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Home , Biomedical sciences, Biomedical scientist, Subspecialty

JUMP Bowl-Biomedical /-Study Guide

Hello Junior Upcoming Medical Professionals (JUMP) Clubs. We are excited that you will be participating in this year’s JUMP Celebration. During the JUMP Bowl, we will test your knowledge of and biomedical healthcare practices. Students should be familiar with the various STEM professions that make up this field of . Below is a study guide that your club can use to prepare for the celebration, please thoroughly read this guide and study the key vocabulary and concepts. Good Luck!

“To work in the medical field is to make a real contribution to your fellow . This career will ask much of your mind and heart and give much in return. Some of you have already made a decision to seek a career in some area of healthcare. Some of you are exploring your options. Everything you learn will build a foundation of skills and knowledge, so learn well. Remember, someday a patient’s may depend on you and your mastery of what you are taught.” Kay Cox-Stevens, RN, MA Biomedical is the application of natural sciences to the study of medicine. Biomedical science combines the fields of and medicine in order to focus on the health of both and . Students should be familiar with the definitions, principles and applications of , , , , , , , , , , , general biology, , biology, , nanotechnology, , and medical terminology. Biomedical model of health focuses on the physical or biological aspects of and illness. It is a medical model of care practiced by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease. Biomedical models of illness combine several closely related sets of beliefs. These can be summarized as follows:

• All illness and all symptoms and signs arise from an underlying abnormality within the body (usually in the functioning or structure of specific organs), referred to as a disease • All give rise to symptoms, eventually if not initially, and although other factors may influence the consequences of the disease, they are not related to its development or manifestations • Health is the absence of disease • Mental phenomena, such as emotional disturbance or delusions, are separate from and unrelated to other disturbances of bodily function • The patient is a victim of circumstance with little or no responsibility for the presence or cause of the illness3 • The patient is a passive recipient of treatment, although cooperation with treatment is expected. Biomedical sciences studies are involved in the identification and treatment of many diseases, including but not limited to Lupus, Diabetes, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Hemophilia, tuberculosis, cirrhosis, HIV, various autoimmune disease, various diseases, heart diseases, liver diseases, infectious diseases, Alzheimer’s disease and diarrheal diseases. Those that go into biomedical sciences/health fields can assist in many departments, including but not limited to: administration, support services, diagnostic services, therapeutic services and services. They can also be involved in a variety of medical specialties such as , , cardiovascular diseases/, cosmetic , , emergencies, , family practice, , , gerontology, gynecology, , , , , , oncology, , , orthopedics, otolaryngology, pathology, , physical medicine/rehabilitation, proctology, , , therapeutic radiology, ,thoracic, surgery, and various other specialties. Students participating in the JUMP celebration should know the definition of each specialty. This will make you a valuable contributor to your team and future patients. Biomedical Science encompasses a range of professions. A few examples of professions within the biomedical science umbrella are neuroscientist, oncologist, microbiologist, hematologist, geneticist, epidemiologist, biophysicist, biochemists, and biomedical . is another profession within the biomedical science spectrum. Biomedical engineers can enter many fields, including but not limited to , biomechanics, biomaterial, biomedical optics, engineering, genetic engineering, neural engineering, pharmaceutical engineering, medical devices, clinical engineering and rehabilitation engineering. A biomedical engineer may be involved in designing and creating various medical devices and fundamental patient care