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Large Carpenter Bees As Key Pollinators of Gliricidia Sepium

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Large Carpenter Bees As Key Pollinators of Gliricidia Sepium 20105-- Rameshkumar Anandhan 27 June-2020 Indian Journal of Entomology Online published (Preview) DoI No.: LARGE CARPENTER BEES AS KEY POLLINATORS OF GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM RAMESHKUMAR ANANDHAN*, SARFRAZUL ISLAM KAZMI AND SUDIPTA DEY Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700053 *Email: [email protected] (corresponding author) ABSTRACT Association of large carpenter bees (Apidae: Xylocopinae: Xylocopa) with Gliricidia sepium (Fabaceae) as pollinators is reported herein. Two species viz., Xylocopa (Biluna) auripennis and X. (Platynopoda) tenuiscapa have been observed as key pollinators of G. sepium in Guwahati, Assam. Relationship of Xylocopa spp., with G. sepium is discussed and a key to Xylocopa spp. pollinating G. sepium provided. Key words: Apidae, Xylocopa spp., pollinator, Gliricidia sepium, Guwahati, Assam, relationship, key to species Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud. (Fabaceae) is RESULTS AND DISCUSSION a versatile tropical tree extensively cultivated for multiple purposes as firewood, fodder, live fencing, soil A. Xylocopa spp. improvement, medicine, rat poison, etc. and used as a During the study, Xylocopa spp., involved in shade and ornamental tree. Pollination in G. sepium is pollination of G. sepium were observed and six mainly dependent on bees because it is strongly self- specimens representing two species viz., Xylocopa incompatible with hermaphrodite flowers. Janzen (1983) (Biluna) auripennis and X. (Platynopoda) tenuiscapa stated that the large carpenter bee Xylocopa fimbriata F. were collected. (Apidae) is the primary pollinator of Gliricidia as it was attracted by the pink flowers and concentrated nectar. 1. Xylocopa (Biluna) auripennis Lepeletier 1841 A study on G. sepium from American tropics shows (Fig. 1) that due to the inter-tree foraging behaviour of bees, Xylocopa auripennis Lepeletier 1841; X. successful pollination and outcrossing occur (Frankie hemichlora Cockerell 1929; X. iridipennis var. et al., 1983). Coville et al. (1986) observed the visit of semipurpurea Cockerell 1929; X. auripennis var. Centris sp. (Apidae: Centridini) to G. sepium. Aluri and phenachroa Cockerell 1929; Subba Reddi (1996) studied the flower visitors on G. sepium in India with the mode of pollination, foraging Diagnosis: Knee caps on posterior tibia present behavior and recorded four bee pollinators- Xylocopa and sharply pointed at apex, extending over basal latipes (Drury), X. pubescens Spinola, Ceratina sp. and 3/7 of tibial length, punctation of supraclypeal region Trigona sp.. Further, they classified large bees as regular and clypeus of the same density, wings basally with pollinators and small bees as incidental pollinators greenish, violaceous and bluish tints (Maa, 1938). because the flowers ofG. sepium are inappropriate for Material examined: 4 ♀, India, Assam, Guwahati, small bees. Kahikuchi, 26.1005° N, 91.5983° E, Aerial Netting, ex. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gliricidia sepium, 15.iii.2019, A. Rameshkumar and PreviewSudipta Dey. Pollinators visiting G. sepium were collected using an aerial net and their behaviour was observed Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, between 1100 and 1400 hrs. Collected specimens were Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, processed and mounted as per standard protocol and Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Odisha, identified using appropriate keys. Voucher specimens Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West are deposited in the National Zoological Collection Bengal (Maa, 1938; Ascher and Pickering, 2019). (NZC), Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. 2 Indian Journal of Entomology Online published (Preview) Fig. 1. X. auripennis, ♀: a. habitus- dorsal view; b. head- frontal view Fig. 2. X. tenuscapa, ♀: a. habitus- dorsal view; b. head- frontal view 2. Xylocopa (Platynopoda) tenuiscapa Westwood, 1. Ventral segments of metasoma with a 1840 (Fig. 2) conspicuous, well-defined median longitudinal Xylocopa latreillii Lepeletier 1841; X. ridge; ridges of consecutive segments forming latreillei Lepeletier 1841; X. viridipennis Lepeletier a distinct ventral “keel” along midline of 1841; X. lativentris Blanchard 1844; X. albo- metasoma; Frons with a transverse ridge fasciata Sichel 1868; X. albofasciata Sichel 1868; ending on either side in a more or less distinct Platynopoda tenuicornis Ashmead 1904; X. horn-like projection immediately adjacent (Mesotrichia) tenuiscapa Westwood 1840; to lateral ocelli; median ocellus located well below carina on flat portion of frons Diagnosis: Antennal segment III distinctly longer ........................ X. (Neoxylocopa) fimbriata F. than segments IV-VI, wings basally with bluish or - Ventral segments of metasoma without median greenish iridescence, abdominal tergites III-IV medially longitudinal ridge; frons simple without finely punctate (Maa, 1938). transverse ridge. ........................................... 