diagnostic criteria of the disease includ- cases, gammaglobulin treatment, and cardiac lesion in ing color pictures of typical lesions of the skin, eyes, hands, and the acute stage or 1 month after onset. feet. The mailing list of the hospitals for this survey was obtained Results. Of the 2663 hospitals, 68.5% responded, re- from the 1998 hospital directory edited by the Ministry of Health porting 12 966 patients—7489 males and 5477 females. Of and Welfare of the Japanese Government. The number of hospitals the total patients reported, 6373 (incidence rate of 108.0 thus obtained was 2663. per 100 000 children <5 years old) occurred in 1997, and Items included in the questionnaire were name, sex, date of birth, date of initial hospital visit, diagnosis, address, recurrence, 6593 (111.7) in 1998.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 MAGLITE CASE Tokyo High Court Case H18 (Gyo-Ke) 10555
    MAGLITE CASE Tokyo High Court Case H18 (Gyo-Ke) 10555, Judgment on June 27, 2007 (H19) Summary authored by Toshihiko Aikawa FACTS The plaintiff was an applicant having filed the trademark registration application No. 2001-3358 with a three-dimensional (3D) mark on January 19, 2001. The application was finally rejected under the Trademark Law, Article 3, Paragraph 1, Item 3, for consisting solely of a mark indicating a shape of goods in a common manner and for being not applicable to the provision of Article 3, Paragraph 2 (exception of Paragraph 1) by the board of appeal of the JPO on August 21, 2006. Then, the appeal was filed at the Intellectual Property Court (Tokyo High Court). ISSUE The issue was (1) whether the mark consists solely of a mark indicating a shape of goods in a common manner and (2) whether to apply Article 3, Paragraph 2, a provision of which stipulates exception of Paragraph 1 if the mark is recognizable with respect to the designated goods or services. HOLDING The shape of goods is generally to be selected for the purpose of having the goods perform more effectively an expected function thereof and showing the goods in a more attractive manner, but it is rare to utilize the shape as the mark with which a consumer can distinguish the goods from other goods. In a view of the consumer, it is rare for the consumer to recognize that the shape of goods is selected for the purpose of showing an origin or a producer of the goods.
    [Show full text]
  • Widening Socioeconomic Inequalities in Smoking in Japan, 2001–2016 Hirokazu Tanaka1,2, Johan P
    Advance Publication by J-STAGE Journal of Epidemiology Original Article J Epidemiol 2021 Widening Socioeconomic Inequalities in Smoking in Japan, 2001–2016 Hirokazu Tanaka1,2, Johan P. Mackenbach1, and Yasuki Kobayashi2 1Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands 2Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Received January 29, 2020; accepted June 12, 2020; released online June 27, 2020 ABSTRACT Background: Japan is one of the world’s largest tobacco epidemic countries but few studies have focused on socioeconomic inequalities. We aimed to examine whether socioeconomic inequalities in smoking have reduced in Japan in recent times. Methods: We analyzed data from the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions, a large nationally representative survey conducted every 3 years (n ≈ 700,000 per year) in Japan, during 2001–2016. Age-standardized smoking prevalence was computed based on occupational class and educational level. We calculated smoking prevalence difference (PD) and ratio (PR) of (a) manual workers versus upper non-manual workers and (b) low versus high educational level. The slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index inequality (RII) by educational level were used as inequality measures. Results: Overall smoking prevalence (25–64 years) decreased from 56.0% to 38.4% among men and from 17.0% to 13.0% among women during 2001–2016. The PD between manual and upper non-manual workers (25–64 years) increased from 11.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.0–12.9%) to 14.6% (95% CI, 13.5–15.6%) during 2001–2016. In 2016, smoking prevalence (25–64 years) for low, middle, and highly educated individuals were 57.8%, 43.9%, and 27.8% for men, and 34.7%, 15.9%, and 5.6% for women, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • NARY—COMMENTS WELCOME May 2012
