Division of Historical Resources

Architectural History Consultant Workshop

December 5, 2018 New Hampshire National Guard Training Center 722 Riverwood Drive, Pembroke, NH

A History of Preservation and Progress Since 1982

CULTURAL LANDSCAPES OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

Virginia H. Adams Senior Architectural Historian and Laura J. Kline Senior Architectural Historian NORTHERN PASS PROJECT CASE STUDY

• PAL engaged by Northern Pass Transmission LLC in 2016-2018 • Linear project corridor 192 miles long, much in existing ROW, taller towers, some new alignment • NHDHR determined cultural landscape approach best to identify and evaluate properties eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places; based in part on Caltrans precedent guidance for identifying and evaluating cultural landscapes in linear corridors – Identify any cultural landscapes in the study areas – Determine the size, scale, boundaries, features, historic contexts – Evaluate significance, assess integrity for National Register eligibility

CULTURAL LANDSCAPES DEFINITION adapted from National Park Service

• Reflect human adaptation and use of natural resources within a specific geographic area and are a distinctive entity. • Express characteristics physically in settlement and land use patterns, circulation systems (roadways, waterways, and trails), vegetation, buildings and structures, and natural features, and by uses that reflect cultural values, social perspectives, and traditions. • Are cultural resources embedded with characteristics and features associated with significant historic contexts, events, trends, and people, and comprise assemblages at overlapping scales that are dynamic and change over time. CULTURAL LANDSCAPES DEFINITION Cultural Geography

“The cultural landscape is fashioned from a natural landscape by a culture group. Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape the result.”

(Carl O. Sauer 1963 [1925]:343) CULTURAL LANDSCAPES EXAMPLES CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Relationships between • Why do certain places Places ↔ People have a distinct, coherent Environment ↔ Society identity? • Maps are crucial tool – Morphology • “Places” can be very – History different sizes – Community

FOUR STUDY AREAS

• Suncook Valley • Valley • Valley • Great North Woods RESEARCH & DATA COLLECTION Sources and Research Questions

• Multi-disciplinary team – Architectural and industrial history – Archaeology – Ethnohistory – Cultural geography – GIS mapping • Formal and informal input from knowledgeable local representatives (Consulting Parties) • Research Questions defined early in process RESEARCH & DATA COLLECTION Geographic and Environmental Information

– Watersheds, bodies of water – Soils – Ecoregions – Cultural and natural assets – Topography, bedrock geology – Vegetation

RESEARCH & DATA COLLECTION Archival Sources

– Project CRM reports – DHR inventory and archaeological site forms – National Register Nominations and HABS/HAER – Published histories, town plans, essays, and articles – Historical maps and images – Consulting Parties information RESEARCH & DATA COLLECTION Ethnographic Information

Cultural values and traditions Questionnaires and follow up

What are some of the most important natural features or resources of this What thing(s) make the Study Area special region in terms of shaping where and to you or make it unique from other parts of how people live and work? the state? Can you give any examples of places or sites that you feel would not be found any other place but here?

Does your family have any traditions tied to a particular place in the Study Area, or If you were to pick one place or do you feel that there are particular landscape that best represents the traditions, or social customs or cultural Study Area, what would it be? Why? perspectives that define the region? RESEARCH & DATA COLLECTION Driveover of Study Areas

• Range and distribution of historic resources • Character of intertwined natural and historic landscape • Areas of visual cohesion RESEARCH & DATA COLLECTION Demographic Data: Census and Ancestry

• English • Irish • French • German RESEARCH & DATA COLLECTION Aerial Photography: 1951 and 2014

Academy Rd DATA ANALYSIS

Historic Context Development – Historical and cultural patterns linked thematically, geographically, and chronologically – Identified approximately 40 NHDHR historic contexts for each Study Area – Identified historic resources and natural features that support and embody these historic contexts GIS-Based Mapping – Organize, visualize, compare, and interpret data

DATA ANALYSIS

National Register Evaluation – Define areas of significance using historic contexts Agriculture Recreation/Tourism Social/Ethnic History Architecture Transportation Archaeology Conservation Exploration/Settlement Industry – Verify continuity of historic resources and land use, integrity – Apply National Register criteria of eligibility – Establish boundaries

