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Chemokine and Chemokine Receptor Profiles in Metastatic Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma ASHLEY C

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Chemokine and Chemokine Receptor Profiles in Metastatic Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma ASHLEY C ANTICANCER RESEARCH 36 : 4013-4018 (2016) Chemokine and Chemokine Receptor Profiles in Metastatic Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma ASHLEY C. MAYS, XIN FENG, JAMES D. BROWNE and CHRISTOPHER A. SULLIVAN Department of Otolaryngology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, U.S.A. Abstract. Aim: To characterize the chemokine pattern in distant metastasis (2-5). According to Ko et al. , 75% of metastatic salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). patients with initial nodal involvement eventually developed Materials and Methods: Real-time polymerase chain distant metastasis. Patients with lung metastasis have a poor reaction (RT-PCR) was used to compare chemokine and prognosis (6). chemokine receptor gene expression in two SACC cell lines: The development of distant metastatic disease is the chief SACC-83 and SACC-LM (lung metastasis). Chemokines and cause for mortality (7, 8). Primary treatment is complete receptor genes were then screened and their expression surgical resection when feasible with adjuvant radiotherapy. pattern characterized in human tissue samples of non- The role of chemotherapy is debatable. Treatment of recurrent SACC and recurrent SACC with perineural metastatic ACC has been difficult to date due to lack of invasion. Results: Expression of chemokine receptors specific targets for metastatic cells (1). Though the steps that C5AR1, CCR1, CCR3, CCR6, CCR7, CCR9, CCR10, must occur in the metastatic event are well characterized, it CXCR4, CXCR6, CXCR7, CCRL1 and CCRL2 were higher remains unclear why or how ACC cells ultimately “choose” in SACC-83 compared to SACC-LM. CCRL1, CCBP2, or are ”chosen” to migrate to a specific metastatic site. A CMKLR1, XCR1 and CXCR2 and 6 chemokine genes mounting body of evidence suggests that cytokine-like (CCL13, CCL27, CXCL14, CMTM1, CMTM2, CKLF) were molecules called chemokines play a significant role in more highly expressed in tissues of patients without tumor directing the cellular traffic in metastatic melanoma, lung, recurrence/perineural invasion compared to those with breast and ACC cancers (9-15). tumor recurrence. CCRL1 (receptor), CCL27, CMTM1, In this study, we aimed to characterize the SACC CMTM2, and CKLF (chemokine) genes were more highly chemokine and receptor pattern that is seen in SACC human expressed in SACC-83 and human tissues of patients without cell lines and tissue samples with the hope that a detailed tumor recurrence/perineural invasion. Conclusion: CCRL1, characterization of the chemokine and receptor pattern in CCL27, CMTM1, CMTM2 and CKLF may play important lung metastases from SACC could lead to development of roles in the development of tumor metastases in SACC. novel therapeutic options to prevent the development of disseminated disease or to detect the presence of circulating Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) is the second tumor cells with metastatic potential. most common malignant tumor of the salivary glands characterized by slow, relentless growth, local recurrence, Materials and Methods and latent distant hematogenous dissemination primarily to the lung (1). Involvement of regional lymph nodes is Cell lines and human tissues. SACC-83 and -LM (lung metastasis) relatively rare but incidence of perineural invasion is high, cells were a gift from Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking P.R. China. SACC-83 has a increasing recurrence risk. Most authors have found that low lung metastasis rate, while SACC-LM has a high lung lymph node involvement is a risk factor for subsequent metastatic rate. SACC-83 and SACC-LM cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco), 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 U/ml streptomycin at 37˚C in a humidified Correspondence to: Christopher Sullivan, MD, Department of atmosphere containing 5% CO 2. Six SACC human tissue samples Otolaryngology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, (3 with and 3 without recurrence and perineural invasion) were 4th Floor Watlington Hall, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A. Tel: +1 received from Wake Forest University Comprehensive Cancer 7163854, Fax: +1 3367163857, e-mail: [email protected] Center Tissue Procurement Core Lab, Wake Forest School of Medicine Tumor Bank, Winston Salem, NC, USA. The study was Key Words: Adenoid cystic carcinoma, salivary tumors, distant approved by the Wake Forest University Health Sciences metastasis, metastatic salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma. Institutional Review Board. 0250-7005/2016 $2.00+.40 4013 ANTICANCER RESEARCH 36 : 4013-4018 (2016) Table I. Gene table: RT² profiler polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array. UniGene GenBank Symbol description Hs.494997 NM_001735 C5 Complement component 5 Hs.2161 NM_001736 C5AR1 Complement component 5a receptor 1 Hs.146346 NM_001296 CCBP2 Chemokine binding protein 2 Hs.72918 NM_002981 CCL1 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 Hs.303649 NM_002982 CCL2 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 Hs.514107 NM_002983 CCL3 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 Hs.75703 NM_002984 CCL4 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 Hs.514821 NM_002985 CCL5 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 Hs.251526 NM_006273 CCL7 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 Hs.271387 NM_005623 CCL8 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8 