equipment such as but not limited to crash cart equipment, traction devices, ambulation equipment, respiratory devices, dialysis machines, cryostats, IV infusion pumps, Boyle’s Machines, sonogram machines, otoscopes, MRI machines, autoclaves, laryngoscopes, mammography machines, stents and defibrillators. Students should have a working knowledge of the range of professions, the equipment that these specialists utilize the mechanics of such equipment. Laboratory science is another route that those interested in pursuing biomedical science use laboratory techniques and equipment to study a variety of disciplines such as sciences, , sciences, cell sciences and genetics/. In order to be effective and safe, lab must utilize personal protective equipment (PPE). The use of this personal protective equipment is to curb the spread of indirect transmission of disease. Whereas in a hospital, healthcare providers may use personal protective equipment and handwashing to protect them from the spread of disease through direct transmission. It is very important for all involved in healthcare to maintain an aseptic environment. “Advances in technology and have made it possible for to sterilize and disinfect instruments, equipment, linen, floors and counter tops to reduce the chances of infection. Pathogens occur everywhere and the healthcare worker must provide an optimal healing environment for the patient. Standard precautions, transmission-based precautions and isolation techniques have been recommended by the CDC for everyone’s’ protection” (Garber, 1998). Laboratory scientist must protect themselves, other healthcare providers, patients and the family members of patients from spreading various diseases. Infection control is crucial to the overall health of our communities, students should be familiar with what laboratory scientist do, how they do it and the techniques and universal protocols used in healthcare to minimize the spread of disease. Neuroscientists study the development and function of the , which includes the , spinal cord, and nerve cells throughout the body. They could specialize in one part of the nervous system, such as neurotransmitters, or focus their research on specific behaviors, such as psychiatric disorders. An oncologist is a who works in the field of oncology, the branch of medicine that deals with . The three main fields that oncologists work in are radiotherapy, surgical and medical. Other common oncology specialties include gynecologic — which deals with the treatment of women with cancer of the female-specific organs A microbiologist is a scientist who studies microscopic life forms and processes. This includes study of the growth, interactions and characteristics of microscopic such as , algae, fungi, and some types of parasites and their vectors. Hematologist is branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood. Involves treating diseases that affect the production of blood and its components. A medical technologist or scientist performs laboratory work that goes into the study of blood. Geneticist is a who study the science of , heredity, and variation of organisms. These professionals treat and counsel patients with hereditary conditions develop pharmaceuticals, and agricultural products and research inherited diseases. Epidemiologist, these professionals investigate the cause of diseases and suggest procedures that can be implemented to limit the damage and control the spread of disease. They are called to action for influenza outbreaks, food poisoning or any other form of disease that attacks a community. Biophysicist, these scientists study the relationship between and living organisms, aiming to identify predictable patterns in biological processes. They conduct research for the government, , and private institutes. They are responsible for many major advancements in science and medicine. Biochemist, these scientists analyze the chemical characteristics and processes that are involved with living organisms. They conduct basic and applied research and use advanced tools and software to carry out their research. , these scientists are trained in biology, particularly in the context of medicine. They conduct research on how the works and find new ways to cure/treat disease by developing advanced diagnostic tools or new therapeutic strategies.