DATA ANALYSIS

• Reconnaissance-level identification of potential cultural landscapes within entire Study Area • Intensive-level evaluation of cultural landscapes within or adjacent to Area of Potential Effects (APE) defined for Northern Pass Project SUNCOOK RIVER VALLEY STUDY AREA SUNCOOK RIVER VALLEY ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS

Residential/Commercial/Industrial Crops/Pasture/Orchards Forest Wetlands Conservation Land Water SUNCOOK RIVER VALLEY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS

Carrigain, 1816

Hurd, 1892 SUNCOOK RIVER VALLEY LANDSCAPE CHARACTER

Suncook River from Mill House Road, Epsom PAL 2016

Stone Walls and Farm Fields on West Bank of Suncook River, Pembroke PAL 2016 SUNCOOK RIVER VALLEY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS AGRICULTURE

Historic Farm, Epsom Epsom Historical Association n.d. Bachelder Farm, Pembroke PAL 2016 SUNCOOK RIVER VALLEY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS HISTORICAL MARKERS

Robert Frost Summer Cottage, Allenstown Buck Street Mills, East Pembroke PAL 2016 PAL 2016 SUNCOOK RIVER VALLEY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS CONSERVATION AND RECREATION

Civilian Conservation Corps Dining Hall, , Allenstown Bear Brook State Park, Allenstown PAL 2016 Laprey, Monroe and Hooper 2012 SUNCOOK RIVER VALLEY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS TRANSPORTATION

Ca. 1869 Cattle Pass below Suncook Valley Former Railroad Station and Railroad Grade, Railroad, Allenstown Short Falls Village, Epsom PAL 2016 PAL 2016 SUNCOOK RIVER VALLEY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS SOCIAL / ETHNIC

Odd Fellows Hall, Short Falls Village, Epsom Short Falls Village PAL 2016 Hurd 1892 SUNCOOK RIVER VALLEY SENSE OF PLACE

“….Past din of loom, and rushing wheel, And ringing bell its waters steal; O’er falls, where dash and roar Its waves on rocky shore;

Past glades that bask in noonday beams, Where ploughmen urge their drowsy teams; Suncook River, New Hampshire Past homesteads in the shade Leon Foster Jones, 1909 Of maple colonnade….” –Solomon Walker Young, The Suncook, 1891 SUNCOOK RIVER VALLEY NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

• Two cultural landscapes identified and evaluated eligible for National Register: – Short Falls Cultural Landscape, Epsom, 648 acres – Buck Street-Bachelder Road Cultural Landscape, Pembroke, 1,852 acres • Rural vernacular landscapes • Assemblages of natural and manmade features • Typify 19th-century settlement patterns and agrarian land use within Suncook River Valley SUNCOOK RIVER VALLEY NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

• Significant under Criteria A and C • Boundaries selected to encompass greatest extent of continuous natural and historic features, based on comparison to historic maps and aerial photographs • Boundaries defined using natural features, legal property boundaries, roads, changes in development, and visual barriers SUNCOOK RIVER VALLEY NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

• Short Falls Cultural Landscape – Compact farming village along river valley in Epsom – Farmsteads, Short Falls Village, community buildings, road system, Suncook River and floodplain, bridge and mill site on river SUNCOOK RIVER VALLEY NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

• Buck Street-Bachelder Road Cultural Landscape – Follows historical linear transportation corridor between west bank of Suncook River and range road lands west of Buck Street – Agricultural resources, rural residences, road system, cemeteries, industrial sites, commercial buildings

PEMIGEWASSET RIVER VALLEY STUDY AREA PEMIGEWASSET RIVER VALLEY ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS

Residential/Commercial/Industrial Crops/Pasture/Orchards Forest Wetlands Conservation Land Water PEMIGEWASSET RIVER VALLEY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS

Carrigain, 1816

Hurd, 1892 PEMIGEWASSET RIVER VALLEY LANDSCAPE CHARACTER

Pemigewasset Wilderness from Mt. White Mountains in Franconia from I-93 Lafayette Summit PAL 2016 PAL 2016

