JUMP Bowl-Biomedical Sciences/Health-Study Guide Hello Junior Upcoming Medical Professionals (JUMP) Clubs. We are excited that you will be participating in this year’s JUMP Celebration. During the JUMP Bowl, we will test your knowledge of biomedical sciences and biomedical healthcare practices. Students should be familiar with the various STEM professions that make up this field of medicine. Below is a study guide that your club can use to prepare for the celebration, please thoroughly read this guide and study the key vocabulary and concepts. Good Luck! “To work in the medical field is to make a real contribution to your fellow human. This career will ask much of your mind and heart and give much in return. Some of you have already made a decision to seek a career in some area of healthcare. Some of you are exploring your options. Everything you learn will build a foundation of skills and knowledge, so learn well. Remember, someday a patient’s life may depend on you and your mastery of what you are taught.” Kay Cox-Stevens, RN, MA Biomedical Science is the application of natural sciences to the study of medicine. Biomedical science combines the fields of biology and medicine in order to focus on the health of both animals and humans. Students should be familiar with the definitions, principles and applications of neuroscience, microbiology, oncology, pathology, hematology, genetics, epidemiology, biophysics, chemistry, anatomy, physiology, general biology, molecular biology, cell biology, developmental biology, nanotechnology, biochemistry, toxicology and medical terminology. Biomedical model of health focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model of care practiced by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease. Biomedical models of illness combine several closely related sets of beliefs. These can be summarized as follows: • All illness and all symptoms and signs arise from an underlying abnormality within the body (usually in the functioning or structure of specific organs), referred to as a disease • All diseases give rise to symptoms, eventually if not initially, and although other factors may influence the consequences of the disease, they are not related to its development or manifestations • Health is the absence of disease • Mental phenomena, such as emotional disturbance or delusions, are separate from and unrelated to other disturbances of bodily function • The patient is a victim of circumstance with little or no responsibility for the presence or cause of the illness3 • The patient is a passive recipient of treatment, although cooperation with treatment is expected. Biomedical sciences studies are involved in the identification and treatment of many diseases, including but not limited to Lupus, Diabetes, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Hemophilia, tuberculosis, cirrhosis, HIV, various autoimmune disease, various immune system diseases, heart diseases, liver diseases, infectious diseases, Alzheimer’s disease and diarrheal diseases. Those that go into biomedical sciences/health fields can assist in many hospital departments, including but not limited to: administration, support services, diagnostic services, therapeutic services and nursing services. They can also be involved in a variety of medical specialties such as allergies, anesthesiology, cardiovascular diseases/cardiology, cosmetic surgery, dermatology, emergencies, endocrinology, family practice, gastroenterology, general surgery, gerontology, gynecology, internal medicine, neonatology, nephrology, neurology, obstetrics, oncology, ophthalmology, , orthopedics, otolaryngology, pathology, pediatrics, physical medicine/rehabilitation, proctology, psychiatry, radiology, therapeutic radiology, ,thoracic, surgery, urology and various other specialties. Students participating in the JUMP celebration should know the definition of each specialty. This will make you a valuable contributor to your team and future patients. Biomedical Science encompasses a range of professions. A few examples of professions within the biomedical science umbrella are neuroscientist, oncologist, microbiologist, hematologist, geneticist, epidemiologist, biophysicist, biochemists, and biomedical laboratory scientists. Biomedical Engineering is another profession within the biomedical science spectrum. Biomedical engineers can enter many fields, including but not limited to bioinformatics, biomechanics, biomaterial, biomedical optics, tissue engineering, genetic engineering, neural engineering, pharmaceutical engineering, medical devices, clinical engineering and rehabilitation engineering. A biomedical engineer may be involved in designing and creating various medical devices and fundamental patient care equipment such as but not limited to crash cart equipment, traction devices, ambulation equipment, respiratory devices, dialysis machines, cryostats, IV infusion pumps, Boyle’s Machines, sonogram machines, otoscopes, MRI machines, autoclaves, laryngoscopes, mammography machines, stents and defibrillators. Students should have a working knowledge of the range of professions, the equipment that these specialists utilize the mechanics of such equipment. Laboratory science is another route that those interested in pursuing biomedical science use laboratory techniques and equipment to study a variety of disciplines such as infection sciences, blood, sciences, cell sciences and genetics/molecular pathology. In order to be effective and safe, lab scientist must utilize personal protective equipment (PPE). The use of this personal protective equipment is to curb the spread of indirect transmission of disease. Whereas in a hospital, healthcare providers may use personal protective equipment and handwashing to protect them from the spread of disease through direct transmission. It is very important for all involved in healthcare to maintain an aseptic environment. “Advances in technology and research have made it possible for hospitals to sterilize and disinfect instruments, equipment, linen, floors and counter tops to reduce the chances of infection. Pathogens occur everywhere and the healthcare worker must provide an optimal healing environment for the patient. Standard precautions, transmission-based precautions and isolation techniques have been recommended by the CDC for everyone’s’ protection” (Garber, 1998). Laboratory scientist must protect themselves, other healthcare providers, patients and the family members of patients from spreading various diseases. Infection control is crucial to the overall health of our communities, students should be familiar with what laboratory scientist do, how they do it and the techniques and universal protocols used in healthcare to minimize the spread of disease. Neuroscientists study the development and function of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerve cells throughout the body. They could specialize in one part of the nervous system, such as neurotransmitters, or focus their research on specific behaviors, such as psychiatric disorders. An oncologist is a physician who works in the field of oncology, the branch of medicine that deals with cancer. The three main fields that oncologists work in are radiotherapy, surgical and medical. Other common oncology specialties include gynecologic — which deals with the treatment of women with cancer of the female-specific organs A microbiologist is a scientist who studies microscopic life forms and processes. This includes study of the growth, interactions and characteristics of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, and some types of parasites and their vectors. Hematologist is branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood. Involves treating diseases that affect the production of blood and its components. A medical technologist or medical laboratory scientist performs laboratory work that goes into the study of blood. Geneticist is a biologist who study the science of genes, heredity, and variation of organisms. These professionals treat and counsel patients with hereditary conditions develop pharmaceuticals, and agricultural products and research inherited diseases. Epidemiologist, these professionals investigate the cause of diseases and suggest procedures that can be implemented to limit the damage and control the spread of disease. They are called to action for influenza outbreaks, food poisoning or any other form of disease that attacks a community. Biophysicist, these scientists study the relationship between physics and living organisms, aiming to identify predictable patterns in biological processes. They conduct research for the government, universities, and private institutes. They are responsible for many major advancements in science and medicine. Biochemist, these scientists analyze the chemical characteristics and processes that are involved with living organisms. They conduct basic and applied research and use advanced tools and software to carry out their research. Biomedical Scientist, these scientists are trained in biology, particularly in the context of medicine. They conduct research on how the human body works and find new ways to cure/treat disease by developing advanced diagnostic tools or new therapeutic strategies. Neonatology is a subspecialty of pediatrics that consists of the medical care of newborn infants, especially the ill or premature newborn. It is a hospital-based