Neonatology is a of pediatrics that consists of the medical care of newborn infants, especially the ill or premature newborn. It is a hospital-based specialty, and is usually practiced in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The principal patients of neonatologists are newborn infants who are ill or require special medical care due to prematurity, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital malformations (birth defects), sepsis, pulmonary hypoplasia or birth asphyxia. Nephrology the study of normal kidney function and kidney disease, the preservation of kidney health, and the treatment of kidney disease, from diet and medication to renal replacement which is dialysis and kidney transplantation. Neurology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the central and peripheral nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue, such as muscle. Obstetrics is the field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. As a , obstetrics is combined with gynecology under the discipline known as obstetrics and gynecology, which is a surgical field.

Oncology the branch of medical science dealing with tumors, including the origin, development, diagnosis, and treatment of malignant neoplasms. Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine and surgery that deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eyeball and orbit. An ophthalmologist is a specialist in medical and surgical eye disease. Their credentials include a doctorate degree in medicine, followed by an additional four years of Ophthalmology residency training. Orthopedics a branch of medicine concerned with the correction or prevention of deformities, disorders, or injuries of the skeleton and associated structures (such as tendons and ligaments). Otolaryngology the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, function, and diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. Pathology the science of the causes and effects of diseases, especially the branch of medicine that deals with the laboratory examination of samples of body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes. Pediatrics is the branch of medicine that involves the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends people be under pediatric care up to the age of 21. A medical doctor who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician. Physical medicine/rehabilitation is a branch of medicine that aims to enhance and restore functional ability and quality of life to those with physical impairments or disabilities. Proctology a branch of medicine concerned with the structure and disease of the anus, rectum, and sigmoid colon. Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental disorders. Radiology is the medical specialty that uses to diagnose and treat diseases within the body. A variety of imaging techniques such as X-ray , ultrasound, computed tomography, including positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are used to diagnose or treat diseases. Therapeutic radiology is also called radiation oncology or . It is the treatment of cancer and other diseases with radiation. Urology is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the male and female urinary-tract system and the male reproductive organs. Organs under the domain of urology include the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis). Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties, and change of matter. Involved with elements and compounds composed of atoms, , and ions. These professionals work in many different sectors and potential jobs range from research and development, quality control, environmental health, law/policy, and education. Anatomy a branch of biology concerned with the study of structure of organisms and their parts, especially discovered by dissection and the separation of parts. Expertise in this subject is necessary for many careers in medicine and healthcare. Physiology the study of the functions and mechanisms, which work within a living system, focusing on how organisms, systems, organs, cells and biomolecules carry out the chemical and physical functions that exist. General biology that is concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Composed of many branches and sub disciplines. Education in this field is necessary to begin your educational path to a biomedical career. Molecular biology this sub-discipline of biology concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins, and the regulation of these interactions. Education in this field can lead to careers in , genetics, medicine, and . this branch of biology studies the structure and function of the cell, which is the basic unit of life. Studies prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells both on a microscopic and molecular level. Knowing the components of cells and how they function is fundamental to all branches of biology. Developmental biology the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop. Also encompasses the biology of regeneration, asexual , metamorphosis, and the growth and differentiation of stem cells in the adult . This branch of biology integrates many different sub- disciplines of biology and has led to great medical advancements. Nanotechnology this involves the manipulation and manufacture of materials and devices on the scale of atoms or small group of atoms. Applications suited to include diagnostic techniques, , and prostheses and implants. Toxicology this field of science helps us understand the harmful effects that chemicals, substances, or situations, can have on people, animals, and the environment. Application in the medical field includes the measurement and analysis of potential toxins and prescription medications present in a person’s body. Anesthesiology this is the medical specialty concerned with the care of patients before, during, and after surgery by administering an agent that puts patients in an induced, temporary state with one or more of the following characteristics: relief from pain, paralysis, amnesia, and unconsciousness. Cardiology this branch of medicine deals with diagnosing and treating disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system. this branch of medicine is a surgical specialty involving the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two categories: reconstructive surgery which aims to reconstruct a part of the body or improve its functioning, and cosmetic surgery aims at improving the appearance of it. Dermatology this branch of medicine deals with the skin, nails, hair, and its diseases. It includes cosmetic issues and the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases. provided by these specialists include treatment of skin cancer, acne treatment, hair removal/transplantation, tattoo removal, laser therapy, and testing. Endocrinology the science and medical specialty concerned with the internal or hormonal secretions and their physiologic and pathologic relations. this is a division of that provides continuing and comprehensive for the individual and family across all ages, genders, diseases, and parts of the body Gastroenterology this is the branch of medicine that focuses on the digestive system and its disorders. It includes diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the organs from mouth into the anus.

General surgery this surgical specialty focuses on abdominal contents including esophagus, stomach, small bowel, colon, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, appendix, and thyroid gland. They also deal with diseases involving the skin, breast, soft tissue, and trauma. Gerontology the study of the social, cultural, psychological, cognitive, and biological aspects of ageing. This is a multidisciplinary field with many different sub-disciplines. Gynecology the medical practice dealing with the health of the female reproductive systems and the breasts. Some conditions dealt with by these specialists include cancer, incontinence, infertility, , UTI’s, STD’s, and premenstrual syndromes. Internal medicine this medical specialty deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. These professionals are skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes. Overall, the study of biomedical science is relevant to the understanding and treatment of human diseases. It is an exciting, multi-disciplined field of study with many opportunities to learn, teach and help others. Please read this guide and familiarize yourself with the vocabulary, concepts and techniques listed. We will see you at the JUMP Celebration.