Baker River, Warren PAL 2016

Squam Lake, Holderness East Branch Pemigewasset River, Lincoln PAL 2016 PAL 2016 PEMIGEWASSET RIVER VALLEY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS EARLY SETTLEMENT

Farm Fields and the Village of Alexandria, Hebron Village, Settled ca. 1800 (NR listed) Settled 1769 PAL 2016 PAL 2016 PEMIGEWASSET RIVER VALLEY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS AGRICULTURE

Hill Farms, Andover Connected Farmstead, Meredith PAL 2016 PAL 2016 PEMIGEWASSET RIVER VALLEY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS TRANSPORTATION

Steamboats on , Early 20th Route 3 and the Pemigewasset Valley Century Branch Railroad, Woodstock Tatham and Smith 1968 PAL 2016 PEMIGEWASSET RIVER VALLEY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS RECREATION AND TOURISM Tucker’s Hotel or Boarding House, Perkins Hill Road, Alexandria PAL 2016

Tourist Cabins, Route 3, Lincoln PAL 2016

Appalachian Trail Crossing at Lost River Road, Woodstock PAL 2016

Loon Mountain Ski Area, Lincoln PAL 2016 PEMIGEWASSET RIVER VALLEY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY

Biomass (wood) Electric Generation Plant and a Commercial Logging Site, Alexandria Log Chute, Waterville Valley, 1890s PAL 2016 Gove 2006 PEMIGEWASSET RIVER VALLEY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS MANUFACTURING

Foundations of Former Paper Pulp Mill and Lincoln Paper Mill, ca. 1940 Lenticular Truss Bridge, Livermore Falls, Casella, Dixon, and Bowers 2005 Campton PAL 2016 PEMIGEWASSET RIVER VALLEY SENSE OF PLACE “…We had tracked The winding Pemigewasset, overhung By beechen shadows, whitening down its rocks, Or lazily gliding through its intervals, From waving rye-fields sending up the gleam Of sunlit waters….” –John Greenleaf Whittier, The Bridal of Pennacook, 1844

Haying in the Pemigewasset Valley, Samuel W. Griggs, n.d.

“…Mountain, valley, lake, and river, interspersed with fertile meadows, shining cottages, and thrifty villages, within a circuit of thirty miles, meet the delighted eye in every direction, while in the north the rugged cliffs and peaks of the Franconia and White Mountain ranges rise like everlasting towers….” –the view from Plymouth, Edson C. Eastman, The White Mountain Guidebook,

1859 Haying in the Pemigewasset Valley, Samuel W. Griggs, n.d.

PEMIGEWASSET RIVER VALLEY NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

• Three cultural landscapes identified and evaluated eligible for National Register: – –Hill Village Cultural Landscape, Bristol/New Hampton/Hill/Sanbornton/Franklin, 3,843 acres – Route 3 Tourism Development Cultural Landscape, Lincoln/Woodstock, 568 acres – Franconia Notch Cultural Landscape, Franconia/Lincoln, 15,880 acres

PEMIGEWASSET RIVER VALLEY Franklin Falls Dam–Hill Village Cultural Landscape

– Significant under Criteria A, C, and D – Intact mid-20th-century federal flood- control project that includes 18th-/19th- century relocated town center village and abandoned settlement areas – Intact and early example of federal flood- control development from New Deal era, comprehensive flood-management design, continues to function in original capacity, demonstrates characteristics of US Army Corps of Engineers earth fill dam design – Fragmentary landscape PEMIGEWASSET RIVER VALLEY Route 3 Tourism Development Cultural Landscape

– Significant under Criteria A and C – Embodies recreational tourism and transportation history of northernmost area of Pemigewasset River Valley from early 19th century to present – Entrance to White Mountain National Forest – Mid-20th-century motor courts and motels, roadside tourist attractions PEMIGEWASSET RIVER VALLEY Franconia Notch Cultural Landscape