2 Material examined: 2 ♀, India, Assam, Guwahati, 2. Scutellum running gradually into postscutellum, Kahikuchi, 26.1005° N, 91.5983° E, Aerial Netting, ex. only separated by a suture (Fig. 1a, 3c); Gliricidia sepium, 15.iii.2019, A. Rameshkumar and posterior portion of scutellum never projecting Sudipta Dey. over postscutellum which is at almost the same level (Epipygium medially furrowed; Distribution: AndamanPreview and Nicobar Islands, Unpunctate crescent-shaped markings laterad Assam, Bihar, Goa, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, to median ocellus present; knee-caps of Kerala, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, posterior tibiae simple) ................................... Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal (Maa, 1938; ................. X. (Biluna) auripennis Lepeletier Ascher and Pickering, 2019). - Scutellum sharply marked off from B. Key to the Xylocopa spp. pollinating G. sepium postscutellum by a distinct ridge of varying height, its posterior portion projecting over [adapted from Ma (1938), Mawdsley (2018), Prashantha postscutellum which lies at a much lower level and Belavadi (2016)] (Fig. 2, 3d) .................................................... 3 Large carpenter bees as key pollinators of Gliricidia sepium 3 Rameshkumar Anandhan et al. 3. Pubescence usually dominantly yellow or combined; wings apically with strong purple shade of yellow on thorax (Fig. 3f), remaining and greenish iridescence; scape of antennae parts of body covered with black hairs (outer apically greatly flattened in male (Fig. 3b) margin of compound eyes without groove ...................... X. (Platynopoda) latipes (Drury) along border) .................................................. Based on the present observations and previous ......... X. (Koptortosoma) pubescens (Spinola) studies, eight species of bees are reported as pollinators - Pubescence throughout the body uniformly for G. sepium. Out of these, five are large carpenter black ............................................................. 4 bees, namely, Xylocopa (Platynopoda) latipes, X. 4. In female, 3rd antennal segment distinctly (Koptortosoma) pubescens, X. (Neoxylocopa) fimbriata, longer than following 4th to 6th segment X. (Platynopoda) tenuiscapa and X. (Biluna) auripennis. combined; wings basally with bluish or Except X. fimbriata, all other species including the greenish iridescence; scape of antennae two reported herein are known to be pollinators of G. cylindrical throughout in male (Fig. 2b, 3a) sepium from India. The species of Xylocopa are key ........................................................................ pollinators of G. sepium because of their size, fast flight, .......X. (Platynopoda) tenuiscapa Westwood capability of long distance travel, and adaptation to its floral features. Aluri and Subba Reddi (1996) stated - In female, 3rd antennal segment shorter than that G. sepium produces only 10% of fruits through or as long as following 4th to 6th segment Preview Fig. 3. a. X. tenuiscapa- antenna, ♂; b. X. latipes- antenna, ♂; c. X. auripennis- mesosoma; d. X. latipes- mesosoma; e. mesosoma with black pubescence; f. mesosoma with yellow pubescence 4 Indian Journal of Entomology Online published (Preview) natural fruiting. Hence, the present study brings out the Accessed 11th November, 2019. http://www.discoverlife.org/ important pollinators of G. sepium and their details from mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species India which might help to the conservation of G. sepium. Coville R E, Frankie G W, Buchmann S L, Vinson S B, Williams H J. 1986. Nesting and male behavior of Centris heithausi in Costa Rica with chemical analysis of the hindleg glands of males. Journal of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Kansas Entomological Society 59: 325-336. Authors thank Dr Kailash Chandra, Director, Frankie G W, Haber W A, Opler P A, Bawa K S. 1983. Characteristics and organization of the large bee pollination system in the Costa Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, for providing rican dry forest. pp. 411-447. C E Jones, R J Little (eds). Handbook facilities. of experimental pollination biology, Scientific Editions, New York. Janzen D H. 1983. (ed). Historia Natural de Costa Rica. Chavarría M. REFERENCES (trans). Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, 1991, 822 pp. (Original work published). Aluri R J S, Subba Reddi C. 1996. Floral biology and pollination in Gliricidia sepium (Fabaceae). Journal of NATCON 8 (1): 65-67. Ma T C [= Maa]. 1938. The Indian species of the genus Xylocopa Latr. (Hymenoptera). Records of the Indian Museum 40: 265-329. Ascher J S, Pickering J. 2019. Discover life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). (Manuscript Received: March, 2020; Revised: May, 2020; Accepted: June, 2020; Online Published: June, 2020) Online published (Preview) in www.entosocindia.org Ref. No. 20105 Preview.
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