Hs.54460 NM_002986 CCL11 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11 Hs.414629 NM_005408 CCL13 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 13 Hs.272493 NM_032963 CCL14 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 14 Hs.272493 NM_032965 CCL15 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 15 Hs.10458 NM_004590 CCL16 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 16 Hs.546294 NM_002987 CCL17 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 Hs.143961 NM_002988 CCL18 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (pulmonary and activation-regulated) Hs.50002 NM_006274 CCL19 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 Hs.75498 NM_004591 CCL20 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 Hs.57907 NM_002989 CCL21 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 Hs.534347 NM_002990 CCL22 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 22 Hs.169191 NM_005064 CCL23 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 23 Hs.247838 NM_002991 CCL24 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 24 Hs.310511 NM_005624 CCL25 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 25 Hs.131342 NM_006072 CCL26 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 26 Hs.648124 NM_006664 CCL27 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 27 Hs.656904 NM_148672 CCL28 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 28 Hs.301921 NM_001295 CCR1 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1 Hs.511794 NM_001123396 CCR2 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 Hs.506190 NM_001837 CCR3 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 3 Hs.184926 NM_005508 CCR4 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4 Hs.450802 NM_000579 CCR5 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 Hs.46468 NM_004367 CCR6 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 6 Hs.370036 NM_001838 CCR7 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 Hs.113222 NM_005201 CCR8 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 8 Hs.225946 NM_006641 CCR9 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 9 Hs.278446 NM_016602 CCR10 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 10 Hs.535713 NM_003965 CCRL1 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 1 Hs.729361 NM_016557 CCRL2 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 2 Hs.15159 NM_181641 CKLF Chemokine-like factor Hs.197143 NM_004072 CMKLR1 Chemokine-receptor 1 Hs.549232 NM_181269 CMTM1 CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 1 Hs.195685 NM_144673 CMTM2 CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 Hs.298198 NM_144601 CMTM3 CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 3 Hs.643961 NM_178818 CMTM4 CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 4 Hs.531668 NM_002996 CX3CL1 Chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 Hs.78913 NM_001337 CX3CR1 Chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1 Hs.789 NM_001511 CXCL1 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha) Hs.590921 NM_002089 CXCL2 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 Hs.89690 NM_002090 CXCL3 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 Hs.89714 NM_002994 CXCL5 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5 Hs.164021 NM_002993 CXCL6 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6 (granulocyte chemotactic protein 2) Hs.77367 NM_002416 CXCL9 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 Hs.632586 NM_001565 CXCL10 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 Hs.632592 NM_005409 CXCL11 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 Hs.522891 NM_000609 CXCL12 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 Hs.100431 NM_006419 CXCL13 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 Hs.483444 NM_004887 CXCL14 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14 Table I. Continued 4014 Mays et al : Chemokine Profiles in Metastatic Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Table I. Continued UniGene GenBank Symbol description Hs.708201 NM_022059 CXCL16 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 Hs.194778 NM_000634 CXCR1 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 1 Hs.846 NM_001557 CXCR2 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 Hs.198252 NM_001504 CXCR3 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 Hs.593413 NM_003467 CXCR4 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 Hs.113916 NM_001716 CXCR5 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 5 Hs.34526 NM_006564 CXCR6 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 6 Hs.471751 NM_020311 CXCR7 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 7 Hs.592212 NM_001953 TYMP Thymidine phosphorylase Hs.546295 NM_002995 XCL1 Chemokine (C motif) ligand 1 Hs.458346 NM_003175 XCL2 Chemokine (C motif) ligand 2 Hs.248116 NM_005283 XCR1 Chemokine (C motif) receptor 1 RNA extraction and microarrays . Total RNA was isolated from Results SACC-LM, SACC-83 cells and human SACC tissues using Trizol reagent (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Generally, cell Expression of chemokine receptors C5AR1, CCR1, CCR3, lines and tissue samples were homogenized in Trizol reagent and incubated for 5 min at room temperature. Cell debris was removed CCR6, CCR7, CCR9, CCR10, CXCR4, CXCR6, CXCR7, by centrifuge and supernatant solution was transferred to new tube. CCRL1 and CCRL2 was higher in SACC-83 compared to Chloroform was added into the Trizol reagent with a ratio (1:5), SACC-LM cell lines, p< 0.05 (Table II). Table III vortexed for 15 sec, incubated at room temperature for 3 min and demonstrates the statistically significant chemokine gene centrifuged at 12,000 × g for 15 min at 4˚C.
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