– Significant under Criteria A and C – Associated with the themes of public recreation and land conservation in the twentieth century – Franconia Notch Parkway is first and only example of two-lane Parkway in US Interstate Highway System, meets Criteria Consideration G – Boundary extends to ridge lines and mountain peaks that are visible from parkway and includes historic hiking trails leading to and along ridges PEMIGEWASSET RIVER VALLEY NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE CULTURAL LANDSCAPES AMMONOOSUC RIVER VALLEY STUDY AREA AMMONOOSUC RIVER VALLEY STUDY AREA

• Approximately 300 square miles, 11 towns • Ammonoosuc River valley, three tributaries • Between Great North Woods region, Valley, and White Mountain National Forest • Interwoven mountains and valleys, alternating forest and open land • Largely undeveloped outside historic village centers and hamlets • Conservation, agricultural, residential, and recreational land use AMMONOOSUC RIVER VALLEY STUDY AREA AMMONOOSUC RIVER VALLEY NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

• Two cultural landscapes identified and evaluated eligible for National Register: – River Cultural Landscape, Easton/Franconia, 2,690 acres – Cultural Landscape, Franconia/Sugar Hill, 1,345 acres • Vernacular landscapes, natural and manmade features • Illustrate notable development patterns and land use within Ammonoosuc River Valley • Significant under Criteria A, C, and D AMMONOOSUC RIVER VALLEY Ham Branch River Cultural Landscape AMMONOOSUC RIVER VALLEY Gale River Cultural Landscape AMMONOOSUC RIVER VALLEY NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE CULTURAL LANDSCAPES GREAT NORTH WOODS STUDY AREA GREAT NORTH WOODS STUDY AREA

• Approximately 800 square miles, 18 towns, 12 unincorporated townships, 2 counties • Northernmost section of NH • Some of state’s most scenic areas • Approximately 90 percent forested, thousands of acres of conservation land • Pockets of settlement, stretches of cleared farm land • Railroad rights-of-way, active and inactive • Regional road network GREAT NORTH WOODS STUDY AREA GREAT NORTH WOODS NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

• Four cultural landscapes identified and evaluated eligible for National Register: – Mount Prospect–Martin Meadow Pond Cultural Landscape, Lancaster, 2,650 acres – North Road–Lost Nation Road Cultural Landscape, Lancaster/Northumberland, 4,440 acres – Cultural Landscape, Stark/Dummer, 7,065 acres – Harvey Swell Cultural Landscape, Colebrook/Stewartstown, 1,055 acres

GREAT NORTH WOODS NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

• Vernacular landscapes, natural and manmade features • Illustrate notable development patterns and land use within Great North Woods • Significant under Criteria A and C • Mount Prospect–Martin Meadow Pond Cultural Landscape also significant under Criterion B for association with Senator John Wingate Weeks GREAT NORTH WOODS Mount Prospect–Martin Meadow Pond Cultural Landscape GREAT NORTH WOODS North Road–Lost Nation Road Cultural Landscape GREAT NORTH WOODS Upper Ammonoosuc River Cultural Landscape GREAT NORTH WOODS Harvey Swell Cultural Landscape GREAT NORTH WOODS NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

CULTURAL LANDSCAPES SUMMARY

• Cultural Landscapes: – Have different scales, different meanings depending on perspective of individual or group – Identification involves history, cultural resources, natural and human-modified landscape elements and features, and interrelationship of nature and culture – In preservation sphere, are essentially large, sometimes very large, historic districts, with countable resources that include things other than buildings (landscape features and circulation systems – roads, trails) – Range from agricultural farms to village centers, often organized around major natural feature

CULTURAL LANDSCAPES SUMMARY

• Local knowledge important to identify non-tangible qualities and resources not readily apparent from fieldwork and documentary research • Some areas are definitely landscape places but not cultural landscapes; defining qualities are related to natural undeveloped and remote character; human activity has been ephemeral • In scenic areas with great elevation changes, landscape may be part of surrounding setting; views from the cultural landscape to the area around, outside the boundary, may be important • PAL’s project was intensive-level survey for NR recommendations; actual nominations would reveal more info such as level of significance, identification of all C/NC resources, and refined boundaries QUESTIONS and DISCUSSION

Baker River, Pemigewasset River Valley Study Area