    PRELIMINARY—COMMENTS WELCOME May 2012 The Effects of a Gift of Time Jungmin Lee, Daiji Kawaguchi and Daniel S. Hamermesh* *Associate professor of economics, Sogang University, and research associate, IZA; associate professor of economics, Hitotsubashi University, and research associate, IZA; Sue Killam Professor in the Foundations of Economics, University of Texas at Austin, professor of labor economics, Maastricht University, and research associate, IZA and NBER. We thank Sandy Black, Leah Boustan, Steve Trejo and participants in seminars at several institutions for their comments. ABSTRACT How would people spend time if confronted by permanent declines in market work? We identify preferences off exogenous cuts in legislated standard hours that raised employers’ overtime costs in Japan around 1990 and Korea in the early 2000s. Using time-diaries from before and after these shocks, we predict the likelihood that an individual would have been affected by the reform. The direct effect on a newly-constrained worker was a substantial reduction in market time, with the freed-up time reallocated mostly to leisure and personal maintenance, and only very slightly to household production. Simulations using GMM estimates of a Stone-Geary utility function defined over time use suggest similar results. In the absence of changing household technology a permanent time gift leads to no change in time spent in household production by the average individual. I. Introduction Time spent in market work is the second most important human activity in rich countries (see e.g., Burda et al, 2013) after sleep. Nonetheless, it did diminish in the U.S. between 1900 and 1940 (Kniesner, 1976) and dropped sharply from 1950 through 1980 in most of Western Europe (Huberman and Minns, 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • A Gift of Time
    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES A GIFT OF TIME Daiji Kawaguchi Jungmin Lee Daniel S. Hamermesh Working Paper 18643 http://www.nber.org/papers/w18643 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 December 2012 We thank Manuel Bagües, Sandy Black, Leah Boustan, Mark Hoekstra, William Johnson, Steve Trejo, and participants in seminars at numerous institutions for their comments. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2012 by Daiji Kawaguchi, Jungmin Lee, and Daniel S. Hamermesh. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. A Gift of Time Daiji Kawaguchi, Jungmin Lee, and Daniel S. Hamermesh NBER Working Paper No. 18643 December 2012 JEL No. D13,E21,J22,J23 ABSTRACT How would people spend time if confronted by permanent declines in market work? We identify preferences off exogenous cuts in legislated standard hours that raised employers’ overtime costs in Japan around 1990 and Korea in the early 2000s. We estimate the probability that an individual was affected by the reform and relate it to changes in time use based on time diaries. Reduced-form estimates show that the direct effect on a newly-constrained worker was a substantial reduction in market time, with the freed-up time in Japan reallocated to leisure, but in Korea also showing some impact on household production.
    [Show full text]
  • The Image of Latin America in Ōe Kenzaburō's Post-Mexico Fiction
    WASEDA RILAS JOURNAL NO.The 8 Image of Latin America in Ōe Kenzaburō’s Post-Mexico Fiction The Image of Latin America in Ōe Kenzaburō’s Post-Mexico Fiction Matias CHIAPPE IPPOLITO Abstract The current paper historicizes and analyzes the influences that Latin America exerted on Japanese writer Ōe Kenzaburō, specifically as seen in the literary works he produced after his trip to Mexico City between 1976 and 1977. The paper will define the texts that Ōe composed from the end of the 1970s to the end of the 1980s as ‘Ōe Kenzaburō’s post-Mexico Fictions’ and will try to show that Latin America not only played a decisive role in them, but also left an imprint in his future literary career. Three of the author’s works in particular will be exam- ined in order to show the changes and transformations in such corpus and in his reception of Latin American culture. Those works are: the novel Dōjidai gēmu (Contemporary Games, 1979), the short story “‘Ame no ki’ no kubitsuri otoko” (Man hanged from the Rain Tree, 1982), and the novel Jinsei no shinseki (Life’s Parents, that was translated into English as an An Echo of Heaven, 1989). The objectives of the paper are: to explain Ōe’s depiction of Latin America in those and other related works, to clarify how the region (and more specifically Mexico) worked as a source of inspiration for him, and to understand the literary, theoretical, and political impli- cations of his uses of Latin America in his works. Introduction Several Japanese writers showed interest in Latin America and made reference to the region and its culture in their own works.
