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On Generalizing the Concept of Hypertext Author(S): Michael P On Generalizing the Concept of Hypertext Author(s): Michael P. Bieber and Steven O. Kimbrough Reviewed work(s): Source: MIS Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Mar., 1992), pp. 77-93 Published by: Management Information Systems Research Center, University of Minnesota Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/249702 . Accessed: 01/03/2013 13:01 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Management Information Systems Research Center, University of Minnesota is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to MIS Quarterly. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded on Fri, 1 Mar 2013 13:01:46 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Hypertext On Generalizing the Introduction of The core idea of hypertexthas been described Concept Hypertext clearly and accurately: The concept of hypertextis quite simple: By: Michael P. Bieber Windowson the screen are associated with Computer Science Department objects in a database, and links are pro- vided between these both Boston College objects, graphi- labelled and in the Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts cally (as tokens) database 02167-3808 U.S.A. (as pointers)(Conklin, 1987, p. 17) Steven 0. Kimbrough (See also Nielsen, 1990, and Shneidermanand Decision Sciences Department Kearsley, 1989, for book-lengthintroductions to The Wharton School hypertext.) University of Pennsylvania Still, as is universallyrecognized, there is more Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to the idea of hypertextthan linked information 19104-6366 U.S.A. items that allow a user to explore ideas and pur- sue thoughts in a free and "non-linear"fashion. After all, well-designed standard computer ap- Abstract plicationprograms, including reporting systems and decision have has become an established support systems, long Hypertext quickly deliveredsuch at least to a in the of information capability, respectable paradigm design systems. What with their The success of in the software degree. hypertextsystems add, products market, on the value of linked information evident benefits as and the emphasis reported by users, is: more featured of related research all attest to items, (1) easier, richer, highly flowering activity of and rather the and of linking information; (2) system-level, significance staying power hypertext- than for main- rich information standard application-level,support creating, systems. Although and linkedinforma- has a numberof taining,exploiting, managing hypertext unquestionedbenefits, tion items Likedatabase the also has a numberof well-known (Bieber,1991). systems, concept pro- and user blems and limitations. This article reviews the reportgenerators, graphics packages, interface management systems, hypertextsoft- mainproblems and limitationsof basic (standard) ware can be seen as application-independent, hypertextthat constrain the use of hypertextin system-level tools for providinguseful features practical applications. Further, this article for specific applications. presents and discusses our "generalization"of the basic hypertext concept, which we call Our aim is to describe and discuss certain ex- generalizedhypertext. These generalizationsen- tensions at the system level to the core ideas of compass, among other things, automatic crea- hypertext,which we call generalized hypertext. tionof hypertextelements. Generalizedhypertext We have been motivatedto develop generalized promises to be more powerful than standard hypertextconcepts as partof a largereffort, fund- hypertextas wellas less expensive to implement ed by the U.S. Coast Guard,to develop decision and maintain. To illustratethese concepts, we support system shells, i.e., system software for describe the implementationof a decision sup- generating particulardecision support systems port system currentlyin use by the U.S. Coast (Bhargava,et al., 1988; Kimbrough,1986; Kim- Guard. brough,et al., 1990a; 1990b; Minch,1990). Our purpose in this articleis mainlyto describe these Keywords: Hypertext, generalized hypertext, concepts, the reasons forthem, and theirpresent hypertextcomputation, virtual linking, implementation. dynamic linking, decision support systems, informationpresentation The paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we present brieflythe core concepts and ACMCategories: H.1.0, H.3.4, H.4.2 vocabularyfor basic -hypertext,as well as certain MIS Quarterly/March1992 77 This content downloaded on Fri, 1 Mar 2013 13:01:46 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Hypertext problems and limitationsof this hypertextcon- representsa particularlink in the hyperdocument, cept. These problemsand limitationsare widely e.g., xx, which links nodes AA and BB. recognized. are the motivation They primary a user sees a node in a win- behind our concept of generalized hypertext, Typically, displayed which is the main focus of this article. We then dow, its buttonshighlighted in some fashion.The user the click- present the essential ideas of generalized explores hyperdocumentby, e.g., on a button, the hypertext, followed a discussion of our im- ing particular thereby causing by to find the internal of the plementationof the system. system representation link named by the button, to then traverse the link,to find the node at the link's endpoint, and to displaythat node as anothertext passage. The Basic Hypertext newlydisplayed node may have buttonsas well, Our aim in this section is to brieflypresent and which the user may employ in orderto continue discuss basic hypertext.In the followingsection exploringthe hyperdocument.Alternatively, the we shall contrast this with the generalized user may at any time decide to returnto an earlier hypertext system that we have conceived, node and explorefrom there. Users may continue developed, and implemented. Certainly,many in this way more or less indefinitely,thereby ex- existingsystems have richerfeature sets thanwe ploringat willthe hypertextnetwork. A particular shall describe in connectionwith basic hypertext, hyperdocument-a collectionof nodes and links but our focus in this article is on generalizations -may be thought of as an applicationwritten to the basic hypertextconcept. Further,although underthe hypertextsystem. Itis the system that we shall limitour discussion to hypertext,most providesthe general means forexploring the par- of what we say (when not describing our im- ticularhyperdocument. Thus, a basic hypertext plementation) can be applied as well to system may be thoughtof as operatinga select- hypermedia.1 traverse-displayloop. The user selects a button, the system traverses the linknamed by the but- The central in is that of linked concept hypertext ton, and the system the node at the far collectionsof information.A document displays hypertext end of the link,possibly using informationpicked be seen as a withnodes that are col- may graph, up in traversingthe link. lections of information(called, e.g., windows (Conklin,1987), documents (Brown,1987; 1989; Typical,basic operationssupported by hypertext Haan,et al., 1992),cards (AppleComputer, 1989; systems include: Halasz, 1988), informationitems (Bhargava,et al., 1988), chunks (or pieces of text) (Koved, * User-directed navigation (traversal(of links) 1988;Trigg, 1983), frames(Akscyn, et al., 1988)). and display(of nodes)) of the hyperdocument. Links between nodes. specify relationships They * Search and the user will have themselves and fall into display (forexample, may properties a search and the will are maintained the and provide string system types. They by system, search until it finds a node containing that are named or referredto by buttons (also called string and then will display the node). link icons (Conklin, 1987) and link markers (Halaszand Schwartz1990)), which normally are * Map-basednavigation (the system displays a found in the nodes. To illustrate,see Figure 1 graph (called a map or networkoverview) of (based on Conklin,1987), where nodes Window the hyperdocument,and the user may direct A and WindowB are presented as windows on navigationof the hyperdocumentbased on the the display. Withinthe nodes are the buttonsx, map, whose buttons,when selected, cause the y, z. What is displayed represents part of the correspondingnode in the hyperdocumentto underlyinghyperdocument (network of hypertext be displayed). nodes and WindowA is a links). representation * Creation, modification(e.g., editing the con- of node AA in the and Window hyperdocument, tents of a node), and deletion of nodes and B represents BB. Similarly,a button, e.g., x, links and their attributes. * Displayof linkand node attributeinformation The hypermediaconcept extends hypertextto types of infor- the name of the node at a link'sendpoint, mationitems besides text, such as graphicsand sound(Haan, (e.g., et al., 1991). the type of node or link). 78 MIS Quarterly/March1992 This content downloaded on Fri, 1 Mar 2013 13:01:46 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Hypertext Figure 1. Central Hypertext Concept ? Proceduralattachment (link endpoints may be explain and discuss the keywordin question. procedures that are activated by traversalof The hypertextsystem might infer
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