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Copyright © Philippe DANTAGNAN Page 1/23 LES UNITES DU
LES UNITES DU SYSTEME INTERNATIONAL I) Unités de base du système international Le système international comprend sept unités de base. C'est à partir de ces sept unités que les unités dérivées du système international sont obtenues. Grandeur Symbole Nom de l'unité Symbole de l'unité Description longueur l mètre m Le mètre est la longueur du trajet parcouru dans le vide par la lumière pendant une durée de 1/299 792 458 de seconde. (17e CGPM (1983), Résolution 1, CR 97). Historiquement, il est basé sur la circonférence de la terre, et vaut 1/40 000 000ème d'un méridien. masse m kilogramme kg Le kilogramme (nom originel, le grave) est l'unité de masse. Il est égal à la masse du prototype international du kilogramme. Ce dernier, en platine-iridium (90%-10%), est gardé au Bureau international des poids et mesures à Sèvres, en France. (1re CGPM (1889), CR 34-38). Historiquement, c'est la masse d'un décimètre cube, soit un litre d'eau. Copyright © Philippe DANTAGNAN Page 1/23 Grandeur Symbole Nom de l'unité Symbole de l'unité Description temps t seconde s La seconde est la durée de 9 192 631 770 périodes de la radiation correspondant à la transition entre les deux niveaux hyperfins de l’état fondamental de l’atome de césium 133 à une température de 0 kelvin. (13e CGPM (1967-1968), Résolution 1, CR 103). La seconde est bien-sur basée à l’origine sur la durée du jour terrestre, divisé en 24 heures, puis 60 minutes et 60 secondes (soit 86 400 secondes). -
Appendix B: Technical Notes and Definitions/Translations 1
Appendix B: Technical Notes and Definitions/Translations 1. Terms Related to Making Glues, Dyes, and Varnishes Ingredient Description Where it Comes Purpose Name from? Gum Adraganth Also called Adraganth and Gum Tragacanth; This gum comes from a small shrub which is abundant in Levant Levant (Middle Varnishes (Middle East), Candia and Spain.3 East), Spain, Alkanet Made from the root of the Anchusa tinctoria, this is a red dye that soluble in alcohols, oils and waxes. France Dyes Probably this was primarily used by textile dyers but could have had applications in other areas.4 Germany Alcohol See Spirit of Wine NA NA Aloes An extract from a number of different types of aloes. The dried resin can be used as a dye and by West Indies Dyes processing it with nitric acid. This was not used very often. Alum Potassium aluminium sulphate used in conjunction with other materials to help bring out the colours and to NA Mordant for dyes stabilize the colour. This was spelled ‘allom’ in Parker, G. and Stalker, J. A Treatise of Japanning and Varnishing,5 Alkanet root A red dye that comes from the root of an herb (Batchia canescens) Frequently used for food colouring as South of France, Dye well as textile dyes. (It is also used by alchemists to ‘purify the area of negativity and to attract prosperity”) The Levant (Middle Alkanet is grown in the south of France and on the shores of the Levant. East) 3 There were several sources that were used throughout this document, such as P. Tingry, A Painters and Varnisher's Guide, G. -
Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures Their SI Equivalences and Origins
FrancËois Cardarelli Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures Their SI Equivalences and Origins English translation by M.J. Shields, FIInfSc, MITI 13 Other Systems 3 of Units Despite the internationalization of SI units, and the fact that other units are actually forbidden by law in France and other countries, there are still some older or parallel systems remaining in use in several areas of science and technology. Before presenting conversion tables for them, it is important to put these systems into their initial context. A brief review of systems is given ranging from the ancient and obsolete (e.g. Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Old French) to the relatively modern and still in use (e.g. UK imperial, US customary, cgs, FPS), since a general knowledge of these systems can be useful in conversion calculations. Most of the ancient systems are now totally obsolete, and are included for general or historical interest. 3.1 MTS, MKpS, MKSA 3.1.1 The MKpS System The former system of units referred to by the international abbreviations MKpS, MKfS, or MKS (derived from the French titles meÁtre-kilogramme-poids-seconde or meÁtre-kilo- gramme-force-seconde) was in fact entitled SysteÁme des MeÂcaniciens (Mechanical Engi- neers' System). It was based on three fundamental units, the metre, the second, and a weight unit, the kilogram-force. This had the basic fault of being dependent on the acceleration due to gravity g, which varies on different parts of the Earth, so that the unit could not be given a general definition. Furthermore, because of the lack of a unit of mass, it was difficult, if not impossible to draw a distinction between weight, or force, and mass (see also 3.4). -
Conversion Des Unités Pour Différents Systèmes 1
Conversion des unités pour différents systèmes 1 Conversion des unités 1. Longueur Nom Nom anglais(1) Symbole Équivalence mètre metre ou meter m (Unité de base du SI) -2 centimètre cm (Unité de base du système CGS) ≡ 10 m -15 fermi ≡ 10 m -13 siegbahn X-unit xu ≈ 1,0000021×10 m -12 stigma stigma ≡ 10 m = 1 pm -10 ångström Å ≡ 10 m = 0,1 nm micromètre, Micron μ ≡ 10-6 m = 1 μm twip twp ≡ 1/1440 in ≈ 17,639 μm mil; thou mil ≡ 0,001 in = 25,4 μm mickey ≡ 1/200 in = 0,127 mm calibre cal ≡ 1/100 in = 0,254 mm ligne line ln ≡ 1/12 in ≈ 2,116667 mm ligne (Paris) l ≡ 1/12 p ≈ 2,255829 mm grain d'orge barleycorn ≡ 1/3 in ≈ 8,466667 mm doigt finger ≡ 7/8 in = 22,225 mm pouce inch in ≡ 2,54 cm pouce (Paris) p ≡ 1/12 P ≈ 27,069949 mm stick ≡ 2 in = 50,8 mm clou nail ≡ 2 1/4 in = 57,15 mm paume palm ≡ 3 in = 76,2 mm main hand ≡ 4 in = 101,6 mm doigt (tissu) finger (cloth) ≡ 4 1/2 in = 114,3 mm empan span ≡ 6 in = 152,4 mm chaînon de Gunter link (Gunter's) lnk ≡ 66/100 ft = 0,201 168 m ≡ 1/4 yd = 9 in quart span (cloth); quarter = 0,2286 m pied foot ft ≡ 12 in = 0,3048 m pied (Paris); pied de roi P ≈ 0,324839385 m pied (québécois) P ≡ 0,3248406 m pas de reine ? ≈ ? m coudée cubit ≡ 18 in = 0,4572 m pas pace ≡ 2 1/2 ft = 0,762 m verge yard yd ≡ 3 ft = 0,9144 m aune ell ≡ 45 in = 1,143 m aune (Paris) ≡ 3 P 7 p 10 l ≈ 1,186566 m pas double double pace; milli-mile ≡ 1/1000 mi = 1,609344 m ≡ 6 ft = 1,8288 m brasse; toise marine fathom fm (parfois ≡ 1/1000 NM = 1,852 m) toise (Paris) T ≡ 6 P = 864/443,296 m ≈ 1,949036310 m toise (québécoise) T ≡ 1,9490436