    [Show full text]
  • Results of the Nationwide Epidemiologic Survey of Kawasaki Disease in 1995 and 1996 in Japan
    Results of the Nationwide Epidemiologic Survey of Kawasaki Disease in 1995 and 1996 in Japan Hiroshi Yanagawa, MD, FFPHM; Yosikazu Nakamura, MD, MPH; Mayumi Yashiro; Toshiyuki Ojima, MD; Shinichi Tanihara, MD; Izumi Oki, MD; and Tuohong Zhang, MD ABSTRACT. Objective. The objective of the study is Japanese hospitals, ie, those with a bed capacity of 100 or more. to describe recent epidemiologic patterns of Kawasaki Additional inquiries were sent twice more (in March and May disease based on information included in patient records 1997) to nonresponding hospitals. Included in the questionnaire that had been obtained through a nationwide hospital were the patient’s name, address, gender, date of birth, date of first hospital visit, diagnostic criteria, intravenous gamma globu- survey in Japan. lin (IVGG) treatment and dosages, primary onset or recurrence, Methods. A questionnaire and diagnostic criteria for blood platelet count, familial incidences, cardiac sequelae, and Kawasaki disease that had been approved by the Ka- fatalities. wasaki Disease Research Committee were sent to all The diagnostic criteria for typical Kawasaki disease in this pediatric departments of hospitals (2638 hospitals) with a series were having at least five of the following six principal bed capacity of at least 100. The subjects all were new symptoms: patients who were treated during a 2-year period from 1995 to 1996. 1. fever persisting for 5 or more days, 2. changes to the peripheral extremities, Results. A total of 12 531 children contracted the dis- 3. polymorphous exanthema, ease during the observation period. The incidence was 4. bilateral conjunctival congestion, 102.6 for 1995 and 108.0 for 1996 per 100 000 children 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Cohesion in Britain and Japan: a Comparative Study of Two Island
    Social cohesion in Britain and Japan: a comparative study of two island economies The Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation Small Grant project report Project ref: 8006/8599 Dimitris Ballas1, Danny Dorling1, Tomoki Nakaya,2 Helena Tunstall3 and Kazumasa Hanaoka2 1 University of Sheffield, England 2 Ritsumeikan University, Japan 3 University of York, England Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Why compare health and social inequality in Britain and Japan? ...................................................... 4 Explaining Japan’s exceptional life expectancy .................................................................................. 6 The relationship between individual socio-economic status and health in Japan and Britain .......... 8 Can studying spatial inequalities in Japan and Britain help understand differences in their health and social well being? ......................................................................................................................... 9 Project aims ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Data and Methods ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Factors Affecting the Job Satisfaction of U.S
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 292 0.07 CG 020 614 AUTHOR Smith, Steven R. TITLE A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Factors Affecting the Job Satisfaction of U.S. and Japanese High School Teachers. PUB DATE Apr 87 NOTE 26p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Washington, DC, April 20-24, 1987). PUB TYPE Reports - Research/Technical (143) -- Speeches /Conference Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Cross Cultural Studies; Cultural Differences; *Cultural Influences; Foreign Countries; High Schools; *Job Satisfaction; Role Perception; *Secondary School Teachers; *Teacher Attitudes; Teacher Role IDENTIFIERS *Japan; *United States ABSTRACT Although there has been much interest in the United States about Japanese education, few studies have examined the Japanese school system from the teachers' perspective. This study investigated 143 Japanese and 386 U.S. high school teachers' attitudes concerning their work conditions, roles and responsibilities, and work experiences. An attitudinal survey was used to record views on their professional situations from 143 Japanese and 386 U.S. teachers. Teachers in the United States scored higher on every item concerning job satisfaction than did the teachers in Japan. The cause of the Japanese teachers' dissatisfaction appeared to be rooted in their expectations of the job ',efore becoming a teacher. While U.S. teachers reported more job centrality than did Japanese teachers, job centrality took on much more negative attributes in the United States than in Japan. In the area of job stress, the only item significant for the Japanese teachers was concern over the ability of teachers to get control of the curriculum and materials being used in their classrooms, while U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Widening Socioeconomic Inequalities in Smoking in Japan, 2001–2016 Hirokazu Tanaka1,2, Johan P
