La Responsabilità Civile Per Danni Da Nucleare Secondo Il Diritto Giapponese E I Contenziosi Contro Tōky Ō Electric Power Company Holdings Successive a Fukushima

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La Responsabilità Civile Per Danni Da Nucleare Secondo Il Diritto Giapponese E I Contenziosi Contro Tōky Ō Electric Power Company Holdings Successive a Fukushima Corso di Laurea magistrale in Lingue, economie ed istituzioni dell’Asia e dell’Africa mediterranea (LM-40), curriculum in Lingua, economia e istituzioni del Giappone (D.M. n.270/2004) Tesi di laurea La responsabilità civile per danni da nucleare secondo il diritto giapponese e i contenziosi contro Tōky ō Electric Power Company Holdings successive a Fukushima Relatore Ch. Prof. Giorgio Fabio COLOMBO Correlatore Ch. Prof. Andrea REVELANT Laureanda Valeria MORANDI Matricola 861137 Anno Accademico 2017 / 2018 1 2 要旨 論⽂では⽇本における原⼦⼒損害についての⺠事責任に関する諸問題を中⼼に検討する。特に、 原発事故の賠償責任について、⺠事訴訟と福島事故で起こったできごとの説明を通して、損害 賠償⾦の問題を分析する。原⼦⼒のテーマについて興味が持ったから、福島事故の後での⽇本 における責任の問題点を分析された。 過去の数⼗年で⽇本を襲ったできごとの中で、 間違いなく⻑期にわたって忘れられないもの がある。2011年3⽉11⽇、2時46分に⽇本は、特に東北地⽅から関東地⽅にかけて、 全国でこれまで記録されたうち、もっとも激しい地震のひとつに襲われた。太平洋沿岸に位置 している福島第⼀原⼦⼒発電所及び関連施設は地震に伴う津波により⼤きな被害を受けた。⽇ 本で最も重要な電⼒会社、東京電⼒ホールディングス株式会社に属しているものである。それ に加えて、その事故によって多数の死傷者、避難⺠と損害が出た。明らかに全世界に反響を呼 んだ巨⼤な衝撃であった。 現在、⽇本では全国各地の原⼦⼒発電所が安全対策のため停⽌されている。 原⼦炉の故障ついては、世界的に統⼀された尺度が採⽤されている。INESという国際原⼦ ⼒発電所事象評価尺度はレベル0からレベル7まで分類されている。過去に起こった原⼦⼒原 発事故に比べると、 福島事故は 1986 年のチェルノブイリ原⼦⼒発電所事故と同じレベル7と された。福島第⼀原発事故の後には、解決されるべき様々な疑問がある。 まず、危険な原⼦⼒利⽤に対する多くの課題が表面化した。事故により、多数の人口は高レベ ルの放射能にさらされていた。それに原⼦⼒発電所から⼤量の放射性物質が環境中に放出され、 多数の周辺住⺠が避難⽣活を余儀なくされている。そのため、被害の賠償が深刻な問題となっ ている。被曝者がどのような権利あるか。 また、事故とその影響については、全国規模の死亡者数と被害額を議論する必要がある。事故 が発⽣した場合にどのような対応を⾏ってくれるのかを確認する事が重要である。特に、原発 事故の場合、誰が責任を負うのだろうか。 責任を明らかにするため、被害者が損害賠償⾦請求するための様々な⼿段について議論されて いる。2011 年からそれの事例が数多く報告されているが、論⽂の目的のがに最も重要な事例 しか分析していない。 3 さらに、事故が発⽣した場合にどのような対応を⾏ってくれるのかを確認する事が重要である。 2011 年、東京電⼒は原発事故の後の危機を管理しなかった。2017 年 3 ⽉、政府と東電は 2011 年の原発事故において⾏動が不⼗分であったと判決された。これまで、⼤勢の原告が東 電と政府に対する賠償を要求している。ただし、調査によると、今まで被害者に東電は6%の 賠償⾦しか払っていない。なぜだろうか。支払いが遅延した理由は、東電を持っていた経済的 な問題である。その場合には、国が代わって損害補償することになる。 ⽇本が福島の経験から学んだことを理解するには、⻑い時間がかかるだろう。 4 INDICE INTRODUZIONE in lingua giapponese ................................................................................... p. 3 INDICE ........................................................................................................................................ p. 5 INTRODUZIONE – L’undici marzo nero per il Giappone .................................................... p. 7 CAPITOLO 1 – 11 Marzo 2011 ................................................................................................. p. 10 1.1 Classificazione dell’evento ..................................................................................................... p. 10 1.2 Fukushima come Cernobyl? ................................................................................................... p. 13 1.2.1 I liquidatori .......................................................................................................................... p. 16 1.2.2 Fukushima 50....................................................................................................................... p. 17 1.3 Le vittime: sfollati e hibakusha .............................................................................................. p. 20 1.3.1 Le fasi dell’evacuazione e gli sfollati .................................................................................. p. 20 1.3.2 Hibakusha ............................................................................................................................ p. 27 1.4 L’incidente di Tokaimura, 1999 ............................................................................................. p. 29 1.4.1 L’incidente ........................................................................................................................... p. 32 1.5 Il salvataggio di Tepco ............................................................................................................ p. 34 1.5.1 Quantificare i danni ............................................................................................................. p. 34 1.5.2 I problemi finanziari e i tentativi di Tepco .......................................................................... p. 37 1.5.3 Bailout: Il salvataggio di Tepco ........................................................................................... p. 40 CAPITOLO 2 – Responsabilità civile per danni da nucleare nel contesto giuridico internazionale e secondo il diritto giapponese ...................................................................................................... p. 45 2.1 OCSE: Convenzione di Parigi sulla responsabilità civile di terzi nel campo dell’energia nucleare (1960) e successivi emendamenti (1962, 1964, 2004) ................................................................. p. 48 2.1.1 Convenzione supplementare di Bruxelles (1963) ................................................................ p. 52 2.1.2 Protocollo per modificare la Convenzione di Parigi e quella supplementare di Bruxelles (2004) ...................................................................................................................................................... p.53 2.2 Convenzione di Vienna 1963 (ed emendamento 1997) .......................................................... p. 55 2.3 Convenzione supplementare per il risarcimento di danni da nucleare ................................... p. 56 2.4 Il nucleare secondo il codice civile giapponese ...................................................................... p. 58 2.4.1 Nuclear Damage Compensation Act (NDCA) del 1961: linee generali e principi .............. p. 61 2.4.2 La responsabilità di Tepco ................................................................................................... p. 68 5 2.4.3 Gli errori commessi di Tepco .............................................................................................. p. 70 2.4.4 I terremoti ............................................................................................................................ p. 74 2.4.5 Le colpe del Governo ........................................................................................................... p. 76 CAPITOLO 3 – Le tipologie di indennizzi e i contenziosi v. Tepco e General Electric ....... p.80 3.1 Risarcimenti diretti ................................................................................................................. p. 83 3.2 Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) ................................................................................... p. 85 3.2.1 Funzionamento ................................................................................................................... p. 88 3.3 Contenziosi ............................................................................................................................. p. 91 3.4 Le controversie e qualche numero .......................................................................................... p. 94 3.5 Azioni legali collettive e il loro funzionamento ..................................................................... p. 101 3.6 Contenziosi v. Tōky ō Electric Power Company ..................................................................... p. 102 3.6.1 In Giappone ......................................................................................................................... p. 102 3.6.2 Al di fuori del Giappone ...................................................................................................... p. 108 CONCLUSIONI .......................................................................................................................... p. 114 BIBLIOGRAFIA e SITOGRAFIA ........................................................................................... p. 118 FONTI IMMAGINI .................................................................................................................... p. 153 INDICE DELLE FIGURE ......................................................................................................... p. 155 6 INTRODUZIONE L’undici marzo nero per il Giappone Tra gli eventi degli ultimi decenni che hanno colpito il Giappone, ce n’è sicuramente uno che il Paese ricorderà molto a lungo: il terremoto e maremoto del Tōhoku. Il grande terremoto del Giappone orientale 1 è un sisma verificatosi alle 14:46 (ora locale) dell’undici marzo 2011 al largo della costa della regione del T ōhoku, a una profondità di circa trenta chilometri. Il fenomeno ha avuto origine nella prefettura di Miyagi dove è stata registrata una prima scossa di magnitudo 9.0 secondo l’USGS 2 a cui ne sono seguite altre per un numero complessivo di quaranta; a seguire, si è generato uno tsunami con onde alte più di dieci metri che, propagandosi a una velocità di 750 km/h, ha attraversato l’Oceano Pacifico prima di toccare le coste delle Hawaii e quelle occidentali dell’America 3. Più di 20,000 persone hanno perso la vita o sono rimaste disperse per colpa del terremoto e dello tsunami; ma tutto questo è stato solo l’inizio. A sconvolgere il Paese infatti, sono stati gli effetti che queste onde hanno procurato alla centrale nucleare di Fukushima Dai Ichi di proprietà della Tepco 4 , la più grande compagnia elettrica del Giappone e situata proprio lungo la costa. Questa scia di morte e devastazione ha spazzato via intere cittadine e danneggiato irrimediabilmente le prefetture di Miyagi, Iwate, Ibaraki, e Fukushima. In particolare, gli incendi e le successive esplosioni avutesi all’interno del complesso nucleare di quest’ultima prefettura, hanno causato una fuoriuscita di radiazioni tale da costringere all’evacuazione oltre 160,000 persone nel raggio di 20 km dalla centrale. 5 Al momento del sisma, nella centrale erano attivi solo tre dei
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