    Journal of Epidemiology Original Article J Epidemiol 2021;31(6):369-377 Widening Socioeconomic Inequalities in Smoking in Japan, 2001–2016 Hirokazu Tanaka1,2, Johan P. Mackenbach1, and Yasuki Kobayashi2 1Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 2Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Received January 29, 2020; accepted June 12, 2020; released online June 27, 2020 ABSTRACT Background: Japan is one of the world’s largest tobacco epidemic countries but few studies have focused on socioeconomic inequalities. We aimed to examine whether socioeconomic inequalities in smoking have reduced in Japan in recent times. Methods: We analyzed data from the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions, a large nationally representative survey conducted every 3 years (n ≈ 700,000 per year) in Japan, during 2001–2016. Age-standardized smoking prevalence was computed based on occupational class and educational level. We calculated smoking prevalence difference (PD) and ratio (PR) of (a) manual workers versus upper non-manual workers and (b) low versus high educational level. The slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index inequality (RII) by educational level were used as inequality measures. Results: Overall smoking prevalence (25–64 years) decreased from 56.0% to 38.4% among men and from 17.0% to 13.0% among women during 2001–2016. The PD between manual and upper non-manual workers (25–64 years) increased from 11.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.0–12.9%) to 14.6% (95% CI, 13.5–15.6%) during 2001–2016. In 2016, smoking prevalence (25–64 years) for low, middle, and highly educated individuals were 57.8%, 43.9%, and 27.8% for men, and 34.7%, 15.9%, and 5.6% for women, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology of Kawasaki Disease in Japan
    Review Article Epidemiology of Kawasaki Disease in Japan JMAJ 48(4): 183–193, 2005 Ritei Uehara,*1 Yosikazu Nakamura,*1 Hiroshi Yanagawa*2 Abstract Kawasaki disease was first described by Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki in 1967. This disease is an acute, febrile illness primarily affecting infants and children younger than 4 years old. Although this disease is characterized by systemic vasculitis, the etiology is still unknown. To clarify the epidemiologic features of Kawasaki disease, nationwide surveys have been conducted since 1970. Approximately 186,000 patients were identified in 17 surveys completed prior to 2002 based on similar diagnostic criteria. From the results of these surveys, not only the disease distributions, such as annual or monthly changes and geographical shift, but also the clinical characteristics of this disease were clarified. Epidemiologic studies of this disease in Japan provide useful results for physicians and researchers around the world who are involved in treating Kawasaki disease. Key words Kawasaki disease, Epidemiology, Nationwide survey, Diagnostic criteria, Distribution, Prognosis and aneurysms, are the most important issues Introduction in this disease. The etiology is still unknown. To clarify the characteristics of this dis- Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki first encountered ease, epidemiologists have contributed to a 4-year-boy with the unique clinical char- the research since 1970. In this review, we acteristics of muco-cutaneous lymph node introduce the results from epidemiologic syndrome (MCLS) in 1961 and described a studies conducted in Japan, predominantly further 50 cases that had similar character- from nationwide surveys of Kawasaki disease. istics to the first case in the journal Arerugi in 1967.1 Now more commonly known as The Diagnostic Guidelines and Kawasaki disease, MCLS is acute self-limited Nationwide Epidemiologic Surveys vasculitis that occurs predominantly in infants of Kawasaki Disease and children younger than 4 years old.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gift of Time
    PRELIMINARY—COMMENTS WELCOME July 2011 The Gift of Time Jungmin Lee, Daiji Kawaguchi and Daniel S. Hamermesh* *Associate professor of economics, Sogang University, and research associate, IZA; associate professor of economics, Hitotsubashi University, and research associate, IZA; Sue Killam Professor in the Foundations of Economics, University of Texas at Austin, professor of labor economics, Maastricht University, and research associate, IZA and NBER. We thank participants in seminars at several institutions for their comments. ABSTRACT How would people spend time if confronted by permanent declines in market work? We identify preferences off exogenous cuts in legislated standard hours that raised employers’ overtime costs in Japan around 1990 and Korea in the early 2000s. Using time-diaries from before and after these shocks, we predict the likelihood that an individual would have been affected by the reform. The direct effect on a newly-constrained worker was a substantial reduction in market time, with the freed-up time reallocated mostly to leisure and personal maintenance, and very slightly to household production. Simulations using GMM estimates of a Stone-Geary utility function defined over time use suggest similar results. The economy-wide drop in market work time was reallocated solely to leisure and personal maintenance. In the absence of changing household technology a permanent time gift leads to no change in time spent in household production by the average individual. Three-hour shifts or a fifteen-hour week may put off the problem [of little need or desire for market work] for a while. (Keynes, 1930) I. Introduction As is quite clear, Keynes’ prediction and concern are far from having come to pass.
    [Show full text]